The ACTIVE EARTH!!!!!

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1 The ACTIVE EARTH!!!!!

2 Continental Drift Theory Alfred Wegener meterologist and geophysicist who, in 1912, proposed this theory.

3 He stated that earth s crust might be moving and changing & that the continents were once joined about 200 million years ago. He called this landmass PANGAEA.

4 EVIDENCES 1. The continents looked like they might fit together. 2. Fossils Mesosaurus (extinct reptile) Glossopteris (extinct seed fern) 3. Distinctive rock layers 4. Paleoclimate climate during Paleozoic Era reflects plant & animal life at the time 5. Mountain Ranges Appalachians

5 Matching coastlines

6

7 Rock types and glaciers in Africa?

8 The study of paleoclimates is the study of what Earth's climate was like thousands, even millions of years ago!

9 Appalachians

10 250 million years from now??

11 WHY did no one believe him? 1. People believed that solid Earth could not move! 2. Wegener was a meteorologist NOT a geologist! 3. There was no explainable mechanism! (means) to cause solid land to MOVE!

12 What was really happening? Wegener was RIGHT!

13 DISCOVERIES In 1947, through use of sonar, a narrow mountain range with a valley running down its center, known as the mid ocean ridge, was discovered!

14 Discoveries continued Age of rocks at these ridges is younger than rocks farther from the ridge.

15 Discoveries continued It was known that rocks containing iron bearing minerals provided a record of Earth s magnetic field. The study of this magnetic record is known as Paleomagnetism!

16 The polarity of rocks on the ocean floor showed a pattern of reverse polarity.

17 In the 1950 s, Harry Hess proposed a theory that could explain all of these observations. Seafloor Spreading theory states that Earth s crust is created at the ridges and destroyed at the trenches.

18 This was the missing link!! to Wegener s theory!!

19 THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS Earth s crust & rigid upper mantle are broken into enormous slabs called tectonic plates (like an egg shell to an egg!) that interact at the boundaries. There are at least 9 12 major plates.

20 Plate Names Map

21 Layers of the Earth and Plate Boundaries!!!

22 Layers of the Earth

23 What causes plate movement?? Lithosphere: (solid) crust & uppermost part of the mantle are similar. This is the lithosphere. Asthenosphere: (semi molten) lithosphere rests upon a layer within the mantle known as the asthenosphere.

24 CAUSES of Plate Movement The lithosphere (solid) floats on the asthenosphere (semi molten). Heat from inside the earth causes CONVECTION CURRENTS within the asthenosphere to move the plates.

25 Let s talk about CONVECTION CURRENTS What is convection???

26

27

28 Notice the different types of boundaries that are driven by convection currents.

29 There are basically three types of boundaries:

30 When plates move apart

31 At the spreading centers there are rift valleys and ridges. New ocean floor is forming.

32 Topography of the Ocean Floor

33

34 Plates come together at

35 Convergent Boundaries: Here, crust is destroyed and recycled back into the interior of the Earth as one plate dives under another. These are known as Subduction Zones mountains and volcanoes are often found where plates converge.

36 There are 3 types of convergent boundaries: 1.Oceanic Continental 2.Oceanic Oceanic 3.Continental Continental

37 Ocean plate to Continent plate

38 Andes Mountains, South America

39 Ocean plate to Ocean plate

40 Marianas Trench

41 Continent and Continent plates

42 Himalayan Mountains

43 Last but not least!!! When plates slide next to each other

44 Transform Boundaries

45 The best example is the San Andres Fault in California

46

47

48 We ll be talking more about earthquakes!

49 To Summarize

50 ONE MORE IMPORTANT THOUGHT... Here is a map of HAWAII. Why do you think the islands are in a line the way they are?

51 Notice the age difference in the islands and the direction that they are moving

52 This is the real deal So how do you think that the Hawaiian Islands formed??

53 Use a blank piece of paper to illustrate and explain to the student sitting next to you how the Hawaiian Islands formed!

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