Continental Drift. The idea that the world s land masses are slowly moving over time
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2 Alfred Wegener
3 Continental Drift The idea that the world s land masses are slowly moving over time
4 Pangaea The supercontinent made of all continents that existed millions of years ago.
5 Present Cretaceous Period Permian Day Age Triassic Jurassic Age 65 mya 225 mya
6 Alfred s Evidences 1. Geometric Evidence
7 Alfred s Evidences 1. Geometric Evidence The continents appear to fit together like pieces of a puzzle
8 2. Fossil Evidence Mesosaurus Cynognathus Glossopteris Distribution of Cynognathus Distribution of Glossopteris Distribution of Mesosaurus
9 2. Fossil Evidence Fossils of some species are only found on the matching coastlines of continents now separated by oceans
10 3. Mountain Evidence
11 3. Mountain Evidence I never really liked him anyways I miss my friend ATLANTIC OCEAN
12 3. Mountain Evidence Mountain ranges end on one coastline and pick back up on another. The rock patterns of these mountains match up.
13 Before Matching rock patterns After
14 4. Climate Evidence Deposits of coal prove that tropical plants used to grow in cold areas like Antarctica...
15 ... and evidence of past glaciers is found in places that are too hot today. Pangaea
16 ... and evidence of past glaciers is found in places that are too hot today.
17 Alfred s Evidences 1. Geometric Evidence 2. Fossil Evidence 3. Mountain Evidence 4. Climate Evidence REJ ECT ED
18 The problem Despite all of his evidence, Wegener could not explain HOW it all happened. To Be In other words, he had d e u n i t n Co No Mechanism!
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20 Recap When we last left, poor Alfred s hypothesis of continental drift was being rejected by his fellow scientists REJ ECT ED
21 HYPOTHESIS VS. THEORY Provides Evidence Provides Evidence Cannot explain HOW Provides a mechanism (the how )
22 World War II Sonar using sound waves to determine Finally able to map the ocean floor! depths and sizes of objects
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28 Mid-Ocean Ridge A long underwater mountain range where magma comes up from the mantle
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31 Harry Hammond Hess Geologist and U.S. Naval Officer He came up with the idea that the continents move because the ocean floor is getting wider
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36 MY UNDERWATER RESEARCH FACILITY M.U.R.F.
37 Seafloor Spreading The seafloor slowly grows outward from This is the MECHANISM of continental drift! mid-ocean ridges as new crust is formed, pushing the continents along for the ride. 20 million million million 5 million Present years years later years later later years later Day
38 Somewhere in Greenland Alfred Wegene r R.I.P.
39 Youngest rocks
40 Next Youngest rocks
41 Next Youngest rocks
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63 1. The Age of Ocean Rocks Evidence of seafloor spreading The fact that rocks get older at equal rates the farther away you get from a mid-ocean ridge is evidence of seafloor spreading
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72 N E W S
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79 N E W S
80 Evidence of seafloor spreading 2. Magnetic Striping The fact that magnetic stripes on the ocean floor are identical on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge is evidence of seafloor spreading
81 Let s draw a diagram Mid-Ocean Ridge Younger Younger rocks rocks Older rocks New rocks form at the ridge pushing old rock away Older rocks
82 Quiz Time
83 Quiz Time
84 Quiz Time Alfred s Evidences 1. Geometric Evidence 2. Fossil Evidence 3. Mountain Evidence 4. Climate Evidence
85 Quiz Time Why was Alfred Wegener not accepted in his time?
86 Quiz Time
87 Quiz Time What is the mechanism of continental drift?
88 Quiz Time Who came up with the mechanism of continental drift?
89 Quiz Time Where does seafloor spreading take place?
90 Quiz Time Seafloor spreading is what causes the continents to move. To Be What evidence do we have that seafloor d e u n i t n Cois actually occurring? spreading
91 DRIVING FORCES OF PLATE Movement 1. Convection
92 Convection Cycle where substances rise and fall because of changes in temperature and density. Examples: magma, water, air
93 Becomes More Dense Gets Cooler Molecules Condense & Sink Molecules Spread & Rise Gets Hotter Becomes Less Dense
94 Convection moves the plates by rolling them along like a conveyor belt
95 DRIVING FORCES OF PLATE Movement 1. Convection 2. Gravity
96 Gravity Force that pulls objects towards the Earth
97 Gravity Force that pulls objects towards the Earth
98 Gravity moves plates by pulling them down at subduction zones
99 DRIVING FORCES OF PLATE Movement 1. Convection 2. Gravity 3. Pressure
100 Pressure Force that pushes outward against the space around it
101 Pressure moves the plates as rising magma pushes at the mid-ocean ridge.
102 DRIVING FORCES OF PLATE Movement Let s Strongest Draw a 1. Convection diagram! Still strong Kind of weak 2. Gravity 3. Pressure
103 Finally, we re ready to learn about... PLATE TECTONICS! ` Gravity Pressure Convection Convection Gravity
104 Earth s outer shell is broken up into chunks called Plates
105 Plate Tectonics The theory describing how Earth s plates move and what happens when they interact with each other.
106 Lithosphere Crust Asthenosphere Mantle Outer Core Inner Core The fluid The conveyor belt Plates
107 crust lithosphere asthenosphere mantle
108 crust lithosphere asthenosphere mantle
109 Lithospher e crust mantle Asthenosphere
110 Lithospher e Asthenosphere
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112 Lithosphere Asthenosphere Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core The fluid The conveyor belt Plates
113 Two kinds of crust Ocean Crust Ocean Crust Continental Crust Continental Crust
114 Ocean Crust Continental Crust Thinne r More Thicke r Less Dense Younger Dense Older Ocean Crust Continental Crust
115 TRU E True or False A single plate can have both oceanic and continental crust To Be d e u n i t n Co
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117 Three types of plate boundaries
118 Three types of plate boundaries
119 Three types of plate boundaries Woot
120 Convergent
121 C stands for Convergent Crash Crunch Blearghh Combine gsdrjdnu Gragh! ioqwah! Collide
122 Convergent The plates crash together Three Kinds: Forms different Land stuff depending Land on which type of Ocean collision you have VS Land VS Ocean VS Ocean
123 Type of Boundary Definition Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust (Land vs. Land) What it creates Continental crust collides with continental crust Picture
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125 Type of Boundary Definition Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust (Land vs. Land) What it creates Picture
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135 Mountains
136 Mountains Earthquakes
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139 Type of Boundary Convergent (Land vs. Land) Definition What it creates Two plates with continental crust collide Mountains Earthquakes Convergent Continental crust collides with (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Continental crust collides with oceanic crust Picture ` `
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141 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Convergent Continental crust collides with (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Picture ` `
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146 Mountains
147 Mountains Subduction Zones
148 Mountains Subduction Zones
149 Mountains Subduction Zones
150 Mountains Subduction Zones
151 Mountains Subduction Zones
152 Mountains Subduction Zones
153 Mountains Subduction Zones
154 Mountains Subduction Zones
155 Mountains Subduction Zones
156 Mountains Volcanos Subduction Zones
157 Mountains Volcanos Subduction Zones
158 Mountains Volcanos Subduction Zones
159 Mountains Volcanos Subduction Zones
160 Mountains Volcanos Subduction Zones
161 Mountains Volcanos Subduction Zones
162 Mountains Volcanos Subduction Zones
163 Mountains Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
164 Mountains Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
165 Mountains Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
166 Mountains Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
167 Mountains Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
168 Mountains Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
169 Mountains Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
170 Mountains Earthquakes Volcanos Trenches Subduction Zones
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174 Volcano Trench Subduction Zone
175 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Subduction Zones Convergent (Ocean vs. Ocean) Oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust Oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust Picture ` `
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177 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Subduction Zones Convergent (Ocean vs. Ocean) Oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust Picture ` `
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184 Trenches
185 Trenches
186 Trenches
187 Trenches
188 Trenches
189 Island Arcs Can t really get the whole picture with a side view Trenches
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196 Island Arc Trench
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202 Island Arcs Trenches Subduction Zones
203 Earthquakes Island Arcs Trenches Subduction Zones
204 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Subduction Zones Convergent (Ocean vs. Ocean) Divergent Oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust Island Arcs Trenches Earthquakes Subduction Zones Picture ` `
205 Divergent Boundary
206 D stands for Divergent Boundary Divide Distance Dash Away Donuts
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208 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) Two plates away from oceanic crustmove Subduction Zones Convergent each other Island Arcs Oceanic crust (usually ocean Trenches crust) (Ocean vs. Ocean) collides with oceanic crust Divergent Two plates move away from each other - usually ocean crust Earthquakes Subduction Zones Picture ` `
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210 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Subduction Zones Convergent Two oceanic (Ocean vs. Ocean) crusts colliding Divergent Two plates move away from each other - usually ocean crust Island Arcs Trenches Earthquakes Subduction Zones Picture ` `
211 Divergent Boundary Mid-Ocean Ridge
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222 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Subduction Zones Convergent Two oceanic (Ocean vs. Ocean) crusts colliding Divergent Transform Island Arcs Trenches Earthquakes Subduction Zones Two plates move Mid-Ocean Ridges away from each Seafloor Spreading other - usually Earthquakes ocean crust Picture ` `
223 Transform Boundary
224 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes (Land vs. Land) Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Subduction Zones Island Arcs Trenches Two oceanic Earthquakes (Ocean vs. Ocean) crusts colliding Two platessubduction scrapingzones Convergent past eachmid-ocean other Ridges Divergent Transform Two plates dividing (usually Seafloor Spreading Earthquakes ocean crust) Two plates scraping past each other Picture ` `
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226 San Francisco L.A. San Diego
227 San Andreas Fault San Francisco L.A. San Diego
228 San Francisco L.A. San Diego
229 Type of Boundary Definition What it creates Convergent Continental crust collides with continental crust Mountains Earthquakes That (Land vs. Land) Picture ` Volcanoes Convergent Continental crust Trenches collides with Earthquakes (Land vs. Ocean) oceanic crust Subduction Zones is Convergent a Two oceanic (Ocean vs. Ocean) crusts colliding Divergent Transform Island Arcs Trenches Earthquakes Subduction Zones Mid-Ocean Ridges Two plates dividing (usually Seafloor Spreading Earthquakes ocean crust) l u f i t u a be Two plates scraping past each other Table Earthquakes `
230 Random?
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232 Most of the world s volcanoes and earthquakes happen at plate boundaries, especially convergent boundaries
233 Ring of Fire
234 Hotspot
235 Hotspot
236 Hotspot
237 Hotspot Can t really get the whole picture with a side view
238 Island #1
239 Island #1 Island #2
240 Island #1 Island #2 Island #3
241 Island #1 Island #2 Island #3 Island #4
242 Hotspot A location that is volcanically active even though it is not located near a plate boundary
243 Quiz Time What are the three driving forces of plate movement?
244 Quiz Time How does convection move the plates?
245 Quiz Time How does gravity move the plates?
246 Quiz Time How does pressure move the plates?
247 Quiz Time What is the lithosphere?
248 Quiz Time What is the asthenosphere?
249 Quiz Time Which type of crust is younger, thinner, and more dense? Oceanic or continental
250 Quiz Time a. c. b. d.
251 Quiz Time Trench mid-ocean ridge
252 Mid-Ocean B Ridge A Trenc h Pressure E D D F Gravity Convection C Subduction Zone
253 Quiz Time Where do most of the world s earthquakes and volcanoes occur?
254 Quiz Time What do you call a place that is volcanically active even though it is not located near a plate boundary?
255 THE END! Alfred Wegene r R.I.P.
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Sec 12.1 p. 506 Evidence for Continental Drift Alfred Wegener: continental drift theory Continents move around 200 mya Pangaea (pan = all, gaea= earth) fg 12.8 p. 508 -world map fig: fg 12.1 p. 506 Jigsaw
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