Adaptive Radiations. Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations. for adaptive radiations. for adaptive radiations
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1 Adaptive Radiations We will examine adaptive radiations in the context of the Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations Getting there is half the problem...but then they can t t go home again Sherwin Carlquist, 1965 Adaptive radiations Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations If one were to stand at the top of Mauna Loa, he could see all the climes of the world at a single glance of the eye Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations Assume nothing in Hawaiian natural history Mark Twain, 1866 Frank Howarth, 1992
2 Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations Most remote island system in the world settled in 1st millenium by Polynesians made known to science by Captain Cook in 1778 Hawaiian Biota Hawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traits uncharacteristic of their taxa around 1,000 species of flowering plants 225 species of ferns and allies Hawaiian Biota Hawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traits uncharacteristic of their taxa nearly 5,800 species of insects 130 species of spiders Hawaiian Biota Hawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traits uncharacteristic of their taxa 230 species of birds 800 species of terrestrial molluscs Happyface spider Kamehameha butterfly O o Land snails
3 Hawaiian Biota Hawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traits uncharacteristic of their taxa Hawaiian Biota Hawaiian biota: extinction on-going process both in past and present no amphibians no terrestrial mammals Hawaiian bat Hawaiian monk seal Extinct snail, flightless duck, lobeliad Hawaiian honeycreepers 99% of land lies on 8 main islands near the hot spot below Lo ihi hot spot stationary relative to Pacific Plate motion forms hot spot trace potassium-argon dating indicates oldest islands furthest from hot spot 132 islands, reefs, & shoals 2,580 km on SE-NW line
4 plate motion changed 43 mya oldest seamounts subducted into Aleutian Trench Islands (and shoals) are simply emergent tops of great underwater volcanoes up to 10km above ocean floor 43mya USGS GLORIA side sonar Mauna Loa actually double hot spot 30km apart Lo ihi to Mauna Loa Kilauea to Mauna Kea progressively older ages of islands well known Hawaii
5 real estate signs on recent lava flow (80 years) on Big Island Present Molokai Maui Lanai Kahoolawe Hawaii Loihi Seamount 0.5 Million Years Ago 1 Million Years Ago Maui Maui Mahukona
6 2.5 Million Years Ago 5 Million Years Ago Necker Hawaiian Climate 7.5 Million Years Ago primary weather pattern is northeasterly trade winds severe kona winds come from leeward side Gardner Pinnacles La Perouse Pinnacles Necker Hilo (windward and wet) vs. Kona Coast in Hawaii (leeward and dry)
7 Hawaiian Climate rainfall patterns tall mountains have dry summit (east Maui) shorter mountains have extremely wet summits () steep, windward mountains () have wet summit but drier Pali cliffs Hawaiian Climate rainfall patterns double mountain system (as in ) sets up complex rainfall gradient and a diversity of ecosystems Hawaiian Climate rainfall patterns Wai ale ale ale on oldest (most eroded) island of is wettest spot in Hawaii and possibly in the world Hawaiian Climate rainfall patterns Pu ukukui ukukui (5788 ft) on west Maui is 2nd wettest spot; xeric summit of Haleakala on east Maui is 10,023 ft 11.5 m of rain and presence of the Alakai Swamp Greensword bog - west Maui
8 Hawaiian Climate rainfall and porous soils fewer bogs than expected fewer waterfalls (permanent) more pronounced deserts Greensword bog
Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations
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