INTERNATIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CHART International Commission on Stratigraphy

Transcription

1 ICS INTERNATIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CHART International Commission on Stratigraphy them Quaternary M e s o z o i c C e n o z o i c Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Ionian Calabrian Gelasian Piacenzian Zanclean Messinian Tortonian Serravallian Langhian Burdigalian Aquitanian Chattian Rupelian Priabonian Bartonian Lutetian Ypresian Thanetian Selandian Danian astrichtian Campanian Santonian Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Albian Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Berriasian ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.2 ~ ± ± ± ±0.7 ~ ± ± ± ± ±1.5 ~ ± ±4.0 them P a l e o z o i c M e s o z o i c Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Lopingian Guadalupian Cisuralian Tithonian Kimmeridgian Oxfordian Callovian Bathonian Bajocian Aalenian Toarcian Pliensbachian Sinemurian Hettangian Rhaetian Norian Carnian Ladinian Anisian Olenekian Induan Changhsingian Wuchiapingian Capitanian Wordian Roadian Kungurian Artinskian Sakmarian Asselian Gzhelian Kasimovian Moscovian Bashkirian Serpukhovian Visean Tournaisian ± ±4.0 ~ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.0 ~ ±2.0 ~ ~ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.5 them P a l e o z o i c Devonian ±2.5 Famennian ±2.6 Frasnian ±2.6 Givetian ±2.7 Eifelian ±2.7 Emsian ±2.8 Pragian ±2.8 Lochkovian ±2.8 Pridoli ±2.7 Ludfordian Ludlow ±2.6 Gorstian ±2.5 Homerian Wenlock ±2.4 Sheinwoodian ±2.3 Telychian ±1.9 Llandovery Aeronian ±1.8 Rhuddanian ±1.5 Hirnantian ±1.5 Katian ±1.6 Sandbian ±1.6 Darriwilian ±1.6 Dapingian ±1.6 Floian ±1.7 Tremadocian ± ~ 492 * Furongian 9 ~ 496 * Paibian ~ 499 Guzhangian ~ Drumian ~ ~ 510 * 4 2 ~ 515 * 3 ~ 521 * 2 Terreneuvian ~ 528 * Fortunian ±1.0 This chart was drafted by Gabi Ogg. Intra Cambrian unit ages with * are informal, and awaiting ratified definitions. Copyright 2009 International Commission on Stratigraphy Silurian Cambrian Ordovician P r e c a m b r i a n Archean Proterozoic them Pennsylvanian Mississippian Neoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Paleoproterozoic Neoarchean Mesoarchean Paleoarchean Eoarchean Ediacaran Cryogenian Tonian Stenian Ectasian Calymmian Statherian Orosirian Rhyacian Siderian Hadean (informal) 542 ~ ~4600 GSSA Subdivisions of the global geologic record are formally defined by their lower boundary. Each unit of the Phanerozoic (~542 to Present) and the base of Ediacaran are defined by a basal Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( ), whereas Precambrian units are formally subdivided by absolute age (Global Standard Stratigraphic, GSSA). Details of each are posted on the ICS website ( Numerical ages of the unit boundaries in the Phanerozoic are subject to revision. Some stages within the Cambrian will be formally named upon international agreement on their limits. Most sub- boundaries (e.g., and Aptian) are not formally defined. Colors are according to the Commission for the Geological p of the World ( The listed numerical ages are from 'A Geologic Time Scale 2004', by F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, A.G. Smith, et al. (2004; Cambridge University Press) and The Concise Geologic Time Scale by J.G. Ogg, G. Ogg and F.M. Gradstein (2008). August 2009

2

3 Die 5 Reiche der Organismen (Procaryota, Archaea) weder Tiere noch Pflanzen noch Pilze: (Pilze; sporenbildende Eucaryoten ohne begeiaelte Lebensphasen) aus Verschmelzung einer haploiden Eizelle mit einem haploiden Spermium (Pflanzen; autothrophe, vielzellige Eucaryoten mit Chloroplasten)

4 Geologische Verbreitung verschiedener mariner Wirbelloser

5 Events in Earth history CaCO, and SiO, biomin'eraiizatio; by animals \ Radiation of large animals Break-up of supercontinent Appearance of stably oxic environments 7 Glaciation appear.. Rapid accretion of continental crust Decreasing importance of bolide bombardment L Events in prokaryotic and protistan evolution Radiation of microplankton, benthic foraminifera; SiO, and CaCO, biomineralization 1- F Extinction of 1 a r g e. r morphologically complex acritarchs Morphologic radiation of acritarchs Earliest geologic evidence of eukaryotes \ Widespread stromatolites Aerobic metabolism; eukaryotes acquire mitochondria and later chloroplasts 4 Oldest geologic evidence of life Origin of life; diversification of anaerobic qrchaebacteria and eubacteria: possible origin of eukaryotic cytosol Y \ a Events In prokaryotic and protistan evolution jor diatom radiation; increasing provinciality -microplankton -+jor extinctions High protistan species diversity; diatom radiation \~adiation of planktic foraminifera Radiation of - dinoflaaellates. - jor extinctions Fusulinid radiation Microplankton and - calcareous algal extinctions - Microplankton extinctions Renewed radiation of planktic protists Protistan radiation; SiO CaCO?, and agglutinated skeletons Events in marine animal evolution - Increasing provinciality - Turnover in animals - jor animal extinctions Significant animal - extinctions - jor animal extinctions - jor animal extinctions - jor animal extinctions 1 Renewed animal radiation f Radiation of skeletonized metazoa Events in Earth history - Glacials-lnterglacials - Beginning of climatic cooling 1 Closing of Tethys - Warm Earth; "anoxic events" 1 Opening of Atlantic Ocean; break-up of Gondwana 9 Glaciation t Assembly of Pangaea -J-- Glaciation 1 Opening of lapetus Figure 3.1 jor events in Earth history and in prokaryotic and protistan evolution. Archean and Proterozoic history and evolution (first 4.05 By (4050 My)) is shown on the lelt and the Phanerozoic (last 550 My) is shown on the right. The time-scale is in millions of years and the letters indicate the periods of the geologic time-scale.