CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 2. Rock Cycle, and Origin of Soil (Das, Ch. 2)
|
|
- Jane Price
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 2 Rock Cycle, and Origin of Soil (Das, Ch. 2)
2 Outline of this Lecture 1.Rock types and rock cycle 2.Basic Mineralogy 3.Weathering of rocks 1. mechanical weathering 2. chemical weathering 4.Origin of soil
3 What is a soil? Soil is defined as the uncemented aggregate of mineral grains and decayed organic matter with liquid and/or gas in the pores between the grains (A) gas (mostly air); (B) solid particles (minerals); (C) liquid (water, contaminant liquid, etc.);
4 Where did soil come from? Soils are formed by weathering of rocks. More specifically, the mineral grains that form the solid phase of a soil aggregate are the product of rock weathering. So that, we need discuss (a) rocks and rock type; (b) weathering of rocks;
5 What is a rock? In Geology (the science studies rocks), rock is defined as the solid material forming the outer rocky shell or crust of the earth. There are three major groups of rocks by its origin: (1) Igneous rocks: cooled from a molten state; (2) Sedimentary rocks: deposited from fluid medium; e.g., products of weathering of other rocks in water; (3) Metamorphic rocks: formed from pre-existing rocks by the action of heat and pressure. Apparently, the igneous rock is the one far more essential and intrinsic since the other two types are relative secondary in origin.
6 Hi-resist to weathering Lo-resist to weathering The Identification Chart of the Igneous Rocks (Bowen reaction)
7 Rock Cycles
8 Basic Mineralogy of Rocks Rocks are formed with minerals. What is a mineral? 1) a naturally occurring chemical element or compound; 2) formed by inorganic processes; 3) with an ordered arrangement or pattern for its atoms crystalline structure; 4) possesses a definite chemical composition or range of compositions. The opposite of mineral property is amorphous, i.e., the property of non-crystal, order-less property possessed by glass, volcanic glass, etc.; oil or coal can neither be regarded as minerals by their organic involvement.
9 Basic Mineralogy of Rocks (cont.) So we can simply express the mineral as mineral = composition + crystalline structure There are more than 2000 naturally occurred minerals have been discovered; only a bit more than 100 are common and used in college mineralogy. However, of the 100 common minerals only about 25 are abundant rock-forming minerals. The main types of minerals are: metallic minerals; nonmetallic minerals; carbonate minerals; sulfate minerals; sulfide minerals; silicate minerals; oxide minerals; clay minerals.
10 Comparison of surface and subsurface conditions Subsurface High temperature but constant at which minerals reach equilibrium high confining pressure (stress) less water or no water no oxygen Surface low temperature, and highly variable little or no confining pressure (stress) abundant of water abundant of oxygen
11 Conclusion can be drawn from the comparison: Rock at the surface will undergo changes ---- This change is called Weathering Weathering is the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks to form soil or loose particles at or near Earth's surface. Weathering causes deterioration of building materials. It also weakens rocks, a great concern when weathered rocks are used for foundation.
12 Two types of weathering Mechanical weathering: Physical disintegration or degradation of rock pieces without a change in composition --size reduction Chemical weathering: decomposition whereby one mineral species is changed into another through various chemical processes. Water plays a major role, through: 1, provide oxygen, 2 provide mobility for moving ions.
13 Mechanical weathering always involves fracturing--but that can occur by a whole host of causes. Chemical weathering tends to weaken rock, thereby making it easier to break. Likewise, mechanical weathering creates additional surface area that is prone to chemical attack. In this way, the two processes work together.
14 mechanical weathering: With or without water makes distinguished difference in rock weathering process, in arid region, since no water or little water presence, even the carbonate rocks (e.g., limestone) are not subject to solution but persist as resistant rocks. The rock mass may be sharp angular, and topography developed.
15
16 Mechanical Weathering (cont.): Mechanical weathering processes include: 1) freezing & thawing (frost wedge) Example: Pottery container with water in winter time, when water is frozen and become ice it can have 9% of relative volume change, i.e., dv/v = 9% = 0.09 This is a very large strain! Similarly if there is water in rock fractures it will force the fracture to propagate into further depth.
17 Mechanical Weathering (cont.): The stress generated by frozen water is about 550 psi, check with Table 6.1 you can find out that this is a value comparable to the tensile strength of most rock types. Or only one order of magnitude less. But remember rocks are experiencing many freezing-thawing cycles before they are finally breaking down. σ
18 Mechanical Weathering (cont.): 2) differential expansion and contraction As temperature changes (in deserts or from forest fires), not all parts of a rock or all its minerals expand or contract by the same amount. So when rocks are heated or cooled, the mineral grains are subjected to differential stresses, which may be sufficient to make the rock spall, or break off in sheet-like pieces.
19 Thermal expansion * repeated daily heating and cooling of rock; * heat causes expansion; cooling causes contraction. * different minerals expand and contract at different rates causing stresses along mineral boundaries.
20 The thermal expansion coefficient α L and α V α L = 1 l ( ) L T P characters how much a mineral change its dimension in response to a unit degree increase in temperature. Using a finite expression L=Lα L T α V 1 = V V ( T 0 ) P
21 Mechanical Weathering (cont.): The linear thermal expansion coefficient α L is on the order of 10-5 /ºC, and it could be anisotropic, i.e., α Lx α Ly α Lz For example, α max is in the elongation axis (Caxis).
22 Differential weathering
23 Twin Tower, God s Garden, Colorado
24 Processes of mechanical weathering unloading: jointing, exfoliation, and sheeting Upon removal of overburden, the elastic component of rock deformation is recovered and the rock expands. The unloading may occur when the overlying rocks are eroded or rocks are removed from a quarry. The expansion caused by unloading may be sufficient to fracture the rock. Such naturally formed cracks are known as joints. Typically, large plutons (bodies of igneous rock) or metamorphic bodies split into sheets that are parallel to the mountain face, a process known as exfoliation. It is also known as sheeting if the expansion from unloading occurs in granite to form rock slabs.
25 joints are parallel cracks in which rocks on either side are not offset; Sheeting rock layers peel like layers of an onion
26 See also T&L Figure 5.8 Chapter 5: 2) Mechanical weathering Unloading Another sheeting example
27 Vertical columns from magma cooling & shrinking columnar jointing
28 Glacially polished basalt columns (end view) Columnar jointing in basalt
29 Spheroidal Weathering. Granite illustrates weathering forms quite well. Chemical weathering attacks to granite along joints and makes rounded boulders (Alabama Hills near Lone Pine).
30 Chemical weathering Chemical weathering=chemical processes that dissolve and decay earth materials; Chemical weathering needs the rock exposes to air and water. Mechanical weathering could enhance chemical weathering by disintegration, i.e., increase the surface area of rock blocks and debris and this will greatly accelerates chemical weathering.
31 Chemical weathering rate depends on 1. Temperature 2. Amount of surface area 3. Availability of water or natural acid Thus, rocks in tropical environment experience most severe chemical weathering.
32
33 Because of its dipolar nature water is able to dissolve many chemical compounds. In addition to the solution effect, water aids decomposition through acid action, oxidation, and hydrolysis.
34 Acidity of Natural Waters Water is a good solvent. Acidic water is better! ph of most natural waters ranges from 4 to 9 ph > 9 or < 4 occurs in extreme environments
35 Chemical Weathering of silicate minerals by carbonic acid feldspar + water + carbonic acid = clay minerals + dissolved ions 2KAlSi 3 O 8 + H 2 O + 2H 2 CO 3 = Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + 2K + + 4SiO 2(aq) + 2HCO 3 -
36 Why is rainwater naturally acidic? Rainwater contains dissolved CO 2 from atmosphere. Dissolved CO 2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 Carbonic acid dissociates to produce hydrogen ion (H + ) and bicarbonate H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 -
37 Chemical weathering (cont.) Common chemical weathering processes are solution (dissolution), oxidation, and hydrolysis. Rock reacts with water, gases and solutions (may be acidic); will add or remove elements from minerals.
38 Solution (or dissolution) * Several common minerals dissolve in water i), halite; ii), calcite * Limestone and marble contain calcite and are soluble in acidic water.
39 Marble tombstones and carvings are particularly susceptible to chemical weathering by dissolution. Note that the urn and tops of ledges are heavily weathered, but the inscriptions are somewhat sheltered and remain legible. Photo taken in one New Orleans graveyard.
40 A 16th-century monastery in Mexico shows the ravages of weathering mostly from wind and wind-driven rain. The rock is volcanic tuff.
41 Karst landscape of Guilin, China, caused dissolved Carbonate rocks.
42 The other two kinds of chemical weathering Oxidation Oxidation - Oxygen combines with iron-bearing silicate minerals causing "rusting". Iron oxides are produced that are red, orange, or brown in color. Hydrolysis Hydration-reaction between mineral and water.
43 Transport of weathering products Glacial soils formed by transportation and deposition of glaciers; Alluvial soils transported by running water and deposited along streams; Lacustrine soils Marine soils formed by deposition in quiet lakes; formed by deposition in the sea; Aeolian soils transported and deposited by wind; Colluvial soils formed by movement of soil from its original place by gravity (e.g., landslides).
44 Typical Soil Profile
45 This photo is an outcrop of a glacial till deposit. Glacial till is a heterogeneous mixture of clay to boulder size particles deposited within or beneath glacial ice. The till type on this photo is a dense or basal till with lenses of looser, sandy material (sandy till), the soil type mapped in this area is the Montauk series [the solum (the A and B horizons) has been removed on this photo. photo location: Fearing Hill, Wareham, MA].
46 A photo of a glacial fluvial deposit (the topsoil and subsoil of a Hinckley soil has been removed) from a gravel pit. This photo shows the horizontal stratified layers of sand and gravel on the top of the photo called the topset beds or delta plain. The inclined or dipping layers of fine and coarse sand (visible on left part of photo) are called the foreset beds or delta slope. The foreset beds were deposited into a glacial lake, the contact of the topset and foreset beds (delta plain/delta slope) marks the former water level of the lake. town
47 Summary Soil come from weathering of rocks. Mechanical weathering is accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition. Chemical weathering involves breaking down rock components and internal structure and forming new compounds. Whereas weathering breaks rocks apart, erosion removes rock debris by mobile agents such as water, wind, or ice.
48 Readings: Ch. 2
Rock Weathering (West, Ch. 8)
Geology 229 Engineering Geology Lecture 23 Rock Weathering (West, Ch. 8) Outline Introduction of weathering Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Comparison of surface and subsurface conditions Subsurface
More informationIntroduction to Weathering
Name: Date: Period: Unit 9: Earth s Destructive Forces A. Kinds of Weathering Introduction to Weathering Distinguish between two major processes that change the Earth surface. Identify two types of weathering.
More informationWEATHERING. Turning Rock to Sediment and Solutions 10/22/2012
WEATHERING Turning Rock to Sediment and Solutions Igneous rocks form at high temperatures; at the Earth s surface they are chemically unstable and will begin to disintegrate and decompose in a process
More informationChapter 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil
Chapter 6 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil Introduction Rocks and minerals disintegrate and decompose by the processes of physical and chemical weathering. This breakdown occurs because the parent material
More informationWeathering. Weathering: is the process which breaks rocks into smaller bits. A. Physical or mechanical weathering
Weathering Weathering: is the process which breaks rocks into smaller bits. Types of Weathering: A. Physical or mechanical weathering B. Chemical weathering C. Biological weathering 1 Mechanical or Physical
More informationWearing Down Landforms
Wearing Down Landforms Denudation Denudation has also been called gradation. It is the Natural loss of soil and rock debris, blown away by wind or washed away by running water, laying bare the rock below.
More informationChapter 6 9/25/2012. Weathering, Erosion and Soils. Introduction. How Are Earth Materials Altered? Introduction. How Are Earth Materials Altered?
Chapter 6 Introduction Rocks and minerals are disintegrated and decomposed by the processes of mechanical and chemical weathering. Weathering, Erosion and Soils This breakdown occurs because the parent
More informationChapter 5: Weathering and Soils. Fig. 5.14
Chapter 5: Weathering and Soils Fig. 5.14 OBJECTIVES Recognize that weathering breaks down minerals and rocks and occurs as a result of both mechanical and chemical processes. Explain the processes that
More informationGeology 229 Engineering Geology. Lecture 6. Basic Rock Classification and Engineering Considerations (West, Chs. 2, 3, 4, 5)
Geology 229 Engineering Geology Lecture 6 Basic Rock Classification and Engineering Considerations (West, Chs. 2, 3, 4, 5) Outline of this Lecture 1. Rock types and rock cycle 2. Geological and engineering
More informationEarth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Weathering and Soil
Chapter 6 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Weathering and Soil Tarbuck and Lutgens Weathering Weathering involves the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock
More informationWeathering, Erosion & Soils Quiz
Weathering, Erosion & Soils Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The diagram below shows a cross-section of a rock layer. Erosion is the
More informationMechanical Weathering
Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of material at or near the surface. Erosion is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind, or ice. Geologists
More informationWeathering: the disintegration, or breakdown of rock material
Weathering: the disintegration, or breakdown of rock material Mechanical Weathering: no change in chemical composition--just disintegration into smaller pieces Chemical Weathering: breakdown as a result
More informationWeathering, Soil, & Mass Movements. Chapter 5
Weathering, Soil, & Mass Movements Chapter 5 5.1 Weathering Weathering: the breaking down and changing of rocks at or near the Earth s surface. Basic part of the rock cycle. 2 main types: 1. Mechanical
More informationEarth and Space Science. Semester 2 Review, Part 2
Earth and Space Science Semester 2 Review, Part 2 2015 Chemical Weathering -The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes. Examples that cause chemical weathering include the action of water
More informationPractice Questions for Lecture 5 Geology 1200
Practice Questions for Lecture 5 Geology 1200 Use these questions to test your knowledge of Lecture5. The exams will be similar in format, except that they will deal with more than one chapter, and will
More informationWednesday, October 10 th
Wednesday, October 10 th Page 13a (left side) / Place Lab on table Objective: We will describe the different types of weathering and erosion and identify evidence of each type. Warm-up: 1. What is weathering?
More informationSedimentary Rocks and Processes
Sedimentary Rocks and Processes Weathering Sedimentary Processes Breakdown of pre-existing rock by physical and chemical processes Transport Movement of sediments from environments of relatively high potential
More informationTopic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p ) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 WEATHERING
Topic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p. 95-125) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 THE BIG PICTURE: Weathering, erosion and deposition are processes that cause changes to rock material
More informationMonument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Mechanisms
Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes WEATHERING CHAPTER 7 Weathering
More information1/31/2013. Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes. Weathering Mechanisms. Wind abrasion forming Ventifacts
Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes Weathering Mechanisms Physical
More informationSurface Processes on the Earth. Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil
Surface Processes on the Earth Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil ROCKS AND ROCK CYCLE Rock types Three main types of rock Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Igneous Form when magma or lava cools and hardens
More informationTHE CHANGING SURFACE OF THE EARTH
THE CHANGING SURFACE OF THE EARTH Key words Drain geological agent weathering erosion Sediment deposition transport The landscape is a consequence of the action of two types of geological processes; internal
More informationThe Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle illustrates the origin of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle illustrates the origin of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks Igneous rocks form as molten magma or lava cools and solidifies. Magma is completely or partly molten
More informationWeathering and Erosion
Weathering and Erosion Weathering the disintegration and decomposition of material at the surface Erosion the transportation of weathered material by water, wind, or ice Weathering Two kinds of weathering
More informationLimestone dissolved by naturally acidic rainwater. Weathering and Soils Lecture 5
Last time Viscosity determines the ability of a melt to releases gasses coming out of solution Viscosity depends on silica content and TEMPERATURE Mafic (Basaltic) melts are extremely hot and have low
More informationSedimentology & Stratigraphy. Thanks to Rob Viens for slides
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Thanks to Rob Viens for slides Sedimentology The study of the processes that erode, transport and deposit sediments Sedimentary Petrology The study of the characteristics and
More informationHow does Rock become Exposed to the Surface?
Weathering How does Rock become Exposed to the Surface? Most rocks, like granite, form under earth s surface. The rocks uplift and eventually make their way to earth s surface. Conditions on the surface
More informationEssentials of Geology, 11e
Essentials of Geology, 11e and s Chapter 5 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Jennifer Cole Northeastern University Earth
More information3/22/2014. Earth s subsystems or cycles. Outline for next couple weeks. Weathering (breakdown of rock) Erosion
and Erosion Earth s subsystems or cycles Outline for next couple weeks 1. and Erosion 2. Surface water systems (rivers) 3. Groundwater systems 4. Groundwater in-class activity (grade) (breakdown of rock)
More informationWeathering, Erosion and Deposition
Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Shaping the Earth s Surface Weathering the process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments Erosion the transport of rock fragments from one location to another
More informationWEATHERING. Weathering breakdown of rock materials Erosion transport of broken-down materials
WEATHERING the interacting physical, chemical & biological processes that progressively alter the original lithologic character of rocks to produce secondary minerals (e.g. clays) & unconsolidated regolith
More informationRocks and Weathering
Rocks and Weathering The Effects of Weathering The process of mountain building thrusts rock up to Earth s surface. Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth s surface.
More informationEcoregions Glossary. 7.8B: Changes To Texas Land Earth and Space
Ecoregions Glossary Ecoregions The term ecoregions was developed by combining the terms ecology and region. Ecology is the study of the interrelationship of organisms and their environments. The term,
More informationI m good. Thank you.
I m good. Thank you. The Rock Cycle Ag Earth Science Chapter 3.1 A natural occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition. mineral A consolidated mixture of minerals rock
More informationThe physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks and minerals at or near Earth s surface.
The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks and minerals at or near Earth s surface. The material that is chemically and mechanically weathered to yield sediment and soil. Regolith consisting
More informationWeathering is the process by which rocks on or near Earth s surface break down and change. Spherical weathering near Paris, NC
Weathering Weathering is the process by which rocks on or near Earth s surface break down and change. Spherical weathering near Paris, NC The two types of weathering are Chemical and. Mechanical Mechanical
More informationEARTH SCIENCE KESSEL
EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL Bell Ringer Explain the concept of matter.? s to answer that might help you in your explanation: 1. What is it? 2. What is it made of? 3. Does it have a shape? 4. How would you know
More informationWatch the next few slides. When the slides stop transitioning get with an elbow partner to discuss the events that caused the formation of the
Watch the next few slides. When the slides stop transitioning get with an elbow partner to discuss the events that caused the formation of the beautiful features. Be as specific as possible. Discuss
More information1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart.
1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 4. Which process involves either a physical or chemical breakdown of earth materials?
More informationEarth systems the big idea guiding questions Chapter 1 & 2 Earth and Earth Systems review notes are in purple
Earth systems the big idea guiding questions Chapter 1 & 2 Earth and Earth Systems review notes are in purple How can you describe Earth? What are the composition and the structure of the atmosphere? How
More informationBill Nye: Rocks and Soil
Bell Ringer 1.What kind of rock is formed by applying heat and pressure to existing rock? 2.What would be required to turn a sedimentary rock into an igneous rock? 3.How are sedimentary rocks classified?
More informationSedimentary Geology. Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1
Sedimentary Geology Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1 Sedimentology vs. Stratigraphy Sedimentology is the study of the origin and classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks Mostly the physical and chemical
More informationMechanical and Chemical
Mechanical and Chemical http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:toad_rock_-_geograph.org.uk_- _767454.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:kharazaarch.jpg The mechanical or chemical processes that break
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2017-2016 Chapter (6) : Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 6: Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 6: Sedimentary Rocks Origin and nature of sedimentary rocks: Sedimentary
More informationOccurs in Nature SOLID Inorganic (not from a plant or animal) Crystalline (forms crystals) Atoms / Molecules bond in a regular pattern
#12: Mineral Occurs in Nature SOLID Inorganic (not from a plant or animal) Crystalline (forms crystals) Atoms / Molecules bond in a regular pattern Regular Composition EX- Halite (salt) is always NaCl
More informationWhat are the different ways rocks can be weathered?
Romano - 223 What are the different ways rocks can be weathered? Weathering - the breakdown of rocks and minerals at the Earth s surface 1. 2. PHYSICAL WEATHERING Rock is broken into smaller pieces with
More informationWeathering, Mass Wasting and Karst
Weathering, Mass Wasting and Karst Capable of wearing down anything that the internal processes can build. Gravity, water, wind and ice Denudation - the overall effect of disintegration, wearing away and
More informationWhat factors affect the angle of a slope?
Climate Rock type and Structure What factors affect the angle of a slope? Aspect Fast mass movements Slides: Slides are movements along the SLIP PLANE, i.e. a line of weakness in the rock or soil structure.
More informationUNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water. Chapter 21 Water and Solutions. Chapter 22 Water Systems. Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land
UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water Chapter 21 Water and Solutions Chapter 22 Water Systems Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land Chapter Twenty-Three: How Water Shapes the Land 23.1 Weathering and Erosion 23.2
More informationRocks & Minerals. Lesson 1 Properties of Minerals. What is a mineral? What is a mineral?
Rocks & Minerals What is a mineral? A mineral must have 5 specific characteristics to be considered a mineral a. b. c. d. e. Naturally occurring - formed by natural processes. Solid - must have a definite
More informationWeathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development I. Weathering - the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, also called sediments, by natural processes. Weathering is further divided into
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE. Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle
TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle Core Concepts Rocks in the Earth s crust vary in their form and structure based on process that made them. The constant changing of the form
More informationPhysical Geology, 15/e
Lecture Outlines Physical Geology, 15/e Plummer, Carlson & Hammersley Weathering and Soil Physical Geology 15/e, Chapter 5 Weathering, Erosion and Transportation Rocks exposed at Earth s surface are constantly
More information2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Weathering and Soil Earth - Chapter 6 Earth s External Processes Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of rock Mass wasting the transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence
More information2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Weathering and Soil Earth - Chapter 6 Earth s External Processes Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of rock Mass wasting the transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence
More informationWEATHERING DEFINITION:
WEATHERING WEATHERING DEFINITION: Breaking down of rock to form soil. Rock is continually broken down into smaller and smaller particles, resulting in the formation of soil. Discuss the importance of soil
More informationName. 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different soil horizons, A, B, C, and D, are shown.
Name 1. In the cross section of the hill shown below, which rock units are probably most resistant to weathering? 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different
More informationLecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar
Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence
More informationWeathering and Erosion
Weathering and Erosion OBJECTIVE: Explain how erosion and deposition shape Earth s surface by matching and using models How do erosion and deposition shape Earth s surface? Deposition Formation Transported
More information23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
More informationSection 7.1. Weathering. SES3a. Objectives
SES3a. Objectives Distinguish between mechanical and chemical weathering. Describe the different factors that affect mechanical and chemical weathering. Identify variables that affect the rate of weathering.
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 3302
Engineering Geology ECIV 3302 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2019-2018 Chapter (5) Weathering & Soil Chapter 5: Weathering, Soil, and Mass Wasting External processes include : (1) Weathering (2) Mass wasting
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one
More informationSoil Mechanics. Chapter # 1. Prepared By Mr. Ashok Kumar Lecturer in Civil Engineering Gpes Meham Rohtak INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICS AND ITS TYPES
Soil Mechanics Chapter # 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICS AND ITS TYPES Prepared By Mr. Ashok Kumar Lecturer in Civil Engineering Gpes Meham Rohtak Chapter Outlines Introduction to Soil Mechanics, Soil
More informationSediment and Sedimentary rock
Sediment and Sedimentary rock Sediment: An accumulation of loose mineral grains, such as boulders, pebbles, sand, silt or mud, which are not cemented together. Mechanical and chemical weathering produces
More informationWeathering, Erosion, Deposition
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition The breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth s Surface. Physical Chemical - The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces without chemical change. - Dominant in moist /cold conditions
More informationSolid Earth materials:
Solid Earth materials: Elements minerals rocks Nonuniform distribution of matter Molten core Contains most heavy elements Iron, nickel Thin surface crust Mostly lighter elements 8 elements make up 98.6%
More informationPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas WEATHERING & MASS WASTING Denudation Disintegration, wearing away, and removal of rock material Involves three activities: Weathering is the break down of rocks into smaller
More informationChapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Mechanical Weathering
Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting Weathering is the the breakdown of solid rock at or near the Earth's surface. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting Does weathering of rock remove or add CO
More informationName Class Date. In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements.
CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
More informationObjectives. Introduction to Soils. Terms to know: What is soil? Study of Soils. The Soil Body 11/9/2012
Objectives Explain what soil is and where it comes from Define a soil body List examples of the five soil-forming factors Explain how soils develop Introduction to Soils Terms to know: What is soil? Alluvial
More informationWikipedia.org BUILDING STONES. Chapter 4. Materials of Construction-Building Stones 1
Wikipedia.org BUILDING STONES Chapter 4 Materials of Construction-Building Stones 1 What is Stone? Stone is a concretion of mineral matter. Used either as a; Construction material, Manufacture of other
More informationWEATHERING, EROSION & DEPOSITION STUDY GUIDE
WEATHERING, EROSION & DEPOSITION STUDY GUIDE Weathering: The difference between mechanical & chemical weathering is: Sort terms as being mechanical/physical or chemical weathering: acid rain, root splitting
More informationEngineering Geology. Igneous rocks. Hussien Al - deeky
Igneous rocks Hussien Al - deeky 1 The Geology Definition of Rocks In Geology Rock is defined as the solid material forming the outer rocky shell or crust of the earth. There are three major groups of
More informationWeathering, Soil, and Mass Movements
Tarbuck Lutgens Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movements 5.1 Weathering Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the
More informationMinerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?
Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth
More informationSediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment
Sediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment From sediments to sedimentary rocks (transportation, deposition, preservation and lithification) Types of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical and organic) Sedimentary
More informationAnticipation Guide #4 Ice wedging is a form of chemical weathering Erosion is the process where rocks are broken down The most active erosion agent
Weathering Anticipation Guide #4 Ice wedging is a form of chemical weathering Erosion is the process where rocks are broken down The most active erosion agent on the planet is running water Gravity plays
More informationWhy study Weathering?
Why study Weathering? Weathering process of disintegrating solid rock & producing loose debris To understand geol process (like hydrologic systems) and how landscapes evolve (topo maps, landforms) Weathering
More information- Take a notes packet from trapezoid table. - Start vocab on notes packet
- Take a notes packet from trapezoid table. - Start vocab on notes packet Objectives: You will learn about weathering and its effects. You will learn to explain what mechanical weathering is and how it
More information9/24/2017. ES Ch 5 & 6 Rocks 1. Objectives -Igneous. Chapters 5 and 6. Objectives - Sedimentary. Objectives Metamorphic. Objectives Rock Cycle
Chapters 5 and 6 Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks.. Objectives -Igneous 1. Identify and explain characteristics of igneous rocks. This means that if I am given an igneous rock I a. Can use grain
More informationSection 1: Earth s Interior and Plate Tectonics Section 2: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Section 3: Minerals and Rocks Section 4: Weathering and Erosion
Section 1: Earth s Interior and Plate Tectonics Section 2: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Section 3: Minerals and Rocks Section 4: Weathering and Erosion Key Terms Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Plate Tectonics
More informationPage 1. Weathering & Erosion by Mass Wasting Pre-Test. Name:
Weathering & Erosion by Mass Wasting Pre-Test 3048-1 - Page 1 Name: 1) As a particle of sediment in a stream breaks into several smaller pieces, the rate of weathering of the sediment will A) increase
More informationSedimentary Rocks, Stratigraphy, and Geologic Time
Sedimentary Rocks, Stratigraphy, and Geologic Time A rock is any naturally formed, nonliving, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet, asteroid, moon, or other planetary
More informationMaterials of the Earth
Hewitt/Lyons/Suchocki/Yeh Conceptual Integrated Science Chapter 23 ROCKS AND MINERALS This lecture will help you understand: Materials of the Earth Mineral Properties Formation of Minerals How Minerals
More informationEARTH S CHANGING SURFACE
EARTH S CHANGING SURFACE Weathering Together, weathering and erosion work continuously to wear down the material on Earth s surface. weathering process that breaks down rock and other substances of Earth
More information9/4/2015. Feldspars White, pink, variable Clays White perfect Quartz Colourless, white, red, None
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils Chapter 4.0: Geological
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More information1. Any process that causes rock to crack or break into pieces is called physical weathering. Initial product = final product
Weathering 1. Any process that causes rock to crack or break into pieces is called physical weathering. Initial product = final product End Result of physical weathering is increased surface area. 2. Physical
More informationRocks and Minerals. Tillery, Chapter 19. Solid Earth Materials
Rocks and Minerals Tillery, Chapter 19 Science 330 Summer 2007 No other planet in the solar system has the unique combination of fluids of Earth. Earth has a surface that is mostly covered with liquid
More informationNATURAL SOIL DEPOSITS
NATURAL SOIL DEPOSITS Soils are produced by weathering of rock. Weathering is the physical or chemical breakdown of rock. Physical Processes: - Unloading - Frost Action - Organism Growth - Crystal Growth
More informationFlooding and it s solutions
Flooding and it s solutions Describe this hydrograph in 35 words What is a flood? What is a flood? A period of of high discharge, where the river overflows its banks Why is this a problem? What are some
More informationRocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification VI. Additional sub-classes
More informationRocks Environmental Significance. Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3. Rocks Definition of a rock
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 Environmental Significance I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification
More informationEarth Science, 10e. Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens
Earth Science, 10e Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens Weathering, Soil, and Mass Wasting Chapter 3 Earth Science, 10e Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College Earth's external processes
More informationUNIT TOPICS TOPIC 1: MINERALS TOPIC 2: IGNEOUS ROCKS TOPIC 3: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TOPIC 4: METAMORPHIC ROCKS TOPIC 5: THE ROCK CYCLE
UNIT TOPICS TOPIC 1: MINERALS TOPIC 2: IGNEOUS ROCKS TOPIC 3: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TOPIC 4: METAMORPHIC ROCKS TOPIC 5: THE ROCK CYCLE TOPIC 1: MINERALS ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE MINERALS AND HOW DO WE
More informationWeathering of Rocks. Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks
Weathering of Rocks Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks Mechanical weathering requires physical forces to break rocks into smaller pieces. Chemical
More informationThe most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium
Mineralogy: The Study of Minerals and their Properties A Mineral! Occurs! Is a! Is a substance (element or compound)! Has atoms arrange in an orderly pattern ( )! Is (not formed by any process involving
More informationPratice Surface Processes Test
1. The cross section below shows the movement of wind-driven sand particles that strike a partly exposed basalt cobble located at the surface of a windy desert. Which cross section best represents the
More information