2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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- Sylvia Ryan
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1
2 Weathering and Soil Earth - Chapter 6
3 Earth s External Processes Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of rock Mass wasting the transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity Erosion the physical removal of material by water, wind, ice, or gravity
4 Weathering Two types: 1. Mechanical weathering breaking of rocks into smaller pieces 2. Types of mechanical weathering Frost wedging Unloading Thermal expansion Biological activity
5 Sheeting and Exfoliation Due to Unloading
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9 Weathering Chemical weathering Breaks down rock components and internal structures of minerals The most important agent is water. Responsible for transport of ions and molecules involved in chemical processes
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11 Weathering Major processes of chemical weathering Dissolution (dissolving) Aided by small amounts of acid in the water Oxidation Any reaction when electrons are lost from one element (rusting). Hydrolysis The reaction of any substance with water. A hydrogen ion attacks and replaces other ions.
12 Weathering Alterations caused by chemical weathering Decomposition of unstable minerals Formation or retention of stable materials Physical changes such as the rounding of corners or edges
13 Products of Weathering
14 Rates of Weathering Factors affecting weathering Surface area Rock characteristics Rocks containing calcite (marble and limestone) readily dissolve in weakly acidic solutions. Silicate minerals weather in the same order as their order of crystallization.
15 Surface Area and Chemical Weathering
16 Rates of Weathering Climate Temperature and moisture characteristics Chemical weathering is most effective in areas of warm, moist climates. Differential weathering Rocks do not weather uniformly due to regional and local factors. Results in many unusual and spectacular rock formations and landforms
17 Spheroidal Weathering of Extensively Jointed Rock
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21 Differential Weathering, Bryce Canyon Nat. Park, Utah
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23 Soil Soil = mineral and organic matter + water + air Rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering (regolith) that support the growth of plants Humus (decayed animal and plant remains) is a small, but essential component.
24 Composition of a Good Soil
25 Soil Factors controlling soil formation Parent material Residual versus transported soil Time Amount of time for soil formation varies depending on geologic and climatic conditions.
26 Soil Climate Most influential control of soil formation Key factors are temperature and precipitation. Plants and animals Influence the soil s physical and chemical properties Topography Steep slopes often have poorly developed soils. The optimum terrain is a flat-to-undulating upland surface.
27 Variations in Soil Development
28 Soil The soil profile Soil-forming processes operate from the surface downward. Vertical differences are called horizons, which are zones or layers of soil. O horizon organic matter A horizon organic and mineral matter» High biological activity» O and A horizons make up the topsoil
29 Soil Soil profile E horizon little organic matter» Zone of eluviation and leaching B horizon zone of accumulation C horizon partially altered parent material Collectively, the O, A, E, and B horizons make up the solum, or true soil.
30 Idealized Soil Profile
31 Soil Profile Showing Different Horizons
32 Soil Classifying soils Variations in soil formation over time and distances has led to a great variety of recognized soil types. Groups have been established using common characteristics. In the United States, a system was devised, and called the Soil Taxonomy.
33 Soil Classifying soils Soil Taxonomy Emphasis is placed on physical and chemical properties. Six hierarchical categories exist. Descriptive names are derived from Latin and Greek. 12 basic soil orders are recognized.
34 Basic Soil Orders
35 Soil Soil erosion Part of the natural recycling of all Earth materials Natural rates of soil erosion depend on: Soil characteristics Climate Slope Type of vegetation
36 Soil Erosion Where Vegetation Is Lacking
37 Soil In many regions, soil erosion is much greater than the rate of soil formation. Sedimentation and chemical pollution Related to excessive soil erosion Occasionally, soil particles are contaminated with pesticides.
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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