2017 ESRI CANADA GIS SCHOLARSHIP REPORT CURRENT POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE OCEANS
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1 MAY 31, ESRI CANADA GIS SCHOLARSHIP REPORT CURRENT POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE OCEANS HASSAAN RAFIQUE BACHELOR OF APPLIED TECHNOLOGY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOUTHERN ALBERTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ALBERTA, CANADA
2 Introduction The condition of the ocean is changing every year which has great impact on marine life. The climate change, pollution, and oxygen depletion are some of the factors causing the oceans to change that has direct affect on the marine life. Approximately 80 percent of all marine pollution around the world is due to agricultural run-off. Dead zones have low oxygen level (hypoxia) which are formed by excessive nutrients from untreated sewage and agricultural runoff. Most marine life cannot survive in dead zones that are close to 500 and covers roughly 245,000 square kilometers around the globe. Over 220 million tons of plastic produced each year can end up in the ocean which estimates 5.25 trillion pieces and rising. Roughly the ocean contains 46,000 pieces of floating plastic every square mile. Micro-plastic causes the deaths of over 1,000,000 seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals each year. Ocean currents causes plastics and other types of marine pollutants to concentrate in areas known as gyres and there are five gyres in the oceans. The reason to do this project was to better understand the current condition of the ocean because ocean provides life to human race and plays an important role in the whole ecosystem. The main project goal is to highlight the factors which are causing the state of the ocean to change which has great impact on the aquatic life. Some of the factors examined in this project are: ocean debris, ocean currents, oxygen depletion, temperature increase, salinity, chlorophyll-a concentration to investigate phytoplankton bloom which causes hypoxic zone due to decomposition of marine organism. The main objective of the project is to investigate the threatened marine species habitat zones and based on the state of the ocean, present new protected marine zones along with marine migrating route for marine species. To make the correct decision, GIS is used and the analysis are performed using ArcMap tools along with numerical analysis are performed to provide more details about the factors that are being studied. The main issue of the project was data limitation. Due to lack of data availability for this project, only certain years are analysed that contain specific readings. Methodology Proper research on the topic was the first step which provided in depth information about the subject along with the type of data needed to perform the analysis. Once the stage was set to start the poster, proper layout was created which included the required specification along with selection of color scheme and design of the poster. The main goal during the development stage of the poster was to create enough maps to deliver the message to the audience along with required text, images, and charts to provide extra information about the topic. Most of the data used to create the poster was obtained from ArcGIS Online to perform the analysis. Mercator auxiliary sphere projection is used to create the maps for the poster. Map shown below shows where ocean debris is getting collected based on the ocean currents.
3 Figure 1 Ocean debris accumulation and the ocean currents The next step focused on some of the factors such as, oxygen, temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a levels that are vital for the ecosystem. The following map shows the seafloor dissolved oxygen level along with a graph of Gulf of Mexico showing hypoxia increase. Figure 2 Dissolved oxygen level and hypoxia increase in the Gulf of Mexico graph
4 The following map shows seafloor temperature and the graph showing global ocean temperature anomalies. Figure 3 Seafloor temperature and global ocean temperature anomalies The following map shows seafloor salinity and the graph showing the salinity level in sea water. Figure 4 Seafloor salinity and sea water salinity level
5 The following graph shows the chlorophyll-a level and the concentration of chlorophyll can be used to estimate the phytoplankton present in the ocean. The graph shows the average annual chlorophyll concentration. Figure 5 Chlorophyll-A level in the ocean and average annual chlorophyll concentration After analysing the above factors, threatened marine mammal species were analyze in the year These threatened species are located near the land which receives excessive nutrients from untreated sewage and agricultural runoff which leads to increase of dead zone areas. As seen in the maps below, most of the species in danger for extinction are found near the land where dead zones are located. Based on garbage patches along with eutrophic and hypoxic zones, proposed marine protected area is obtained by using GIS. Those areas which overlaps with the dead zones and garbage patch were removed to obtain marine habitat zones. Along with marine habitat zones, new marine species migrating routes are generated which avoid the garbage patches and the dead zones. Based on the data obtained, new marine migrating routes are created by using digitizing technique using ArcMap. These analysis shows how GIS can be used to provide better solutions to the problems. To achieve proper results, GIS is used which allows user to interpret data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends. By visually looking at the problem along with the different analysis techniques, GIS provides users full capability to obtain complete solutions. The following map shows proposed protected marine areas obtained by eliminating garbage patch, eutrophic, and hypoxic areas.
6 Figure 6 Proposed protected marine areas using ArcMap The following map shows the proposed marine migration route obtained by using digitizing technique using ArcMap. Figure 7 Map showing proposed marine migration route around the world
7 Conclusion Overall, the project was completed successfully and the project objectives were achieved. By using ArcGIS, project problem was analyzed using ArcMap and recommended solutions were obtained. Numerical analysis was also performed by using excel which supported the results. To obtain better results, additional factors can be considered in the future which include wind, nitrogen, and waste disposable sites. It is recommended to use data from the same year to achieve more accurate results. Actual number of marine population along with marine habitat zone location will provide better understanding when presenting marine protected areas in the ocean. The results presented in this poster are based on available data. Due to data limitations, recent years are not included in the analysis. Better results can be achieved by complete datasets. If more data is available, accurate results can be obtained by using weighted overlay to perform overlay analysis to solve multicriteria problems. This approach can allow to analysis different factors to identify the best or most preferred locations for a specific phenomenon. References (2017, May 27). Retrieved from Endmemo: Biello, D. (2008, August 15). Oceanic Dead Zones Continue to Spread. Retrieved from Scientific American: Butt, T. (2015). Marine litter and ocean currents. Retrieved from Surf Science: Chlorophyll a concentrations. (2017, May 27). Retrieved from OzCoasts: Chlorophyll Concentration. (2017, May 27). Retrieved from NEO: Climate at a Glance. (2017, May). Retrieved from NOAA National Centers for Environmental information: Endangered and Threatened Marine Species. (2017, May). Retrieved from NOAA Fisheries: Environmental conditions affecting the sea. (2009, October 8). Retrieved from Esri. (2017, May). ArcGIS Help Library. Retrieved from Garbage Patch in the Oceans. (2017, May). Retrieved from Science Engineering & Sustainability: Global Patterns and Cycles. (2017, May). Retrieved from Earth Observatory:
8 Interactive Map of Eutrophication & Hypoxia. (2017, May 28). Retrieved from JetStream Max: Major Ocean Currents. (2017, May). Retrieved from National Weather Service: Maps and Data from 2010 thru (2017, May 27). Retrieved from NOAA: Ocean Chlorophyll Concentrations. (2017, May). Retrieved from Global Change: Ocean currents. (2017, May). Retrieved from NOAA: Ocean Dead Zones. (2017, May). Retrieved from Sailors for the sea: Sea Temperature Rise. (2017, May). Retrieved from National Geographic: THE GREAT NORTH PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH. (2017, May). Retrieved from ic_garbage_patch.htm Threatened & Endangered Species. (2017, May). Retrieved from Marine Bio: What are Ocean Dead Zones? (2017, May). Retrieved from What is GIS? (2017, May). Retrieved from Esri: World Borders Dataset. (2017, May). Retrieved from thematic mapping: Zolfagharifard, E. (2015, August 21). Retrieved from Main One:
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