QUATERNARY SCIENCES Vol. 24, No. 1

Transcription

1 QUATERNARY SCIENCES Vol. 24, No. 1 J anuary, (2004) (, ;, ) M. Kuhle 20 80,, 20,,,,, INQUA, IGCP 253, N. Rutter M. Kuhle,, M. Kuhle P A 1,, 20 [1 3 ], ;Hedin [4 ] Ward [5 ], Wissmann [6 ] 4 000m m 20 50,,,,, [7 ], [8,9 ], [10 ], [11 ], [12 ] 1978,, Kuhle, 20 [13 19 ],, 1988, [20,21 ] Kuhle, [22,23 ] Kuhle,,, ( IGCP Project) 253,, Rutter :, [24 ] Kuhle, Kuhle, 2 Kuhle,,1974, A. Penck 1 200m, 1987 Subtropical Mountain2and Highland2Glaciation as Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene [15 ],,,,,,,,,, Ice : 84 E2mail issas. ac. cn ,

2 1 : 11 Kuhle Sun Kosi ( Kuhle, (ice marginal ramps),,, Kuhle, Wissmann [6 ], ; Flohn Wissmann ; Shi Zheng [9,10 ] Wissmann, CLIMAP Project Cline [25 ] ; ) 1 180m, , 1 110m 1 430m, 1 150m 1 530m, m, 4 000m, 3 700m ( 1),, ( ), m, km 2,, 1 M. Kuhle ( ) (a) (b) Fig. 1 Maximum extension of the Pleistocene glaciations in High Asia after M. Kuhle Kuhle, 42km, 4 000m, 1 150m [14 ] m, 1 200m [16 ] 2002 [19 ] 2 000m, 2 000m, 1987 [14,15 ],,, Chen Bowler [26 ], Pachur Wunnemann [27 ] ( MIS3, LGM) Kuhle,, Spitsbergen < 300mm, Ellesmere < 30mm,,

3 ,, 2 Kuhle ( Hindu Kush),, (outlet glacier) 6 000m Lho La,Kuhle,, 2 M. Kuhle Hindu Kush 1 Fig. 2 Profile of the central ice sheet from Hindu Kush to Minya Gonka after M. Kuhle Kuhle, % 95 %, m, 1 000m,,,,,,,, MaB. P MaB. P., 4 000m,, 25 %, m, 80 % 95 % Shackleton MaB. P. 1Π2 2Π3, m,Kuhle, m, MaB. P. 0. 8, 2 000m, (glacioisostasy) m,, 20 15kaB. P.,,,, 300m, [18 ] Kuhle,,, 14 C kaB. P., (Lateglacial, ) [10 ] - 1 Lateglacial, 2 4 5kaB. P., LGM High Giacial, Kuhle [28 ] 5 000m TL 56kaB. P., 4 700m 20 19kaB. P., kaB. P., Kuhle 3 Kuhle, 1988 Leister,,,, [20 ],

4 1 : 13 Zheng Rutter [21 ],,,,, 1989, Kuhle, [22 ] Kuhle, LGM ( 3) LGM, ( 4) m,, Kuhle 1 000m,, 3 LGM ( ) LGM 3. (a) (b) Fig. 3 Sketch of the realistic elevation of equilibrium line at present and at the LGM and their differences :, 300m,,,,,,,,, [23 ] Burbank [29 ], 18kaB. P.,,,, m, m, 30 %,,, : Kuhle,, Hgvermann Lehmkuhl [30,31 ], Kuhle,, 3 800m 4 500m,, Wissmann [6 ],, Kuhle Hgvermann Kuhle, Kuhle, Frenzel [32 ], , :,

5 , m, :, 1991 ( ), Frenzel 300m :, Frenzel, LGM C Πm Fig. 4 Sketch of LGM moraines of Chongce Glacier,western Kunlun Mountain Ono ( ) [33 ],, AAR (Accumination Area Ratio), m, m,, Kuhle,, Miehe Kuhle Kuhle 1999, Miehe [34 ] Kuhle, ; Kuhle Roche moutonnee,

6 1 : 15 ; Kuhle Trinkler Lingzi Tang,, :, Schafer [35 ], 10 Be, 26 AL 23 Ni 3, 30km kaB. P. ;25km 68 6kaB. P., 170kaB. P.,, Kuhle 1 000m 15km 22 15kaB. P., MIS2,,, MIS2,, 68kaB. P., MIS4, Yi [36 ] [37 ] 6 000m 423km 2, 80m 12m ,80m - 7,,,,, 11. 5km ESR kaB. P.,,, ( INQUA) Kuhle m ;, ,,Kuhle,, T. Pewe, N. Rutter, G. J. Kukla, J. Lundqust, L. Starkel, O. Girotti, D. Morgan, 90, 12,, Kuhle,,, ; Kuhle,, ;, Kuhle 300km,, 203m, ;,,, Kuhle,,, ; Kuhle,,,,T. Pewe, [38,39 ], Kuhle :,, Rutter 1995 IGCP , INQUA Rutter,Rutter, [24 ] : Kuhle, 6 000m, m, Kuhle 2 000m ; Kuhle,, Shi [22 ] 300m 1 200m, 40 Burbank [29 ], Derbyshire [40 ],Osmaston [41 ],,, Kuhle, Kuhle

7 ,,, Kuhle,,,, 15kaB. P. 600m,1987,,,, 4, Kuhle,,,,, Kuhle,,, 20,,,,,,, Wissmann, CLIMAP Project,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( References) 1 Huntington E. Pangong : A glacial lake in Central Asia. Journal of Geology, 1906, 14 : Trinkler E. The ice age on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions. Geographical Journal, 1930, 75 : V M.., 1958, (1) :22 27 Sinitzin V M. Plateau. On the Quaternary glaciation problem in High Asian Geographical Translation, 1958, (1) : Hedin Sven. Trans Himalaya. New York : Macmillan, Ward F K. The glaciation of Chinese Tibet. Geographical Journal, 1922,59 : Wissmann H von. Die heutige Vergletscherung und Schneegrenze in Hochasien. Academie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz, Mathe2matish Natur Wissenschaftlich Klasse 1 Abhandlungen, 1959, 14 : , 1964, 44(2) : Tsui Chih2tsiu. On the problem of Pleistocene ice2cover pattern in West China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1964, 44 (2) : (1964 ). :.. :, Shi Yafeng. Discussion on the Late Pleistocene2W rm glaciation in West China(Report on the Second Quaternary Symposium of China, Held in Xi an 1964). In : Shi Yafeng ed. Geographical Environment and Glacial Research. Beijing : Science Press, Shi Yafeng, Wang Jingtai. Fluctuations of climate, glaciers and sea level since Late Pleistocene in China. In : IAHS ed. Sea Level, Ice and Climatic Change ( Proceedings of the Canberra Smposium, December 1979). IAHS Publ., ,.. :. ( ). :, Zheng Benxing, Shi Yafeng. Discussion on Quaternary glaciation of mount Qomolangma area. In : Liu Tungsheng ed. Report of Qomolangma Area Scientific Expedition ( ) Quaternary Geology. Beijing : Science Press, ,,.. :, Li Bingyuan, Zhang Qingsong, Wang Fubao et al. Quaternary Geology in Xizang. Beijing : Science Press, ,,.. :, Li Jijun, Zheng Benxing, Xu Shuying et al. Beijing : Science Press, Glaciers in Xizang. 13 Kuhle M. Glaciation research in the Himalaya, a new ice age theory. Universitas,1985, 27 (4) : Kuhle M. The problems of Pleistocene inland glaciation of the northeastern Qinghai2Xizang Plateau. In : Hovefmann J, Wang Wenying eds. Reports on the Northeastern Part of Qinghai2Xizang Plateau. Beijing : Science Press, Kuhle M. Subtropical mountain2 and highland2glaciation as ice age triggers and the waning of the glacial periods in the Pleistocene. GeoJournal, 1987, 14 (4) : Kuhle M. Geomorphological findings on the build2up of Pleistocene

8 1 : 17 glaciation in southern Tibet and on the problem of inland ice : Results of the Shisha Pangma and Mt. Everest Expedition GeoJournal, 1988, 17(4) : Kuhle M. The Pleistocene glaciation of Tibet and the onset of ice ages : An autocycle hypothesis. GeoJournal, 1988, 17 (4) : Kuhle M. Glacial isostatic uplift of Tibet as a consequence of a former ice sheet. GeoJournal, 1995, 37 : Kuhle M. The glaciation of Tibet2pacemaker of the ice ages. In : Yang Xiaoping ed. Desert and Alpine Environments. Beijing : China Ocean Press, Zheng Benxing. Controversy regarding the existence of a large ice sheet on the Qinghai2Xizang ( Tibetan ) Quaternary Reserch, 1989, 32 : Plateau during Quaternary period. 21 Zheng Benxing, Rutter N. On the problems of Quaternary glaciations and the extent and patterns of Pleistocene ice cover in the Qinghai2Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Quaternary International, 1998, 45Π46 : Shi Yafeng, Zheng Benxing, Li Shijie. Last glaciation and maximun glaciation in the Qinghai2Xizang ( Tibet) Plateau : A controversy to M. Kuhle s Ice Sheet Hypothesis. Folge, 1992, (Suppl. 84) :19 35 Zeitschrift f r Geomorphologie Neue 23 Shi Yafeng. Characteristics of Late Quaternary monsoonal glaciations on the Tibetan Plateau and in East Asia. Quaternary International, 2002, 97Π98 : Rutter N. Problematic ice sheets. Quaternary International, 1995, 38 : Cline R. Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth surface at the Last Glacial Maximum. In : The Geological Society of America. CLIMP Project. Map and Chart Series MC36, Chen Kezao, Bowler J M. Late Pleistocene evolution of salt lakes in the Qaidan basin, Qinghai Province, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1986, 54 : Pachur H J, Wunnemann B. Lake evolution in the Tengger Desert, northwestern China during the last years. Quaternary Research, 1995, 44 : ,.., 1995, 17(3) : Xu Daoming, Shen Yongping. On ancient ice2sheet and ice age in the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1995, 17 (3) : Burbank D W, Kang Jianchen. Relative dating of the Quaternary moraines, Rongbuk valley, Mount Everest, Tibet : Implications for an ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Reasearch, 1991, 36 (1) : Hgvermann J, Lehmkuhl F, Portage K H. Pleistocene glaciation in eastern and central Tibet : Preliminary results Chinese German Joint Expeditions. 96 Zeitschrift f r Geomorphologie Neue Folge, 1993, (92) :85 31 Lehmkuhl F. Extent and spatial distribution of Pleistocene glaciatons in eastern Tibet. Quaternary International, 1997, 45Π46 : Frenzel B, Li J, Liu S. On the upper Quaternary Paleoecology of eastern Tibet. Science in China(Series B), 1995, 38 (4) : Ono Y, Liu D, Zhao Y. Paleoenvironment of Tibetan Plateau viewed from glacial fluctuations in the north foot of the west Kunlun Mountains. Journal of Geology in Japan,1997, 106(2) : Miehe G, Miehe S, Dickore W B. Alpine desert in High Asia. In : Yang Xiaoping ed. Desert and Alpine Environments. Beijing : China Ocean Press, Schafer J M, Tchudi S, Zhao Y et al. The limited influence of glaciations in Tibet on global climate over the Past yr. and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, 194 : Earth 36 Yi Chaolu, Li Xiaoze, Qu Jianjun. Quaternary glaciation of Puruogangri : The largest modern ice field in Tibet. Quaternary International, 2002, 97Π98 : ,,. 80m.,2002,24 (3) : Pu Jianchen, Yao Tandong, Wang Ninglian et al. The distribution of 80m ice temperature in Puruogangri ice field on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2002, 24 (3) : INQUA.,1992, (1) : Yuan Baoyin. Brief record on geologic excursions of 13 th INQUA Congress. Quaternary Sciences, 1992, (1) : ,,..,1995, 41(2) : Zheng Benxing, Jiao Keqin, Zheng Wenlan. The states quo of the dispute of whether there was a great glacial sheet on the Qinghai2Tibet Plateau. Geological Review, 1995, 41(2) : Derbyshire E, Shi Y, Li J et al. Quaternary glaciation of Tibet : The geological evidence. 510 Quaternary Science Review, 1991, 10 (6) : Osmaston H. Problems of the Quaternary geomorphology of the Xixiabangma region in South Tibet and Nepal. Zeitschrift f r Geomorphologie Neue Folge, 1989, (76) :

9 THE EMERGENCE AND ABANDONMENT OF THE ICE SHEET HYPOTHESIS OVER THE QINGHAI2XIZANG PLATEAU D URING THE ICE AGE Shi Yafeng ( Institute of Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou ; Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing ) Abstract M. Kuhle put forward the presence of a large ice sheet over the Qinghai2Xizang Plateau during the Ice Age in the middle of 1980s and published scores of papers to have disseminated his views. He began with the inference that the equilibrium line on both the southern and the northern margin of the plateau during Last Glacial Maximum was lowered by 1 100m to 1 500m, much lowered than that at present, dropping to 4 000m asl on the south slope of the Himalaya and 3 700m on the north slope of the Qilian Mountains. The whole plateau surface was therefore considered to be above the equilibrium line and a large ice sheet with an area of million km 2 and a thickness of m could be developed. He regarded this hypothesis as the real truth and used it to explain various geomorphological and Quaternary phenomena of the Plateau. He further suggested that the uplifting of the Plateau was caused by the glacioisostacy process. M. Kuhle s hypothesis on ice sheet was blustered for a while and attracted international attention widely. Chinese scientists firstly pointed out that this hypothesis was not consistent with the reality in the Plateau. Later, the investigations in the Plateau by several European, American and Japanese scientists also demoralized this hypothesis. In 1991, many western scientists having participated in the 13 th INQUA conference held in Beijing, did a field trip to the Qinghai2Xizang Plateau and revealed again the serious misunderstanding of M. Kuhle s hypothesis. The IGCP 253 organized a working group, headed by N. Rutter in order to resolve the confused questions on the Ice Sheet during Finally, N. Rutter pointed out a lot of mistakes of the ice sheet hypothesis and clearly supported Chinese scientists explanations in a special paper. Althouth M. Kuhle still slick his views, the inadequate hypothesis on ice sheet has virtually been given up. Key words Ice Sheet Hypothesis, Qinghai2Xizang Plateau, M. Kuhle, controversy and clarification