QUATERNARY SC IENCES

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1 QUATERNARYSC IENCES Vol. 28, No. 4 July, (2008) (, ;,, ),, 100,,,,,, ( < 200m) (200500m) ( m ) ( m)( > 2500m)7,, (DTM ), 1000m, 2000m, 4000m 6000m ( < 1000m ) ( m ) ( m) ( m)( > 6000m ) 7 5, 28 P A,, 8848m 154m,,,,,, [ 1 ],, 1894, A. Penck ( ) [ 2 ] 6,100,, ),,,,, ,,,( ) (?) [ 3, 4 ], ( )20 50 : 68 E2mail: liby@ igsnrr1ac1cn 3 (: 2005CB42001) , )(). ( ), 1981, (4) : 7095

2 ,, ( ) () (1) ,,,,(1956) [ 5 ] ( ) [ 3, 6 ] [ 5 ],(?),, ( < 200m, 50m ) (> 500m ) ( > 1000m,> 500m ) ( < 500m, 50500m ) ( m, 500m ) ( > 3000m),,,,,, ( > 2500m ) ;, 1959 [ 3 ],,, 500m, 1000m, 3000m 5000m, 100m, 500m1000m 4 [ 3 ],,,,, (2) , , , [ 7 ],,, [ 8 ] ; 5 1), [ 9 ], ( ), :,, [ 10 ] ; 2500m, ( > 1000m) ( > 5800m ) ( m ) ( m ) ( < 1000m) ; 22 [ 11 ] ( ) ( 1987) [ 12 ],1959, 1959,, > 2500m, 18(1) [ 3, 12 ] ),.. :

3 4 : [ 12 ] Table 1Basic geomorphology of China < 2030m < 100m m m m m > 2500m < 1000m m m > 5000m, [ 1 ], (2) 20 50,,,, ([ 1 ], p51) Table 2Geomorphologic type system of Europe ( ) ( from Ref. [ 1 ], p51) /m 3 /m 2. a. b a b. > > (a. < 1300 ) b. > ( ) > 2000 > km 2 (m) () [ 13 ] (020m ) (2075m ) (75 200m) ( m ) ( > 600m )5, ( ) ( 2) (020m ) ( < 500m; > 500m, 20150m ) ( m > 150m ) ( m) ( m ) ( m) ( > 5500m)7 2,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, [ 10 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),

4 ,,,() () ( ) ;, (: ), ( ),,,,, 7, [ 12, 14 ],,,50m500m, 3 [ 5 ], [ 13 ] [ 15 ],21km 2,20m, 75m, 200m 600m 5,DTM, ( ),,, 21km 2, 21km 2, ( ) [ 12 ], () ( 500km 2 ) ( 5km ),,,, m,, m, m, m,,,, 1000m (), 1000m, 500m 200m 3, m, 2500m ( ) 500m ( < 200m ), - 200m,,,, 5 : ( < 200m ) ( m) ( m ) ( m)( > 2500m ),(), ( ),5 [ 11, 12 ] 4 [ 13 ] [ 15 ] DTM

5 4 : 539, 6, < 500m m, m, m, > 5500mDTM,,, ( ) [ 12 ],1959 [ 3 ], 1000m, 3500m5000m, ( 1) [ 3 ],(5000m) (3500m ), (1000m ) 1000m,,, ;, [ 3 ] 50, [ 16 ] 6200m ( ), 2800m ( ),3400m, [ 1719 ] 5300m ()1500m ( ),3800m [ 20 ] 4400 ( ) 4600m ( ), 2000m [ 16, 21 ],, , (DTM ) 200m250m (P540 ), :, m m, 6000m, ; m m 200m, 1000m, 1000m, 2000m, ( ) m, 1000m ; m, 4000m, ( ) [ 12 ],3500m,,> 5000m -, 3500m > 5000m,,, ( ), 1000m,,,, 3500m 4000m;,5500m 6000m; ( m ), m,

6

7 4 : Table 3Basic geomorphologic type of China (1) < 1000m (2) m (3) m (4) m (5) > 6000m (< 200m) (200500m) ( m) ( m) ( > 2500m) () : ( < 1000m ) ( m ) ( m ) ( m ) ( > 6000m) [ 14 ],,, 200m,, m,,,, 5, 7 5, 28(3) ( ), [ 14 ] ( ),, [ 3 ], [ 8 ],,20 50,,, [ 12 ], ( ) (R e fe rence s) 1,.. :, Su Shiyu, L i Juzhang. Geomorphological Mapping. Beijing: Surveying and Mapp ing Press, Penck A. Morphologie der Erdoberflaeche ( 2 Bde ). Stuttgart: Engelhorn, / ( ). :, Shen Yuchang ed. Geomorphological Compartmentalization of China ( the first draft). Beijing: Science Press, ,.. :, Li Siguang, Zhang Wenyou editor and translation. Shanghai: Zhengfeng Press, Geology of China. 5,,.. :.. :, Zhou Tingru, Shi Yafeng, Chen Shupeng. Topographic Compart2 mentalization D raft of China. In: Editorial Board of Chinese Geography Record ed. China. Beijing: Science Press, Physical Compartmentalization D raft of 6.., 1958, 1 (1) : 3341 Shen Yuchang. The discussion on geomorphological types and compartmental p roblems of China. Quaternary S inica, 1958, 1 ( 1) : ,.

8 :, The Editorial Comm ission of1 1, 000, 000 GeomorphologicalMap of China, Iustitute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences eds. Geomorphological Mapping Research. Beijing: Surveying and Mapp ing Press, : 1 100,.. :, Chai Zongxin. The suggestion of basic geomorphological types according to relative height. In: The Editorial Comm ission of Geomorphological Map of China, Iustitute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences eds. Geomorphological Mapping Research. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, , 1982, 37 (1) : 1726 L i Juzhang. A prelim itary study on the quantitative index of basic types of geomorophologic form in China. 1982, 37 (1) : 1726 Acta Geographica S inica, 10, : 1 100,.. :, L i B ingyuan, L i Juzhang. Legend system of 1 1, 000, 000 geomorphological map and the discussion of geomorphological types. In: The Editorial Comm ission of1 1, 000, 000 Geomorphological Map of China, Iustitute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences eds. Geomorphological Mapp ing Research. Beijing: Surveying and Mapp ing Press, ,.. :, L i B ingyuan, Zheng Yihong eds. Geomorphological Map of Q inghai Province and Instruction. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, ( ). :, Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences ed Geomorphological Mapping Specification ( trial ). Beijing: Science Press, :, Chen Zhim ing ed. Exp lanations of Geomorphological Map of China and Its Adjacent A reas ( ) : An Outline of Chinaπs Geomorphology. Beijing: Sinomap s Press, , :, 1994 L i B ingyuan, L i Juzhang eds. of China. Beijing: Science Press, Geomorphological Map 15.., 1989, 9 (1) : 3138 L iu Zhendong. Study on statistic unit of relief amp litude in China. Tropical Geography, 1989, 9 (1) : ,,.., 2003, 58 (2) : Zhang Baiping, Zhou Chenghu, Cheng Shupeng. The geo2info2 spectrum of montane altitudinal belts in China. S inica, 2003, 58 (2) : A cta Geographica 17.. :, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ed. An Introduction to the Glaciers in China. Beijing: Science Press, (V ) ( ). :, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ed. Glacier Inventory of China ( V ) : Karakorum Mountains(D rainage Basin of the Yarant R iver). Press, Beijing: Science 19,.. :, Shi Yafeng, Cold and A rid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences eds. Concise Glacier Inventory of China. Shanghai: Shanghai Science Popularization Press, ,,.. :, Zhou Youwu, Cheng Guodong, Guo Dongxin et al. eds. in China. Beijing: Science Press, Geocryology 21,.. :, Sun Honglie, Zheng Du eds. Formation, Evolution and Development of Q inghai2xizang( Tibetan) Plateau. Beijing: Science Press, BAS IC TERRESTR IAL GEOMO RPHOLO G ICAL TY PES IN CH INA AND THE IR C IRCUM SCR IPT IO NS L i B ingyuan Pan Baotian Han J iafu ( Institute of Geographic Sciences and N atural R esources Research, Chinese Academ y of Sciences, B eijing ; Key Laboratory of W estern Chinaπs Environm ent System (M inistry of Education) College of Earth and Environm ent Sciences, and Departm ent of Geography, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou ) Abstract In the past one hundred years, the classification of landform s has been discussed considerably. Som e authors

9 4 : 543 called the term s like p lain, p latform, hill and as basic morphologies but we think they are landform types, because these term s are defined not only by their morphological characteristics, but also by their form ations. system ically analyzing and evaluating the existing fundam ental geomorphological classification system s, we consider that it is suitable to classify the comp licated geomorphological types of China according to two main indicators, i1e., relative relief height and absolute above sea level. By The first indicator is used to divide landform s into four types, i1e., p lain, p latform, hill, and. W e here suggest to further divide them into seven types according to the relative relief height. They are p lain, p latform, hill ( < 200m ), low relief ( m ), intermediate relief ( m ), high relief ( m ), and extremely high relief ( > 2500m). The second indicator is actually just the meters above the sea level. W e p ropose to rep lace the p revious classification criteria of modern snow line, lower boundary of perm afrost, and upper boundary of forest belt by the elevation above sea level, because the exact heights of modern snow line, lower boundary of permafrost, and upper boundary of forest belt vary rem arkably in China. Through observing the distribution pattern of ridgesπs on topographic map s ( ) of key regions in China and the distribution map of ground elevation ( ) in national digital topography model(dtm ) database, we suggest the follow ing criteria: Low ( < 1000m ), intermediate ( m ), sub2high ( m ), high ( m ), and extremely2high ( > 6000m ). App lying the classification system with seven types of the relative relief heights and five types of absolute s, landform s in China can be divided into 28 basic geomorphological types( Table 1), ranging from low p lains to extrem ely high s. Table 1The ba sic geom orpholog ic types of Ch ina Morphology Plain A ltitude Plain p latform H ill ( < 200m) Low relief (200500m) Mountain ( m) H igh relief Extremely high relief (1000 ( > 2500m) 2500m) (1) Low < 1000m Low p lain Low p latform Low hill Low relief and low but low (2) Intermediate m Intermediate p lain Intermediate p latform Intermediate hill Low2relief but intermediate and intermediate H igh relief but intermediate (3) Sub2high m Sub2high p lain Sub2high p latform Sub2high hill Low2relief but sub2 high H igh relief and and sub2high sub2high Extremely high relief and sub2high (4) H igh m H igh p lain H igh p latform H igh hill Low relief but high and high H igh relief and high Extremely high relief and high (5) Extremely high > 6000m and extremely high H igh relief and extremely high Extremely high relief and extremely high Key words geomorphological types, relative relief height,, landform classification, China

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