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1 ISSN X (online) ISBN (PDF) ISSN (print) ISBN (print) THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the Content ) is governed by the terms set out on this page ( Terms of Use ). By downloading this Content, you (the User ) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use. Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an as-is basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever. Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the Owner ). Both your use of a linked Web site, and your right to use or reproduce information or materials from a linked Web site, are subject to the terms of use governing that particular Web site. Any comments or inquiries regarding a linked Web site must be directed to its Owner. Copyright: Canadian and international intellectual property laws protect the Content. Unless otherwise indicated, copyright is held by the Queen s Printer for Ontario. It is recommended that reference to the Content be made in the following form: Rowell, D.J Aggregate resources inventory of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 159, 107p. Use and Reproduction of Content: The Content may be used and reproduced only in accordance with applicable intellectual property laws. Non-commercial use of unsubstantial excerpts of the Content is permitted provided that appropriate credit is given and Crown copyright is acknowledged. Any substantial reproduction of the Content or any commercial use of all or part of the Content is prohibited without the prior written permission of MNDM. Substantial reproduction includes the reproduction of any illustration or figure, such as, but not limited to graphs, charts and maps. Commercial use includes commercial distribution of the Content, the reproduction of multiple copies of the Content for any purpose whether or not commercial, use of the Content in commercial publications, and the creation of value-added products using the Content. Contact: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON The Reproduction of the EIP or Content The Purchase of MNDM Publications PLEASE CONTACT: BY TELEPHONE: BY MNDM Publication Services MNDM Publication Sales Local: (705) Toll-Free: , ext (inside Canada, United States) Local: (705) Toll-Free: , ext (inside Canada, United States) Crown Copyright Queen s Printer Local: (416) Toll-Free: (inside Canada, United States) Pubsales.ndm@ontario.ca Pubsales.ndm@ontario.ca Copyright@gov.on.ca

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3 Aggregate Resources Inventory of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant Southern Ontario Ontario Geological Survey Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper

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5 Aggregate Resources Inventory of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant Southern Ontario Ontario Geological Survey Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 159 By D.J. Rowell 2014 Users of OGS products are encouraged to contact those Aboriginal communities whose traditional territories may be located in the mineral exploration area to discuss their project.

6 Queen s Printer for Ontario, 2014 ISSN (print) ISSN X (online) ISBN (print) ISBN (PDF) All publications of the Ontario Geological Survey and the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines are available at the following locations: For viewing: John B. Gammon Geoscience Library 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level A3 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Tel: For purchase only: Publication Sales 933 Ramsey Lake Rd., Level A3 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Tel: (local) Toll-free: ext Fax: pubsales.ndm@ontario.ca Purchases may be made using cash, debit card, VISA, MasterCard, American Express, cheque or money order. Cheques or money orders should be made payable to the Minister of Finance. PRINT Ontario Geological Survey Cataloguing in Publication Data Rowell, D.J. Aggregate resources inventory of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant, Southern Ontario (Ontario Geological Survey aggregate resources inventory paper, ISSN ; 159) Includes bibliographical references. Available also on the Internet. ISBN Aggregates (Building materials) Ontario Oxford (County). 2. Aggregates (Building materials) Ontario Brant (County). 3. Geology Ontario Oxford (County) Maps. 4. Geology Ontario Brant (County) Maps. I. Ontario Geological Survey. II. Title. III. Series: Ontario Geological Survey aggregate resources inventory paper ; 159. TN939 R ONLINE Ontario Geological Survey Cataloguing in Publication Data Rowell, D.J. Aggregate resources inventory of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant, Southern Ontario [electronic resource] (Ontario Geological Survey aggregate resources inventory paper, ISSN X ; 159) Includes bibliographical references. Electronic monograph in PDF format. Issued also in printed form. ISBN Aggregates (Building materials) Ontario Oxford (County). 2. Aggregates (Building materials) Ontario Brant (County). 3. Geology Ontario Oxford (County) Maps. 4. Geology Ontario Brant (County) Maps. I. Ontario Geological Survey. II. Title. III. Series: Ontario Geological Survey aggregate resources inventory paper (Online) ; 159. TN939 R Every possible effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this report; however, the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users are urged to verify critical information. If you wish to reproduce any of the text, tables or illustrations in this report, please write for permission to the Team Leader, Publication Services, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level A3, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5. Cette publication est disponible en anglais seulement. Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference be made in the following form: Rowell, D.J Aggregate resources inventory of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 159, 107p. ii

7 Contents Abstract... Introduction... 3 Inventory Methods, Data Presentation and Interpretation... 4 Field and Office Methods... 4 Units and Definitions... 4 Data Presentation and Interpretation... 4 Map 1: Sand and Gravel Resources... 5 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas... 5 Selection Criteria... 5 Site Specific Criteria... 5 Deposit Size and Thickness... 5 Aggregate Quality... 6 Deposit Information... 6 Texture Symbol... 6 Location and Setting... 6 Regional Considerations... 7 Sand and Gravel Resource Tonnage Calculations... 7 Map 2: Bedrock Resources... 8 Selected Bedrock Resource Areas... 8 Selection Criteria... 8 Bedrock Resource Tonnage Calculations... 9 Assessment of Aggregate Resources in the County of Oxford and the County of Brant Location and Population Surficial Geology and Physiography Bedrock Topography and Overburden Thickness Glacial Till and Related End Moraines Glaciofluvial Deposits Glaciolacustrine Deposits General Glacial History Physiographic Regions Oxford Till Plain Stratford Till Plain Mount Elgin Ridges Waterloo Hills Norfolk Sand Plain Horseshoe Moraines Flamborough Plain Haldimand Clay Plain Drainage Sand and Gravel Extractive Activity Additional Colour Sand and Gravel Aggregate Quality vii iii

8 Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Areas Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 (Brant County) Resource Areas of Secondary Significance and Buried Deposits Township of Zorra Township of East Zorra Tavistock Township of Blandford Blenheim Township of Southwest Oxford Township of Norwich County of Brant Bedrock Geology and Resource Potential Bedrock Aggregate Quality and Suitability Selected Bedrock Resource Area Summary References Appendix A Suggested Additional Reading and References Appendix B Glossary Appendix C Geology of Sand and Gravel Deposits Glaciofluvial Deposits Glaciolacustrine Deposits Glaciomarine Deposits Glacial Deposits Eolian Deposits Appendix D Geology of Bedrock Deposits Appendix E Aggregate Quality Test Specifications Material Specifications for Aggregates: Base and Subbase Products Material Specifications for Aggregates: Hot Mix Asphalt Products Material Specifications for Aggregates: Concrete Products Metric Conversion Table FIGURES 1. Map of showing the location of the County of Oxford and the adjacent County of Brant... vii 2. Detailed location map for the County of Oxford and the County of Brant including the surrounding area Overburden thickness in the area of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant Generalized stratigraphy of the Quaternary sediments in the map area Physiographic regions of the map area D1. Bedrock geology of southern Ontario D2. Exposed Paleozoic stratigraphic sequences in southern Ontario iv

9 TABLES* A. Area and Population, County of Oxford and County of Brant B. Aggregate Production ( ), County of Oxford and County of Brant Total Identified Sand and Gravel Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant Sand and Gravel Pits, County of Oxford and County of Brant Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, County of Oxford and County of Brant Total Identified Bedrock Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant Quarries, County of Oxford and County of Brant Selected Bedrock Resource Areas, County of Oxford and County of Brant Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Summary of Geophysical Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Results of Aggregate Quality Tests, County of Oxford and County of Brant Gradation and Lithology Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Till Analysis (Physical Properties) Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Results of Geochemical Analyses of Bedrock Samples, County of Oxford and County of Brant E1. Material Specifications for Aggregates: Base and Subbase Products. Physical Property Requirements for Aggregates: Base, Subbase, Select Subgrade and Backfill Material E2. Material Specifications for Aggregates: Hot Mix Asphalt Products. Physical Property Requirements for Coarse Aggregate (Surface Course): SMA, Superpave 9.5, 12.5, 12.5 FC1 and 12.5 FC E3. Material Specifications for Aggregates: Hot Mix Asphalt Products. Physical Property Requirements for Coarse Aggregate (Binder Course): Superpave 9.5, 12.5, 19.0, 25.0 and E4. Material Specifications for Aggregates: Hot Mix Asphalt Products. Physical Property Requirements for Fine Aggregate: SMA, Superpave 9.5, 12.5, 12.5 FC1 and 12.5 FC2, 19.0, 25.0 and E5. Material Specifications for Aggregates: Concrete Products. Physical Property Requirements for Coarse Aggregate E6. Material Specifications for Aggregates: Concrete Products. Physical Property Requirements for Fine Aggregate MAPS* 1. Sand and Gravel Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant, Scale 1: back pocket 2. Bedrock Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant, Scale 1: back pocket *Map 1 and Map 2 accompanying this report are simplified to depict information critical to the majority of users. Enhanced information on the aggregate resources for this area is provided in a compressed (.zip) file available for download from GeologyOntario ( Additional documents in the.zip file provide further details on the vector ESRI ArcGIS files for Maps 1 and 2, Microsoft Excel versions of Tables A, B and 1 to 12, and other files that enhance this report. v

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11 Abstract This report includes an inventory and evaluation of the aggregate resources in Oxford and Brant counties. This report is based on a detailed field assessment undertaken in the summer of 2013 and on previous studies of the area. The investigation was conducted to delineate and determine the quantity and quality of aggregate within the area, and to help ensure that sufficient aggregate resources are available for future use. This report is part of the Aggregate Resource Inventory Program for areas designated under the Aggregate Resources Act (ARA). Over 967 field station observations, 199 gradation results and 7169 other data points (e.g., water-well records, geotechnical boreholes, oil and gas wells and other drill holes) were used to make the interpretations and draw the conclusions as discussed in the report. Eleven selected sand and gravel resource areas have been chosen at the primary resource level within Oxford and Brant counties. These selected resource areas have a total unlicenced area of ha (3.68% of the land base) with a possible resource area of ha (2.73% of land base) after considering physical, cultural and environmental constraints. These resource areas have approximately million tonnes of aggregate material. There are a number of sand and gravel deposits that have been selected at the secondary level of significance. These deposits add greatly to the overall granular resources of the study area. Deposit thickness and, therefore, the quantity of granular material available; variability of the material; lower coarse aggregate content; concerns over the stone quality; and the dirtiness of some of the deposits generally make these resource areas less attractive for development than the primary deposits. The deposits are still a valuable resource and should be considered during land-use planning discussions and decision-making processes. Oxford and Brant counties are underlain by a sequence of Paleozoic rock units that have generally not been used extensively in the production of aggregate products. Some of the formations have been used for the manufacture of lime and cement; with some minor aggregate production. In addition, these formations are generally overlain by a thick sequence of Quaternary sediment, which would affect the economic decisions to develop these resources. The bedrock has been extracted north of the Town of Ingersoll and the community of Beachville, which has provided significant economic benefits to the local community and the surrounding area. Selected Resource Areas are not intended to be permanent, single land use units that must be incorporated into an official planning document. They represent areas in which a major resource is known to exist. Such resource areas may be reserved wholly or partially for extractive development and/or resource protection within the context of the official plan. Figure 1. Map of southern Ontario showing the location of the County of Oxford and the adjacent County of Brant. vii

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13 Aggregate Resources Inventory of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant By D.J. Rowell 1 Field work, map production and report writing by D.J. Rowell. Manuscript accepted for publication in 2014 by J.R. Parker, Senior Manager, Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section, Ontario Geological Survey. This report is published with the permission of the Director, Ontario Geological Survey. 1 Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section, Ontario Geological Survey

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15 Introduction Mineral aggregates, which include bedrock-derived crushed stone as well as naturally formed sand and gravel, constitute the major raw material in Ontario s road building and construction industries. Large quantities of these materials are used each year throughout the Province. For example, in 2012, the total tonnage of mineral aggregates extracted in Ontario was 152 million tonnes, greater than that of any other metallic or nonmetallic commodity mined in the Province (The Ontario Aggregate Resources Corporation 2012). Although mineral aggregate deposits are plentiful in Ontario, they are fixed-location, non-renewable resources that can be exploited only in those areas where they occur. Mineral aggregates are characterized by their high bulk and low unit value so that the economic value of a deposit is a function of its proximity to a market area as well as its quality and size. The potential for extractive development is usually greatest in areas where land use competition is extreme. For these reasons, the availability of adequate resources for future development is now being threatened in many areas, especially urban areas where demand is the greatest. Comprehensive planning and resource management strategies are required to make the best use of available resources, especially in those areas experiencing rapid development. Unfortunately, in some cases, the best aggregate resources are found in or near areas of environmental sensitivity, resulting in the requirement to balance the need for the different natural resources. Therefore, planning strategies must be based on a sound knowledge of the total mineral aggregate resource base at both local and regional levels. The purpose of the Aggregate Resources Inventory Program is to provide the basic geological information required to include potential mineral aggregate resource areas in planning strategies. The reports should form the basis for discussion on those areas best suited for possible extraction. The aim is to assist decision-makers in protecting the public well-being by ensuring that adequate resources of mineral aggregate remain available for future use. This report is a technical background document, based for the most part on geological information and interpretation. It has been designed as a component of the total planning process and should be used in conjunction with other planning considerations, to ensure the best use of an area's resources. The report includes an assessment of sand and gravel resources as well as a discussion on the potential for bedrock-derived aggregate. The most recent information available has been used to prepare the report. As new information becomes available, revisions may be necessary. 3

16 Inventory Methods, Data Presentation and Interpretation FIELD AND OFFICE METHODS The methods used to prepare the report involved the interpretation of published geological data such as bedrock and surficial geology maps and reports, as well as field examination of possible resource areas. Field methods included the examination of natural and man-made exposures of granular material. Most observations were made at quarries and sand and gravel pits located by field surveys and from records held by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO), the Ontario Geological Survey (OGS), and by Regional, District and Area Offices of the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) of Ontario. Observations made at pit sites included estimates of the total face height and the proportion of gravel- and sand-sized materials in the deposit. Observations regarding the shape and lithology of the particles were also made. These characteristics are important in estimating the quality and quantity of the aggregate. In areas of limited exposure, subsurface materials may be assessed by hand augering, test pitting and drilling. Deposits with potential for extractive development, or those where existing data are scarce, were studied in greater detail. In instances, representative sites in these deposits are evaluated by taking 11 to 45 kg samples from existing pit or quarry faces, roadcuts or other exposures. The samples may be subjected to some or all of the following tests: absorption capacity, magnesium sulphate soundness test, micro-deval abrasion test, unconfined freeze thaw test, and accelerated mortar bar expansion test. The field data were supplemented by pit information on file with the Soils and Aggregates Section of the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Data contained in these files include field estimates of the depth, composition and workability of deposits, as well as laboratory analyses of the physical properties and suitability of the aggregate. Information concerning the development history of the pit and acceptable uses of the aggregate is also recorded. The locations of additional aggregate sources were obtained from records held by Regional, District and Area Offices of the Ministry of Natural Resources. In addition, testing data for type, quantity and quality of aggregates were also obtained from aggregate licence applications where these reports are on file with the Ministry of Natural Resources, and from individuals and companies. Aerial photographs and remotely sensed imagery at various scales were used to determine the continuity of deposits, especially in areas where information is limited. Water well records, held by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE), were used in some areas to corroborate deposit thickness estimates or to indicate the presence of buried granular material. These records were used in conjunction with other evidence. Topographic maps of the National Topographic System, at a scale of 1:50 000, were used as a compilation base for the field and office data. The information was then transferred to a base map, also at a scale of 1: These base maps were prepared using digital information taken from the Ontario Land Information Warehouse, Land Information Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources, with modifications by staff of the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Units and Definitions The measurements and other primary data available for resource tonnage calculations are presented in metric units in the text and on the tables that accompany the report. Data are generally rounded off in accordance with the Metric Practice Guide (Ontario Interministerial Committee on National Standards and Specifications 1975). The tonnage estimates for aggregate deposits are termed possible resources (see Appendix B Glossary) in accordance with terminology used by the Ontario Resource Classification Scheme (Robertson 1975, p.7) and the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario (1976). DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION Two maps, each portraying a different aspect of the aggregate resources in the report area, accompany the report. Map 1, Sand and Gravel Resources, provides an inventory and evaluation of the sand and gravel resources in the report area. Map 2, Bedrock Resources, shows the distribution of bedrock formations and the thickness of overlying unconsolidated sediments, and identifies the Selected Bedrock Resource Areas. The hard-copy versions of Map 1 and Map 2 (back pocket of the report) are simplified to depict information critical to the majority of users. Enhanced information on the aggregate resources for this area (e.g., complete deposit information for Map 1) is provided in vector ESRI ArcGIS files available for download as a compressed (.zip) file from GeologyOntario ( A readme file included in the.zip file provides further details regarding the contents of these vector files. In addition, cross-references to data provided in the.zip file are provided for clients who wish 4

17 County of Oxford County of Brant to access digital data that does not require opening the vector ArcGIS files. The file that contains the tables for sand and gravel resources and bedrock resources data is found in the root data folder. The tables are in a database (.mdb) format file that can be opened using other software, for example, Microsoft Access (however, it is recommended the file be copied before opening to avoid creating problems with the vector ArcGIS files). The crossreferences include the table and the field name separated by a short vertical line; the field name is indicated by bold, small capital letters (e.g., Drift_Thick AABBCC). Map 1: Sand and Gravel Resources Map 1 shows the extent and quality of sand and gravel deposits within the study area and an evaluation of the aggregate resources. The map is derived from existing surficial geology maps of the area or from aerial photograph interpretation in areas where surficial mapping is incomplete. The present level of extractive activity is also indicated on Map 1. Those areas licenced for extraction under the Aggregate Resources Act are shown by a solid outline and identified by a number that refers to the pit descriptions in Table 2. Each description notes the owner/operator and licenced hectarage of the pit, as well as the estimated face height and percentage gravel. A number of unlicenced pits (abandoned pits or pits operating on demand under authority of a wayside permit) are identified by a numbered dot on Map 1 and described in Table 2. Similarly, any test locations appear on Map 1 as a point symbol and the results of the test material are provided in Table 9. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS All the sand and gravel deposits are first delineated by geological boundaries and then classified into one of 3 levels of significance: primary, secondary or tertiary. The deposit s significance is also recorded in Sand_Gravel SIGNIF. Areas of primary significance are coloured red on Map 1 and identified by a deposit number that corresponds to numbers in Table 3. The deposit number is also recorded in Sand_Gravel SELECT_AREA. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas of primary significance are not permanent, single land use units. They represent areas in which a major resource is known to exist, and may be reserved wholly or partially for extractive development and/or resource protection. In many of the recently approved municipal Official Plans, all or portions of resources of primary significance, and in some cases resources of secondary significance, are identified and protected. Deposits of secondary significance are coloured orange on Map 1. Such deposits are believed to contain significant amounts of sand and gravel. Although deposits of secondary significance are not considered to be the best resources in the report area, they may contain large quantities of sand and gravel and should be considered as part of the overall aggregate supply of the area. Deposits of tertiary significance are coloured yellow on Map 1. They are not considered to be important resource areas because of their low available resources or because of possible difficulties in extraction. Such areas may be useful for local needs or extraction under a wayside permit, but are unlikely to support large-scale development. SELECTION CRITERIA The process by which deposits are evaluated and selected involves the consideration of 2 sets of criteria. The main selection criteria are site specific, related to the characteristics of individual deposits. Factors such as deposit size, aggregate quality, and deposit location and setting are considered in the selection of those deposits best suited for extractive development. A second set of criteria involves the assessment of local aggregate resources in relation to the quality, quantity and distribution of resources in the region in which the report area is located. The intent of such a process of evaluation is to ensure the continuing availability of sufficient resources to meet possible future demands. Site Specific Criteria DEPOSIT SIZE AND THICKNESS Ideally, selected deposits should contain available sand and gravel resources large enough to support a commercial pit operation using a stationary or portable processing plant. In practice, much smaller deposits may be of significant value depending on the overall resources in the rest of the project area. The thickness class indicates a depth range, which is related to the potential resource tonnage for each deposit (see Table 1, Column 1: Class Number ). Four thickness class divisions have been established: Class 1 deposits are greater than 6 m thick; Class 2 sand and gravel deposits are from 3 to 6 m thick; Class 3 represents a deposit that is from 1.5 to 3 m thick; and Class 4 represents a sand and gravel deposit that is less than 1.5 m thick. The thickness class for each deposit is also recorded in Sand_Gravel DEP_THICK. Generally, deposits in Class 1 and containing more than 35% gravel are considered to be most favourable for commercial development. Thinner deposits may be valuable in areas with low total resources. 5

18 ARIP 159 AGGREGATE QUALITY The limitations of natural aggregates for various uses result from variations in the lithology of the particles comprising the deposit and from variations in the size distribution of these particles. Four indicators of the quality of aggregate may be included in the deposit information: gravel content (G or S), fines (C), oversize (O) and lithology (L). Three of the quality indicators deal with grain size distribution. The gravel content ( G or S ) indicates the suitability of aggregate for various uses. Deposits containing at least 35% gravel ( G ) in addition to a minimum of 20% material greater than the 26.5 mm sieve are considered to be the most favourable extractive sites, since this content is the minimum from which crushed products can be economically produced. In sandy deposits ( S ), the gravel-sized aggregate (greater than 4.75 mm) makes up less than 35% of the whole deposit making it difficult to produce coarse aggregate products. The gravel content is also recorded in Sand_Gravel MATERIAL. Excess fines (high silt and clay content) ( C ) may severely limit the potential use of a deposit. Fines content in excess of 10% may impede drainage in road subbase aggregate and render it more susceptible to the effects of frost action. In asphalt aggregate, excess fines hinder the bonding of particles. Deposits containing more than 20% oversize material (greater than 10 cm in diameter) ( O ) may also have use limitations. The oversize component is unacceptable for uncrushed road base, so it must be either crushed or removed during processing. Another indicator of the quality of an aggregate is lithology ( L ). Just as the unique physical and chemical properties of bedrock types determine their value for use as crushed rock, so do various lithologies of particles in a sand and gravel deposit determine its suitability for various uses. The presence of objectionable lithologies such as chert, siltstone and shale, even in relatively small amounts, can result in a reduction in the quality of an aggregate, especially for high-quality uses such as concrete and asphalt. Similarly, highly weathered, very porous and friable rock can restrict the quality of an aggregate. If the deposit information shows either C, O or L, or any combination of these indicators, the quality of the deposit is considered to be reduced for some aggregate uses. The deposit quality, if applicable, is recorded in Sand_Gravel LIMITATION. No attempt is made to quantify the degree of limitation imposed. Assessment of the 4 indicators is made from published data, from data contained in files of both the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and the Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section of the Ontario Geological Survey, and from field observations. Quality data may also appear in Table 9, where the results of quality tests are listed by test type and sample location. The types of tests conducted and the test specifications are explained in Appendixes B and E, respectively. Deposit Information The deposit information coding is similar to that used in soil mapping and land classification systems commonly in use in North America and indicates the gravel content, thickness of material, origin (type) and quality limitations, if applicable. The gravel content and thickness class, as described above, are basic criteria for distinguishing different deposits. The geologic deposit type is also reported (the types are summarized with respect to their main geologic and extractive characteristics in Appendix C of the report). The geologic deposit type is recorded in Sand_Gravel DEP_ORIGIN. In the following example of a deposit information code, G / 1 / OW / C, where G represents gravel content, 1 represents thickness class, OW represents geological type and C represents aggregate quality, the deposit information code is interpreted as an outwash deposit greater than 6 m thick containing more than 35% gravel with excess silt and clay. The deposit information is recorded in Sand_Gravel LABEL. Texture Symbol The texture symbol provides a more detailed assessment of the grain size distribution of material sampled during field study. These symbols are derived from the information plotted on the aggregate grading curves that, if available, are included with the report. The relative amounts of gravel, sand, and silt and clay in the sampled material are shown graphically in the texture symbol by the subdivision of a circle into proportional segments. The following example shows a hypothetical sample consisting of 60% gravel, 30% sand and 10% silt and clay ( fines ). Sand Fines LOCATION AND SETTING Gravel The location and setting of a resource area has a direct influence on its value for possible extraction. The evaluation of a deposit s setting is made on the basis of natural, environmental and man-made features that may limit or prohibit extractive development. 6

19 County of Oxford County of Brant First, the physical context of the deposit is considered. Deposits with some physical constraint on extractive development, such as thick overburden or high water table, are less valuable resource areas because of the difficulties involved in resource recovery. Second, permanent man-made features, such as roads, railways, power lines and housing developments, which are built on a deposit, may prohibit its extraction. The constraining effect of legally required setbacks surrounding such features is included in the evaluation. A quantitative assessment of these constraints can be made by measurement of their areal extent directly from the topographic maps. The area rendered unavailable by these features is shown for each resource area in Table 3 (Column 3). In addition to man-made and cultural features, certain natural features, such as provincially significant wetlands, may prove to be constraints. In this report, such constraints have not been outlined and the reader is advised to consult with municipal planning staff and the local office of the MNR for information on these matters. Depending on the number and type of constraint applicable, anywhere from 15 to 85% of the total resources in a municipality may be unavailable for development (Planning Initiatives Limited 1993). The assessment of sand and gravel deposits with respect to local land use and private land ownership is an important component of the general evaluation process. Since the approval of the Provincial Policy Statement (PPS) under the authority of the Planning Act in 2005, recently approved Official Plans now contain detailed policies regarding the location and operation of aggregate extraction activities. These official plans should be consulted at an early stage with regard to the establishment of an aggregate extraction operation. These aspects of the evaluation process are not considered further in this report, but readers are encouraged to discuss them with personnel of the pertinent office of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing staff, and/or regional and local planning officials. Regional Considerations In selecting sufficient areas for resource development, it is important to assess both the local and the regional resource base, and to forecast future production and demand patterns. Some appreciation of future aggregate requirements in an area may be gained by assessing its present production levels and by forecasting future production trends. Such an approach is based on the assumptions that production levels in an area closely reflect the demand, and that the present production or market share of an area will remain roughly at the same level. The availability of aggregate resources in the region surrounding a project area should be considered in order to properly evaluate specific resource areas and to develop optimum resource management plans. For example, an area that has large resources in comparison to its surrounding region constitutes a regionally significant resource area. Areas with large resources in proximity to high-demand centres, such as metropolitan areas, are special cases as the demand for aggregate may be greater than the amount of production in the areas close to the urban boundary. Although an appreciation of the multitude of factors affecting aggregate availability (e.g., environmental and planning constraints) is required to develop comprehensive resource management strategies, such detailed evaluation is beyond the scope of this report. The selection of resource areas made in this study is based primarily on geological data or on considerations outlined in the preceding sections. SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE TONNAGE CALCULATIONS Once the interpretative boundaries of the aggregate units have been established, quantitative estimates of the possible resources available can be made. Generally, the volume of a deposit can be calculated if its areal extent and average thickness are known or can be estimated. The computation methods used are as follows. First, the area of the deposit, as outlined on the final base map, is calculated in hectares (ha). The deposit area is also recorded in Sand_Gravel AREA. The thickness values used are an approximation of the deposit thickness, based on the face heights of pits developed in the deposit or on subsurface data such as test holes and water well records. Tonnage values can then be calculated by multiplying the volume of the deposit by (the density factor). This factor is approximately the number of tonnes in a 1 m thick layer of sand and gravel, 1 ha in extent, assuming an average density of 1770 kg/m 3. Tonnage = Area Thickness Density Factor Tonnage calculated in this manner must be considered only as an estimate. Furthermore, such tonnages represent amounts that existed prior to any extraction of material (i.e., original tonnage) (Table 1, Column 4). The Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas in Table 3 are calculated in the following way. Two successive subtractions are made from the total area. Column 3 accounts for the number of hectares unavailable because of the presence of permanent cultural features and their associated setback requirements. Column 4 accounts for those areas that have previously been extracted (e.g., wayside, unlicenced and abandoned pits are included in this category). The remaining figure is the area of the deposit currently available for extraction (Column 5). The available area is then multiplied by the estimated deposit thickness and the density factor (Column 5 Column ), to give an estimate of the sand and gravel tonnage (Column 7) possibly available for extractive development and/or resource protection. It should be noted, however, that studies (Planning Initiatives Limited 1993) have shown that substantial proportions of the resources in an area may be constrained due to environmental considerations (e.g., floodplains, environmentally sensitive areas). Lack of landowner interest in development, 7

20 ARIP 159 a range of planning considerations or other matters may also reduce the available resources. Resource estimates are calculated for deposits of primary significance. Resource estimates for deposits of secondary and tertiary significance are not calculated in Table 3; however, the aggregate potential of these deposits is discussed in the report. Map 2: Bedrock Resources Map 2 is an interpretative map derived from bedrock geology, drift thickness and bedrock topography maps, water well data from the Ministry of the Environment (MOE), oil and gas well data from the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), and from geotechnical test hole data from various sources. Map 2 is based on concepts similar to those outlined for Map 1. Inventory information presented on Map 2 is designed to give an indication of the present level of extractive activity in the report area. Those areas licenced for extraction under the Aggregate Resources Act are shown by a solid outline and identified by a number that refers to the quarry descriptions in Table 5. Each description notes the owner/ operator, licenced hectarage and an estimate of face height. Unlicenced quarries (abandoned quarries or wayside quarries operating on demand under authority of a permit) are also identified and numbered on Map 2 and described in Table 5. Drill hole locations or other descriptive stratigraphic sections appear as a point symbol on Map 2. Table 7 provides these descriptions. These descriptions are also recorded in Bedrock Add_Info table. The geological boundaries of the Paleozoic bedrock units are shown by black dashed lines. Isolated Paleozoic and Precambrian outcrops are indicated by an. Three sets of contour lines delineate areas of less than 1 m of drift, areas of 1 to 8 m of drift, and areas of 8 to 15 m of drift. The extents of these areas of thin drift are indicated on Map 2 and are indicated in Table 4 (Column 1). The deposit s significance is also recorded in Drift_Thick CONTOUR. The darkest shade of blue indicates where bedrock crops out or is within 1 m of the ground surface. These areas constitute potential resource areas because of their easy access. The medium shade of blue indicates areas where drift cover is up to 8 m thick. Quarrying is possible in this depth of overburden and these zones also represent potential resource areas. The lightest shade of blue indicates bedrock areas overlain by 8 to 15 m of overburden. Outside of these delineated areas, the bedrock can be assumed to be covered by more than 15 m of overburden, a depth generally considered to be too great to allow economic extraction. However, areas in which the bedrock is covered with greater than 8 m of overburden may constitute resources that have extractive value in specific circumstances. These circumstances include the resource being located adjacent to existing industrial infrastructure (e.g., a quarry operation or processing plant); speciality industrial mineral products (e.g., chemical lime and metallurgical rock) that can be produced from the resources; or part or all of the overburden being composed of an economically attractive deposit. SELECTED BEDROCK RESOURCE AREAS Selection of Bedrock Resource Areas has been restricted to a single level of significance. Three factors support this approach. First, quality and quantity variations within a specific geological formation are gradual. Second, the areal extent of a given quarry operation is much smaller than that of a sand and gravel pit producing an equivalent tonnage of material, and third, since crushed bedrock has a higher unit value than sand and gravel, longer haul distances can be considered. These factors allow the identification of alternative sites having similar development potential. The Selected Areas, if present, are shown on Map 2 by a line pattern and the calculated available tonnages are given in Table 6. The selected bedrock resource areas are also recorded in Drift_Thick SELECT_AREA. Selected Bedrock Resource Areas shown on Map 2 are not permanent, single land use units. They represent areas in which a major bedrock resource is known to exist and may be reserved wholly or partially for extractive development and/or resource protection, within an Official Plan. SELECTION CRITERIA Criteria equivalent to those used for sand and gravel deposits are used to select bedrock areas most favourable for extractive development. The evaluation of bedrock resources is made primarily on the basis of performance and suitability data established by laboratory testing at the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. The main characteristics and uses of the bedrock units found in southern Ontario are summarized in Appendix D. Deposit size is related directly to the areal extent of thin drift cover overlying favourable bedrock formations. The deposit size is recorded in Drift_Thick AREA; the favourable bedrock formations are reported in Drift_Thick FORMATION. Since vertical and lateral variations in bedrock units are much more gradual than in sand and gravel deposits, the quality and quantity of the resource are usually consistent over large areas. Quality of the aggregate derived from specific bedrock units is established by the performance standards previously mentioned. Location and setting criteria and regional considerations are identical to those for sand and gravel deposits. 8

21 County of Oxford County of Brant BEDROCK RESOURCE TONNAGE CALCULATIONS The method used to calculate resources of bedrock-derived aggregate is much the same as that described above for sand and gravel resources. The areal extent of bedrock formations overlain by less than 15 m of unconsolidated overburden is determined from bedrock geology maps, drift thickness and bedrock topography maps, and from the interpretation of water well records (Table 4). The measured extent of such areas is then multiplied by the estimated quarriable thickness of the formation, based on stratigraphic analyses and on estimates of existing quarry faces in the unit. In some cases, a standardized estimate of 18 m is used for thickness. Volume estimates are then multiplied by the density factor (the estimated weight in tonnes of a 1 m thick section of rock, 1 ha in extent). The areal extent of bedrock formations is also recorded in Drift_Thick AREA. Resources of limestone and dolostone are calculated using a density factor of 2649 kg/m 3 ; sandstone resources are calculated using a density estimate of 2344 kg/m 3 ; and shale resources are calculated with a factor of 2408 kg/m 3 (Telford et al. 1980). 9

22 Assessment of Aggregate Resources in the County of Oxford and the County of Brant LOCATION AND POPULATION The County of Oxford and the County of Brant (herein referred to as Oxford County and Brant County, respectively, or collectively as Oxford and Brant counties ) occupy ha in southwestern Ontario (Figure 2). The study area is bounded to the east by the City of Hamilton; by the Regional Municipality of Waterloo and the County of Perth to the north; to the west by the County of Middlesex; and to the south by the County of Elgin, Haldimand County and Norfolk County. The study area is covered by all or parts of 9 National Topographic System (NTS) 1: scale map sheets. The 9 map sheets from the northwest to the southeast are St. Marys (40 P/6), Lucan (40 P/3), Stratford (40 P/7), Woodstock (40 P/2), Tillsonburg (40 I/15), Cambridge (40 P/8), Brantford (40 P/1), Simcoe (40 I/16) and Grimsby (30 M/4). In 2011, the population of Oxford and Brant counties was (Statistics Canada 2011) which represents a 3.36% increase from 2006 (Table A). The study area is a mixture of urban and rural populations, with the major urban centres being the cities of Brantford and Woodstock, and the towns of Ingersoll and Tillsonburg. These urban centres provide local residents with important services (e.g., health care, recreation, government and social services) and local employment opportunities (e.g., the Toyota assembly plant located in the City of Woodstock). A number of smaller rural communities including Thamesford, Embro, Tavistock, Innerkip, Otterville, Norwich, Plattsville, Scotland, Paris and Glen Morris, also provide services to the residents of the study area. Other important, specialized services (e.g., post-secondary education, specialized medical services, etc.) are provided by the City of London, located to the west in the County of Middlesex; by the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo, located to the north in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo; and by the City of Hamilton, located to the east (see Figure 2). The area is also within commuting distance to the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The rural areas support a financially significant and important agricultural industry. Road access to the study area is provided by Provincial Highways 401, 403, 24, 3 and 19. In addition to these Provincial Highways, there are a number of well-maintained gravel and paved lower- and upper-tier municipal roads that provide an extensive transportation network throughout the map area. There are major municipal airports in the cities of London and Hamilton, located just outside of the study area; as well as a number of smaller municipal airports within the map area (e.g., Brantford and Tillsonburg). The Canadian Pacific and Canadian National railways have transportation corridors, generally travelling in an east west direction, throughout the study area. There is also a line of the Ontario Southland Railway connecting Tillsonburg to Ingersoll. Where communities and other geographic features are referenced in this report, one is referred to Maps 1 and 2 since they provide greater detail than the accompanying figures. More than 967 field station observations, 199 gradation results and 7169 other data points (e.g., water-well records, geotechnical boreholes, oil and gas wells, and other drill holes) were used to make the interpretations and draw the conclusions as discussed in this report. Municipality (Listed Alphabetically) Table A Area and Population, County of Oxford and County of Brant Land Area (km 2 ) 2006 Population 2011 Population Township of Blandford Blenheim Township of East Zorra Tavistock Town of Ingersoll Township of Norwich Township of Southwest Oxford Town of Tillsonburg City of Woodstock Township of Zorra County of Oxford, TOTAL City of Brantford ,192 93,650 County, excluding the City of Brantford ,415 35,638 County of Brant, TOTAL* Study Area, TOTAL *Does not include First Nation Reserve areas or population. Source: Statistics Canada (2011). 10

23 County of Oxford County of Brant SURFICIAL GEOLOGY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY The physiography and distribution of surficial materials in Oxford and Brant counties, including the sand and gravel deposits illustrated on Map 1, are primarily the result of glacial activity that took place in the Late Wisconsinan (Barnett 1992). This period, which lasted from approximately to years before present (BP), was marked by the repeated advance and retreat of glacial ice originating in the Huron Georgian Bay and the Erie Ontario basins (Cowan 1970a, 1975a, 1975c; Karrow 1977a, 1987a, 1993a; Barnett 1982). The direction of ice movement in the study area is generally recorded by depositional forms (drumlins, moraines and fluted ground moraine). As the ice advanced across the study area, debris from the underlying soil and bedrock accumulated within and beneath the ice. The debris a mixture of stones, sand, silt and clay was deposited over large areas of the map area as till plains, drumlins and moraines. Bedrock Topography and Overburden Thickness The bedrock topography underlying Oxford and Brant counties is generally flat lying with a gentle regional dip to the south. The bedrock surface elevation varies from approximately 310 m above sea level (asl) in the northwest (Tavistock Hickson area) to approximately 172 m asl in the southeast corner of Brant County, and approximately 204 m asl in the southwest corner of Oxford County. Two significant bedrock features occur in the study area. The Dundas Valley, a deep valley cut into the underlying bedrock surface, trends east from the St. George area in Brant County to Dundas (near Hamilton) and then northwesterly from just south of St. George to the Kitchener Waterloo area. Further details on this bedrock feature are provided by Marich et al. (2011). The second feature is the Onondaga Escarpment, a buried-bedrock scarp that trends westward from upstate New York to the Fort Erie area and then trends northwesterly to, and through, the southeast corner of the study area. Recent drilling by Bajc and Dodge (2011) has helped to delineate the position and trend of this bedrock feature. The caprock of the escarpment is a series of erosion-resistant limestones and dolostones. The escarpment is interrupted by numerous former drainage channels. Generally, the overburden cover throughout the study area is quite thick. Water-well records indicate no overburden thickness (bedrock outcrops located along the Grand River at Paris), to an overburden thickness of approximately 2.5 m (along the Thames River in the Woodstock to Ingersoll area), to more than 92 m of overburden in the Figure 2. Detailed location map for the County of Oxford and the County of Brant including the surrounding area. 11

24 ARIP 159 St. George area (overlying the Dundas Valley). From waterwell records that intersect the bedrock surface, the average overburden thickness in the study area is 33.9 m (based on 3096 bedrock-intersecting water-well records). Figure 3 shows the overburden thickness throughout the map area. The surface elevation of the study area has the same general trend as the bedrock surface noted above; specifically, a higher elevation in the northwest and dipping to the southwest and southeast. The highest surface elevation noted in the northwest corner of the study area is approximately 366 m asl in the Tavistock Hickson area. The highest point in the northeast corner of the map area is approximately 296 m asl, whereas the lowest surface elevation in the southeast corner of the study area is approximately 189 m asl along the Grand River. Finally, the lowest surface elevation in the southwest corner of the map area is approximately 216 m asl. Cowan (1975c) noted an isolated high surface elevation of 381 m asl just south of the City of Woodstock. GLACIAL TILL AND RELATED END MORAINES Overlying the Paleozoic bedrock is a complex sequence of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. Because the area has been affected by multiple ice lobes over an extended period of time, the area has a rather complicated depositional history. One of the oldest buried till units in the study area is the Catfish Creek Till. Its presence has been widely documented in water-well records, boreholes and subsurface exposures throughout a large portion of the study area (e.g., deep-cut river valleys, roadcuts and quarry sections). The Catfish Creek Till has been mapped at surface southwest of Tavistock and in other areas in the north-central part of the map area. The till was deposited during the Nissouri Phase (Stadial) approximately to years BP. It is generally described as an extremely compact, moderately to very stony to bouldery (up to 15%), sandy silt to silty sand till. The till is generally 3 to 6 m thick in the study area (Cowan 1975a), but Bajc and Dodge (2011) report much greater thicknesses in some of the boreholes they examined. The till appears yellow to buff to olive in colour when oxidized and grey when unoxidized. Pebble lithology and till fabric analysis suggests that the till was deposited by a major ice advance into the area from the north-northeast (Georgian Bay lobe). A reddish-brown, substratified, clayey-silt till-like material often occurs on the upper surface of the Catfish Creek Till. Cowan (1970a, 1975c) considered this material to be englacial debris deposited subaqueously into a proglacial lake near the start of the Erie Phase (Interstadial). Bajc and Dodge (2011) have suggested that this material is a facies of the Catfish Creek Till with an Erie basin provenance. Table 11 provides some of the physical characteristics of the Catfish Creek Till as noted by Karrow (1977a, 1993a), Cowan (1970a, 1975a) and Cooper (unpublished 1981 report). There are areas where the Catfish Creek Till lies directly on the bedrock surface. In other areas, the Catfish Creek Till overlies older unconsolidated sediments including older till units and nonglacial (interstadial) glaciolacustrine, lacustrine and alluvial sediments. Because the Catfish Creek Till is relatively consistent and homogeneous across much of southwestern Ontario (main depositional phase), it is an important regional stratigraphic marker bed as indicated in Figure 4. The only named pre-catfish Creek Till in the study area is the Canning Till (Cowan 1970a, 1975a; Karrow 1993a), named after the community of Canning where the type section of this till can be found along the Nith River. The till is described as a reddish-purplish to dark greyish-brown, clayey to clayey-silt, nearly stone-free till. Till matrix analysis indicates 32 to 60% clay, 1 to 23% sand and a calcite to dolomite ratio of 0.8 to 1.1 (Karrow 1993a). Individual analyses of some of the physical properties of the Canning Till are provided in Table 11. The reddish colour of this till, and the presence of granules of red shale, are indicative of the Queenston Formation located along the base of the Niagara Escarpment; suggesting that this till was deposited by ice moving from the Erie Ontario basin (i.e., the ice advanced to the north-northwest). Cowan (1975a) reported glacial striae directly below the Canning Till at 168 to 177, and a till fabric with an average of 130. The Canning Till is believed to be Early Wisconsinan or older (Cowan 1970a, 1975c; Barnett 1992). Bajc and Dodge (2011) suggest that Canning Till is pre-middle Wisconsinan, but could be Early Wisconsinan or Illinoian. The distribution of the Canning Till appears to be discontinuous or patchy and, therefore, is shown as discontinuous in Figure 4. There are areas where the Canning Till lies directly on the bedrock surface. In other areas, the Canning Till overlies older unconsolidated sediments including older unnamed till units and nonglacial (interstadial) alluvial, glaciolacustrine or lacustrine sediments. Cowan (1970a, 1975c) describes and characterizes an unnamed till stratigraphically below the Canning Till: he correlates this unit to Till A as described by Westgate and Dreimanis (1967). Overlying the Canning Till in many areas throughout the study area are fine-textured, nonglacial (interstadial) glaciolacustrine or lacustrine sediments (Cowan 1970a, 1975a). Cowan (1970a, 1975a, 1975c) states that there does not appear to be any till sediments of Middle Wisconsinan age in the study area, although he clearly identifies and indicates the presence of nonglacial (interstadial) sediments and organic material (wood). Cowan (1970a, 1975a, 1975c) draws this conclusion from the logs of water-wells drilled within the study area and provides some of these logs in his report (Cowan 1970a). Furthermore, Cowan (1975c) analyzed organic material from the Innerkip area by radiocarbon techniques and obtained ages of to > years BP, suggesting that this material is of Port Talbot Phase (Interstadial) age (Middle Wisconsinan). Bajc and Dodge (2011) were able to test some organic material from similar nonglacial (interstadial) sediments and report radiocarbon ages ranging from to BP (see Figure 4). The age of these sediments is part of an ongoing study. 12

25 County of Oxford County of Brant Figure 3. Overburden thickness in the area of the County of Oxford and the County of Brant (as determined through this study). 13

26 ARIP 159 Figure 4. Generalized stratigraphy of the Quaternary sediments in the map area. 14

27 County of Oxford County of Brant Disconformably overlying the Catfish Creek Till, either directly or in some areas over layers of nonglacial (interstadial) glaciolacustrine or lacustrine sediments, is the Maryhill Till. This till unit has been mapped on surface in the northeastern part of Oxford County (Karrow 1993b). The Maryhill Till was deposited by the Erie Ontario ice and is correlative to the Stirton Till deposited by the Huron Georgian Bay ice, further to the northwest (Rowell 2013). Stratigraphically above the Maryhill Till is the Tavistock Till. This till is generally located in the northwestern part of the map area. Cowan (1975a) mapped this area as the Zorra Till, but later correlated the Zorra Till and Tavistock Till as the same till. In the study area, the Tavistock Till has been described as a dolomitic, highly calcareous, stiff to very stiff, brown to yellowish-brown, sandy silt to clayey silt till (Cowan 1975a). The clast content is low, usually less than 5%, and is dominated by carbonate and shale clasts, with many of the shale clasts being from the Kettle Point Formation to the west of the study area (Brown 1985). Till matrix analysis indicates 20% sand, 26% clay, 54% silt and a calcite to dolomite ratio of 1.4 (see Table 11). It has been suggested that the Tavistock Till was deposited by a readvance of the Huron Georgian Bay ice during the Port Bruce Phase (Stadial), and is slightly younger or contemporaneous with the Port Stanley Till of the Erie Ontario lobe (see Figure 4). The variability of the till texture can be explained by the ice overriding previously deposited material (i.e., clayey silt where the ice overrode fine-grained sediments and sandy silt where previous sediments were sandier). (Photo 01 shows a section of Tavistock Till in the northwest corner of the Township of Zorra (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) The till has a thickness that varies from 1 to 9 m in the study area. The till is generally a basal till and an ablation till locally (Feenstra 1975). The Port Stanley Till is slightly older or correlative to the Tavistock Till, but was deposited by ice moving from the Erie Ontario basin during the Port Bruce Phase (Stadial). The till is described as a stiff to very stiff, dark brown to brown to yellowish-brown, clayey silt to silt till. (Photo 02 shows a section of Port Stanley Till from a roadcut in the Township of Norwich (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) The Port Stanley Till has been estimated to be from 1.5 to 10.5 m thick in the study area with up to 27.5 m recorded in end moraines (Cowan 1975a). The till matrix has a total carbonate content of about 38% and a calcite to dolomite ratio of 0.8 (see Table 11). Most pebbles are subangular to angular (Cowan 1975c). A sandy facies of this till has been identified in the Woodstock area (Bajc and Dodge 2011). The Port Stanley Till often overlies older till units or undisturbed Erie Phase (Interstadial) glaciolacustrine or lacustrine sediments. The Port Stanley Till is mapped in the study area as far north as the Ingersoll moraine in the west, and may be present as far north as Embro (Cowan 1975a). The till extends eastward toward the City of Brantford. The till is associated with the Ingersoll, St. Thomas, Norwich and Tillsonburg moraines. Many of the low-lying, till-covered areas between these end moraines are also composed of Port Stanley Till. In the eastern part of the study area is the Wentworth Till. This till is described as a strongly calcareous, silty sand till. The matrix of the till contains about 30 to 40% carbonate with a clast content ranging from 7 to 10% (Karrow 1987a; Barnett 1992). The clasts are often angular to subangular to subrounded, suggesting transport over a short distance. Average grain size analysis of the till matrix indicates 50% sand, 35% silt and 15% clay; with a calcite to dolomite ratio of 0.8 (see Table 11). The till is believed to be Mackinaw Phase (Interstadial) in age (see Figure 4). The Wentworth Till can be found in, or capping, the Paris, Galt and Moffat moraines, as well as a few partially buried drumlins that are located in the eastern part of the study area (Cowan 1975a).These moraines form part of the Horseshoe moraine physiographic region as defined by Chapman and Putnam (1984). Sediments in the Paris, Galt and Moffat moraines have been partially reworked and flattened by wave action from glacial lakes Whittlesey and Warren. Other moraines that occur within the study area, either in whole or in part, include the Dorchester, Chesterfield, Lakeside, Woodstock and Waterloo moraines. The locations of the Lakeside, Woodstock and Waterloo moraines are shown in Figure 3. Till is generally not suitable for the production and manufacture of aggregate products because it often has a high fines content (therefore considered dirty ) and may have a high percentage of oversized material (cobbles, boulders). Therefore, to manufacture granular material would require significant handling and processing, which can be uneconomical. Older landforms are often difficult to recognize in the study area because of the obscuring effects of subsequent geological events. There are a number of older landforms that have been partially obscured and buried, and which affect the present assemblage of surface landforms. The term palimpsest has been applied to these landforms, which include a number of the end moraines in the study area (Karrow 1974, 1993a). For example, whereas the Tillsonburg moraine is capped by Port Stanley Till, sections of the moraine are cored by Catfish Creek and Canning till (Cowan 1970a; Barnett 1982). Some of these former ice frontal position moraines are very complex with older tills buried at depth and capped by younger tills, or where older glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine sediments are capped by younger till units. Some of the moraines have also been fragmented by meltwater channels that, subsequently, have been partially filled or buried by glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine sediments. GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS As the glacial ice receded from the study area, sedimentladen meltwater flowing within and beneath the ice deposited a few small esker ridges (along the southern boundary of the County of Perth and the Regional Municipality of Waterloo) and other ice-contact deposits, particularly in the north-central part of the map area (see Map 1). These deposits can be recognized by their internal structure, which includes abrupt grain size changes, collapse structures and 15

28 ARIP 159 inclusion of till. Granular material within eskers and other ice-contact deposits is generally clean and varies from sand to gravel to crushable sized clasts, suitable for the manufacture of aggregate products. Because of the number of references in this document to moraines, eskers and other linear topographic features, the moraines and some eskers are shown on Map 1, which is normally not the case for ARIP maps. These features are also available in the ESRI ArcGIS version, Sand_Gravel Linear layer. Glaciofluvial outwash deposits occur as meltwater channel fills, outwash plains and outwash terraces, distributed throughout the study area, but particularly noticeable and concentrated along the Grand, Thames and Nith rivers. The outwash deposits are generally 1 to 5 m thick. The lithology (chert content) of some of the coarse aggregate clasts may limit the suitability of these granular resources for the production of high-specification aggregate products. These deposits have also been extracted extensively in the past for the production of aggregate material. Some drumlins in the Woodstock area are capped by till, but may be cored by stratified drift of glaciofluvial origin (Cowan 1975c). These drumlins may provide limited quantities of granular material where the granular material can be identified and delineated. GLACIOLACUSTRINE DEPOSITS As the glacial ice continued to recede from the study area, large volumes of glacial meltwater accumulated in front of the retreating ice margin, forming glacial Lake Whittlesey and, later, glacial Lake Warren (starting approximately years BP). As the sediment-laden meltwaters flowed into these glacial lakes, glaciolacustrine deltas, subaqueous fans and glaciolacustrine plains would have been deposited. Many of the glaciolacustrine deltaic deposits have been included and mapped as outwash deposits (Cowan 1970a). Some of these sediments would have been reworked by glacial lake shoreline processes forming glaciolacustrine beach deposits (included in the ESRI ArcGIS version, Sand_Gravel Linear layer). Shoreline features at approximately 275 m asl have been associated with glacial Lake Whittlesey (Cowan 1975a; Feenstra 1981; Karrow 1987a; Barnett 1982), whereas shoreline features with an elevation from 256 to 265 m asl have been correlated to glacial Lake Warren. The granular material associated with these surficial deposits has provided valuable aggregate products to local and surrounding municipalities. GENERAL GLACIAL HISTORY Following the deposition of the Canning Till prior to or in the Early Wisconsinan, there was deposition of nonglacial (interstadial) lacustrine and/or alluvial sediments (Cowan 1975c; Bajc and Dodge 2011). These sediments may represent local ponding or alluvial sedimentation, and are often thin and localized. The deposition of the Catfish Creek Till represents a major advance of glacial ice from the northnortheast into the study area. This advance during the Nissouri Phase (Stadial) covered all of southwestern Ontario and extended into Ohio at approximately to years BP (Late Wisconsinan). Approximately years ago, the ice retreated north of the study area, at least as far as Mount Forest (Cowan 1979) during the Erie Phase (Interstadial). Nonglacial (interstadial) glaciolacustrine or lacustrine sediments were deposited at this time in proglacial lakes or in local ponds (Cowan 1975c). This was followed by a readvance of the Huron Georgian Bay ice to the Ingersoll Woodstock area depositing the Tavistock Till. At approximately the same time or slightly earlier, ice advancing from the Erie Ontario basin deposited the Port Stanley Till (Barnett 1982), at least as far north as the Ingersoll moraine. As this ice began to recede from the area, the ice front halted temporarily and deposited the St. Thomas, Norwich and Tillsonburg moraines, all associated with the Port Stanley ice. The ice retreated from most of the map area during the Mackinaw Phase (Interstadial), followed by a minor oscillation of the Erie Ontario ice depositing the Wentworth Till (Mackinaw Interstadial Phase), at least as far west as the Paris moraine (approximately years BP). The Wentworth ice is also associated with the Galt and Moffat moraines located to the east of the Paris moraine in the study area. Glacial meltwaters flowing beneath and away from the ice margin deposited a number of glaciofluvial ice-contact and outwash deposits. Glacial meltwaters flowing into glacial Lake Whittlesey at approximately years BP and, later, glacial Lake Warren deposited glaciolacustrine deltaic and subaqueous fan deposits. Shoreline processes (e.g., wave action) reworked shoreline sediments into glaciolacustrine beach deposits; fine-grained sediments were deposited offshore (deep-water sediments) forming glaciolacustrine plain deposits (see Figure 4). Far greater detail on the Quaternary geology and glacial history of the study area are provided by Barnett (1982, 1992), Cowan (1970a, 1975a, 1975c), Karrow (1977a, 1987a, 1993a) and Sado (1980). Bajc and Dodge (2011) provide a different interpretation and description of some of the sediments based on their observations. Physiographic Regions Oxford and Brant counties are covered by 8 physiographic regions as defined by Chapman and Putnam (1984). From the northwest to the southeast, these include the Oxford till plain, Stratford till plain, Mount Elgin ridges, Waterloo hills, Norfolk sand plain, Horseshoe moraines, Flamborough plain and the Haldimand clay plains (Figure 5). OXFORD TILL PLAIN Located in the northwestern part of the study area is the Oxford till plain (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The surface is gently rolling and drumlinized, with well-developed drum- 16

29 County of Oxford County of Brant Figure 5. Physiographic regions of the map area (modified from Chapman and Putnam 2007). 17

30 ARIP 159 lins located south of the City of Woodstock. The surface till in the northern part of this physiographic region is the Tavistock Till, whereas the till in the southern portion of this physiographic region has an affinity to the Ontario Erie ice. The till is not a potential source of aggregate material; however, there are a few ice-contact deposits located within this physiographic region that can supply aggregate material. There are also some large quarries located within this region that are stripping substantial quantities of overburden to extract the Anderdon Member of the Lucas Formation. STRATFORD TILL PLAIN A small area of the Stratford till plain physiographic region lies along the northern boundary of Oxford County and the southern boundary of the County of Perth (see Figure 5). It is an area where gently rolling till plains are intermixed with glaciolacustrine and lacustrine fine-grained sediments (silt and clay). The surface till in this physiographic region, within the map area, has been mapped as the Tavistock Till. MOUNT ELGIN RIDGES Between the Thames River and the Norfolk sand plain physiographic region is the Mount Elgin ridges physiographic region (see Figure 5). This physiographic region is characterized by low-lying areas (approximately 259 m asl) intermixed with a series of ridges. These ridges are the moraines built of, or capped by, Port Stanley Till representing standstills in the retreat of the ice front (Ingersoll, St. Thomas, Norwich and Tillsonburg moraines as discussed previously). WATERLOO HILLS The Waterloo hills physiographic region is located predominantly north of the study area, but there is a small portion of this physiographic region along the northern boundary with the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (Chapman and Putnam 1984; see Figure 5). The surface is generally an area of gently rolling hills. Some hills are composed of sand, whereas others are predominantly sandy till. Ice-contact deposits are intermixed with these sandy sediments, and outwash deposits occupy many of the intervening hollows. The till units located within this portion of this physiographic region include the Maryhill and Port Stanley tills. NORFOLK SAND PLAIN The Norfolk sand plain physiographic region occupies a large portion of the eastern and southern part of the map area as shown in Figure 5. This physiographic region comprises primarily glaciolacustrine deltaic, subaqueous fan and shallow water glaciolacustrine plain deposits (sand, silty sand, silt). Generally, any ice-contact sediments found in the region are poorly sorted, and the gravels found within kame and esker deposits are very angular suggesting short transport distances. Localized sorted sediments have been observed and can be used as sources for granular material (Chapman and Putnam 1984). HORSESHOE MORAINES The Horseshoe moraines physiographic region is part of a much larger area cored by the Port Huron moraine system (Chapman and Putnam 1984). From the edge of the Niagara Escarpment in the Town of Caledon (Regional Municipality of Peel) (located to the northeast of the general area shown in Figure 2), the moraine system trends west of the Niagara Escarpment forming a belt of moderately hilly relief east of Acton and Guelph, to the Cambridge and Paris area. South of Paris, the moraines tend to flatten and finally disappear under the sand deposits farther south. The physiographic region is characterized by rolling to hummocky, irregular topography with local relief of 15 to 30 m. In the study area, the Horseshoe moraines physiographic region is predominantly Wentworth Till or glaciofluvial glaciolacustrine sediments. The moraines are often associated with a system of old spillways with broad sand and gravel terraces (see Figure 5). The Niagara Escarpment has been cited as the most important location of rock quarries in southern Ontario (Hewitt 1971). The moraines and their associated spillway systems provide the largest workable sand and gravel deposits (Chapman and Putnam 1984). Of particular importance are the sand and gravel operations along the spillway terrace in the Grand River Valley near Paris and Cambridge. The Wentworth Till has little value as aggregate because of its high fines content. FLAMBOROUGH PLAIN The Flamborough plain physiographic region is located in the northeasternmost part of the study area. It is positioned east of the Horseshoe moraines and north of the Norfolk sand plain physiographic regions (see Figure 5). The region is generally characterized by shallow drift over the Niagara cuesta. In some places, the limestone and dolostone rock units of the cuesta have been completely swept bare of Quaternary sediments. What little overburden is located in the area is either glacial till or limited sand and gravel deposits. The physiographic region also has a number of swampy areas, such as the Beverly Swamp located to the east of the study area. Due to the varied grain size of the materials within till units, there is little aggregate potential. HALDIMAND CLAY PLAIN Located in the southeastern part of the study area, east of the Norfolk sand plain, is the Haldimand clay plain: a broad, gently southward-sloping plain underlain by fine-grained glaciolacustrine sediments. These sediments were deposited in the deep, quiet waters of glacial lakes Whittlesey and Warren (Chapman and Putnam 1984). Bedrock in this area is overlain by a minimum of 20 m of fine-grained sediments. A few drumlins cored or capped by Wentworth Till can be 18

31 County of Oxford County of Brant observed slightly above the plain of fine-grained sediments. The Grand River has cut deeply into the clay and silt sediment south of the City of Brantford, creating some topographic relief. The sediments in this physiographic region are not a source of aggregate material. DRAINAGE Drainage in the northeastern part of the study area is provided by the Grand River system and its tributary, the Nith River. This river system drains southward toward Lake Erie. The central, north-central and western part of the map area is drained by the Thames River and its tributaries, which flow westward toward Lake St. Clair. The southwest and southcentral part of the study area is drained by Big Creek and Big Otter Creek which drain southward toward Lake Erie. Greater detail on groundwater resources and drainage basins in the map area are provided by Sibul and Morrison (1969), Yakutchik and Lammers (1970), Hickinbotham (1977), Goff and Brown (1981) and Bajc and Dodge (2011). SAND AND GRAVEL EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITY The sand and gravel deposits of Oxford and Brant counties are shown on Map 1, which accompanies this report. Sand and gravel deposits occupy approximately ha (roughly 40.7% of the map area) and contain an original resource tonnage of million tonnes (Table 1). These figures represent a comprehensive inventory of all surficial granular material in the study area, although much of the material included in the estimate has no potential for use in aggregate products. At the time of writing, 103 pits (representing ha or 1.32% of the study area s total land base) were licenced for operation under the Aggregate Resources Act. These licenced areas include 4 operations that are licenced as both a sand and gravel operation and a quarry (Pit Nos. 25, 26, 27 and 68 and the equivalent, Quarry Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 6). These 4 operations account for over 24% of the licenced area, with the main focus of the extractive activity clearly directed to the quarry operation. This information was provided in the summer of 2013 by the Ontario Land Information Warehouse, Land Information Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources. The majority of these operations have been developed in ice-contact, ice-contact esker ridges, glaciofluvial outwash, and outwash deltaic complex deposits. The average annual production for the period from 2007 to 2011 for the study area was approximately 7459 million tonnes, with the majority of the production coming from Oxford County (Table B). Pit locations are shown on Map 1, and individual descriptions are provided in Table 2. For simplicity, the various calculations as noted in the accompanying tables for the cities of Brantford and Woodstock, and the towns of Ingersoll and Tillsonburg, are included within the upper tier and township level calculations, as indicated in the tables. Most of the unlicenced pits have been abandoned for some time and, as a result, some are substantially overgrown. Many former unlicenced pits have reached the water table and are now ponds. Many unlicenced pits are difficult to identify and only the very obvious unlicenced pits may appear on Map 1. This happens for a variety of reasons, including 1) many of the unlicenced pits were small to begin with and have left a small footprint ; 2) many have been fully or partially rehabilitated following extractive activities; 3) many pit faces have been naturally sloped and re-vegetated; 4) many older pits may be hard to identify from the natural rolling topography of the area; and 5) the Pits and Quarries Control Act of 1971 and the Aggregate Resources Act of 1989 have been effective in preventing the establishment of new unlicenced pits. These reasons or factors can also be combined, e.g., partially or naturally rehabilitated pit in a naturally rolling topographic area. In addition to aggregate production as noted above, the study area has a historical record for the production of gypsum from beds of the Salina Group in the Paris and Drumbo areas (Guillet 1964). More information on the Salina Group is provided in this report in Bedrock Geology and Resource Potential. Additional Colour The Sand and Gravel Resources Map (Map 1) that accompanies Aggregate Resources Inventory Papers (ARIPs) usually displays only primary (red), secondary (orange) and tertiary (yellow) shading as discussed previously in this report. Table B Aggregate Production ( ), County of Oxford and County of Brant Year County of Oxford Production (tonnes 1000) County of Brant Production (tonnes 1000) Average Source: The Ontario Aggregate Resources Corporation (2012). 19

32 ARIP 159 Oxford and Brant counties are historically important aggregate producing municipalities. As a result, previous extractive activity may have totally removed segments of the deposit, beyond what would normally be represented by the abandoned pit symbol. Therefore, this report introduces a fourth colour (green) to Map 1, which represents areas of sand and gravel deposits that are substantially extracted or areas where the only remaining aggregate resources may be below the water table (recorded as Restricted Resource areas). These green-shaded resource areas have not been included in resource calculations, since it would be difficult to assess the remaining quantity or quality of the granular material. SAND AND GRAVEL AGGREGATE QUALITY Significant changes have occurred in the testing and specifications applied to aggregates since the original Aggregate Resources Inventory Papers (ARIPs) were completed. The Los Angeles abrasion test (LS-603) is no longer used in the Ontario Provincial Standard Specifications (OPSS) and the magnesium sulphate soundness test (LS-606) has been reduced to an alternate test. Two newer tests, the micro-deval abrasion test (LS-618 and LS-619) and the unconfined freeze thaw test (LS-614) have been added. The accelerated mortar bar expansion bar test (LS-620) has also become a standard test for the determination of potential alkali silica reactivity in concrete aggregate. The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) files for the study area commonly contain test results for the Los Angeles abrasion and magnesium sulphate tests. These data are extensive and are still useful in assessing the general quality of the material, so these data have been included in the current assessment. For example, a Los Angeles abrasion test loss of 35% or less generally indicates good physical quality in an aggregate. Many former sources of sand and gravel are now depleted; however, the data compiled when they were operating are useful in indicating the potential of adjacent properties within the same deposit. Care should be exercised in extrapolating the quality test data for individual samples contained in this report to the entire deposit due to the inherent variability of sand and gravel deposits, particularly large and extensive deposits. Where possible, a range of test results have been provided, which represent a number of sample locations distributed throughout the deposit from samples collected over a long period of time. Where aggregate test results and photos (vector ESRI ArcGIS version only) have been included for the selected deposit, the position of these photos and test results have been re-positioned to ensure the privacy of property owners. These photos and results are often placed near the centre of the deposit. Discussion on what specifications the granular material within a deposit or selected resource area may be suitable for only relate to aggregate products that are generally used by the MTO. Other aggregate products, such as winter road sand, fill, septic and mortar sand, to name a few, are not discussed; therefore, many licenced operations are economically viable and are successfully producing these other valuable aggregate products. The granular material found in a particular deposit is a reflection of the glacial activity that occurred within an area. Generally, it is also a reflection of the local bedrock units since the glacier would easily crush, grind and transport broken pieces of bedrock. Meltwater coming from the glacier would also transport these local bedrock clasts. Therefore, it is not surprising that a sand and gravel deposit that is down ice from a poor aggregate-producing bedrock unit may have limited use as a high-specification granular source due to the lithology of the clasts within the deposit. Lithology results have been included in Table 10 of this report. This last point is particularly important in the study area where many of the underlying bedrock formations contain deleterious lithologies (e.g., chert, shale, siltstone). Therefore, many of the granular deposits with a good percentage of crushable and gravel-size clasts may be limited in the production of high-specification coarse aggregate products by poor stone quality. Ingham and Dunikowska-Koniuszy (1965) reviewed the distribution, character and basic properties of chert in southwestern Ontario, including the use of chert-rich rock in asphalt and concrete. Chert particles and clasts have a higher porosity than other rock type clasts resulting in higher absorption. Ingham and Dunikowska-Koniuszy (1965) also concluded that chert failed the asphalt stripping tests and, therefore, should not be used in asphalt products. Chert clasts had greater breakage in freeze thaw testing and are highly reactive for alkali-reactivity (an alkali silica reaction); therefore, material containing chert should be avoided in the production of concrete. Areas of the Bois Blanc Formation can be from 30.3 to 62.3% chert, by volume, and some gravel deposits in southwestern Ontario can be up to 50% chert (Ingham and Dunikowska-Koniuszy 1965). This stone quality may also affect the fine aggregate material, rendering it unsuitable for the production of fine aggregate products such as Hot Laid (HL) and concrete fine aggregate (FA) products. Proper processing and beneficiation practices can overcome some physical property constraints and improve the overall quality of the aggregate material. Table 9 of this report provides the results of extensive aggregate quality testing completed throughout the study area. Some of the selected water-well records provided in the ESRI ArcGIS version may not be consistent with the deposit thickness as indicated. It is important to recognize that these selected water-well records represent only a few of the available water-well records for any particular area, and the deposit thickness is determined using a far greater selection of water-well records for each deposit. Based on the comments above, it is highly recommended that where sand and gravel extraction and development is contemplated that extensive testing be conducted to verify aggregate quality and quantity. Site- 20

33 County of Oxford County of Brant specific investigations provide greater detail on the nature of the local deposit. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES AREAS As noted earlier, ice-contact, outwash and outwash-deltaic complex deposits are the predominant source of sand and gravel within the study area. Many of these deposits have supplied aggregate to Oxford and Brant counties, and surrounding municipalities, for a number of years. In some cases, dredging and dragline operations are extending the extraction life of some of these deposits. Because of the palimpsest nature of sediment deposited in this area (as discussed previously), a great deal of time was spent examining boreholes and water-well records to try to identify and delineate buried aggregate deposits. Some of the Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas of both primary and secondary significance are either buried or partially buried. (Photo 03 shows till overlying buried granular material in the Township of Zorra (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) Some of these buried granular deposits are identified on Map 1 (dashed boundary line), but there may be others where additional drilling may be the only way to delineate these deposits. Currently, the OGS criteria for inclusion of a buried resource is defined as 1) a buried resource occurs beneath overburden that does not exceed, on average, 5 m in thickness; 2) the buried resource is indicated by several data points (e.g., pit exposures, water-well records, drill holes, geophysical surveys) so that the character of the material can be ascertained; and 3) if the deposit were on surface, the deposit would be equivalent to a resource of primary significance, which includes such criteria as large in areal extent, greater than 6 m thick, an average of greater than 35% gravel, and be capable of supporting a commercial operation using a stationary or portable processing plant. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1 is located in the north-central part of the Township of Zorra. The selected resource area comprises a series of glaciofluvial ice-contact deposits that trend northeastward into the County of Perth (part of the Lakeside moraine) where these deposits have also been selected as a primary resource (Rowell 2013). Also within close proximity to this selected resource area is a glaciofluvial outwash deposit that has been selected at the secondary level. This deposit could also be extracted and would add to the total aggregate potential of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1. There are currently 13 licenced operations located within the selected resource area (Pit Nos. 2 to 14), although Pit No. 10 would appear to be completely rehabilitated. Cowan (1975a) suggests that the sediments within this selected resource area were deposited at or near the ice margin, and represent a period of stagnant ice with considerable subglacial drainage. As a result, the aggregate material is quite variable ranging from silty fine sand (see Table 7, borehole 40P07-25; for location, see Map 1; see also ESRI ArcGIS version of Map 1); to layers of clean medium to coarse sand with pea gravel; to granular material interspersed with till; to thick beds of clean, well-stratified, well-sorted sand and gravel; to layers of predominantly pebble and cobble clasts in a medium to coarse sand matrix. (Photos 04 and 05 show examples of the granular material that is located in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1 (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) The coarse aggregate content varies from approximately 35 to 60%, including crushable material that ranges from 13 to 22%. A coarse aggregate content in excess of 70% has been reported. Previously collected gradation results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 10. The clasts are rounded to subrounded with a maximum clast size of about 24 cm. Generally, cobble-sized clasts range from 10 to 18 cm. A few boulders were noted in some areas of the selected resource area. Lithological results are also presented in Table 10 and indicate 28 to 40% limestone, 42 to 48% dolostone, 3 to 9% chert, 0 to 13% sandstone and 8 to 13% Precambrian clasts. The Precambrian clasts appear to be quite competent with few deleterious rock types (e.g., a high percentage of mica-bearing clasts). Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and from to for Hot Laid (HL) and concrete coarse aggregate (CA) products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers generally reflect the presence and percentage of chert. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and indicate that the granular material is generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM and HL (CA) products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction will require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL and concrete fine aggregate (FA) products. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1 is approximately ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 34.0 million tonnes (Table 3). Three selected water-well records located within this resource area indicate 4.57 m of sand and gravel over m of sand; m of gravel and stone; and 7.01 m of sand over 2.74 m of gravel. Pit face heights, indicated in Table 2, combined with these water-well records, suggest that the 6 m deposit thickness is indeed a conservative estimate and that granular resources may be substantially greater. There are areas of this selected resource area that are covered by 1.0 to 2.5 m of till, as observed in the field. 21

34 ARIP 159 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 is located in the east-central part of the Township of Zorra, just south of the community of Embro. The selected resource area comprises 2 glaciofluvial outwash plain-outwash terrace deposits located along Mud Creek. Two licenced operations (Pit Nos. 18 and 19) have been developed and are currently operating within the selected resource area. In general, the deposits can be described as moderately to well-stratified, moderately to well-sorted, clean, horizontally bedded sand, gravel and crushable material. The granular material occurs as 60 to 80 cm beds of gravel- to cobble-sized clasts supported by a medium to coarse sand matrix, interbedded with medium-bedded (approximately 20 cm) coarse sand and pea gravel, and thin-bedded (8 to 12 cm) clean, medium to fine sand. Some thin silt layers were also observed. Clasts are rounded to subrounded, with most crushable material ranging from 10 to 22 cm. A few boulders of approximately 35 to 50 cm were noted and there was no evidence of cementation. The bedding does have a gentle dip toward Mud Creek. (Photo 06 shows an example of the granular material that is located in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicates a coarse aggregate content that varies from 27.9 to 75.1%, a sand fraction that ranges from 23.3 to 71.0% and a fines content that varies from 1.1 to 4.7% (see Table 10). Lithological results for this resource area indicate 39 to 44% limestone, 26 to 41% dolostone, 3 to 11% chert, 0 to 6% sandstone, 0 to 1% siltstone and shale, and 6 to 20% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). The Precambrian clasts appear to be quite competent with few deleterious rock types. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and from to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert, as well as a small percentage of siltstone and shale. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and indicate that the granular material is generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM and HL (CA) products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction will require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL fine aggregate products. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 occupies ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 18.8 million tonnes (see Table 3). Two selected water-well records located within this resource area indicate m of sand and gravel, and 8.23 m of gravel and stone. Pit faces in the licenced operations were variable, but range from 2.5 to 7.5 m. Fine-grained sediments were noted in the pit floors and the floors were moist. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 comprises a series of outwash deposits located along the Middle Thames and Thames rivers (and the confluence of these rivers), just south of Thamesford in the Township of Zorra. There are also glaciofluvial outwash deposits of secondary significance in the same vicinity that could add to the overall granular resources within Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3. There are currently 16 licenced operations (Pit Nos. 21 to 24 and 28 to 39, inclusive) located in the selected resource area and a number of aggregate extraction applications are pending. (Photos 07, 08 and 09 show examples of the granular material that is located in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) The sediments within these deposits can generally be described as horizontally bedded, cross-bedded and climbing ripples of clean, moderately to well-stratified, moderately to well-sorted sand and gravel. The material varies from thick beds (1 to 1.5 m) of gravel, pebble and cobble clasts supported in a medium to coarse sand matrix; to 20 to 40 cm thick beds of coarse sand and pea gravel; to 20 to 40 cm thick beds of clean fine and medium sand; to 10 to 20 cm thick beds of silty fine sand, silt and minor clay. Thinner beds of almost pure 1.2 to 2.54 cm granular material was also observed in the field. Clasts are rounded to subrounded to subangular, with the majority of cobble-sized clasts ranging from 10 to 20 cm. A few boulders (27 to 54 cm) were noted with one boulder measuring in excess of 1 m. No cementation was observed during field work. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and from to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The higher Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and indicate that the granular material is generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, HL and concrete coarse aggregate products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction will require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL and concrete fine aggregate products. Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicates a coarse aggregate content that varies from 24.8 to 59.4%, a sand fraction that ranges from 37.5 to 71.6% and a fines content that varies from 1.8 to 5.5% (see Table 10). Lithological results for this resource area indicate 19 to 47% limestone, 32 to 64% dolostone, 4 to 9% 22

35 County of Oxford County of Brant chert, 0 to 3% sandstone and 8 to 14% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). The Precambrian clasts appear to be quite competent with few deleterious rock types. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 occupies ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 52.0 million tonnes (see Table 3). Three selected water-well records located within this resource area indicate 9.14 m of sand and gravel; 7.62 m of sand and gravel; and 3.96 m of sand and gravel over 9.25 m of gravel and stone. Pit faces in the licenced operations were variable, but generally range from 2.5 to 6 m. Two of the licenced operations were extracting (dredging) below the water table, and it may be possible for other licenced operations to do the same. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4 Located just to the west of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 are 2 ice-contact deposits that are associated with, or part of, the Dorchester moraine. These 2 ice-contact deposits have been selected as a resource of primary significance. These deposits trend westward into the County of Middlesex where they have also been selected as a resource of primary significance. There were no good exposures of these deposits within Oxford County, although soil probing and hand augering within these deposits revealed silty fine to coarse sand with a minor amount of coarse aggregate (small granules). The material has been described as variable, with sandy Tavistock Till overlying sand and gravel; interbedded granular material and till; and pockets of granular material within predominantly layers of till (Sado 1980). Other parts of the selected resource area are till free and have little or no overburden cover. In 2008, Bajc and Dodge (2011) drilled OGS borehole BW within this selected resource area and logged 5.75 m of till overlying 9 m of sandy granular material. Previously collected gradation results for this selected resource in the County of Middlesex indicate a coarse aggregate content that varies from 41.2 to 53.9%, sand content from 45.2 to 57.8% and fines content from 0.9 to 1.4% (see Table 10). Four selected water-well records within the resource area indicates 5.49 m of gravel and stone; 7.05 m of sand; 1.52 m of sand over m of gravel; and 6.71 m of sand and gravel. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4 occupies ha in Oxford County, exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, based on the selected water-well records noted above, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 53.6 million tonnes (see Table 3). Because of the depositional variability of the material in this selected resource area (as described), extensive drilling to delineate the best granular resources is highly recommended. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5 is located in the south-central part of the Township of East Zorra Tavistock, just north of the City of Woodstock. The selected resource area comprises 2 ice-contact deposits and a section of an ice-contact deposit that is buried under Tavistock Till (illustrated as a buried deposit only on the ESRI ArcGIS version of Map 1). The buried portion of the selected resource area is covered by the licences shown on Map 1. The deposit currently hosts 2 licenced pit operations (Pit Nos. 44 and 45), although the pits are owned and operated by the same licencee. The granular material can generally be described as cross-bedded, poorly sorted gravel and coarse aggregate; to cross-laminated silty fine sand; to interbedded, compact, medium sand with lenses of cross-bedded gravel; to stratified medium to coarse sand and cross-bedded gravel with layers of medium sand. In one pit face, 1.8 m of poorly sorted coarse gravel was overlain by 1.5 m of fine sand; which was overlain by 1 m of cross-bedded, south-dipping fine gravel; overlain by 3.1 m of horizontally stratified coarse aggregate. The west face exposed a wall of pebble and cobble clasts in a silty fine sand to medium sand matrix. The till cover in the central part of the deposit area is approximately 1.5 to 2.5 m thick. Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicates a coarse aggregate content that varies from 39.6 to 54.7%, a sand fraction that ranges from 43.0 to 56.3% and a fines content that varies from 2.3 to 4.1% (see Table 10). Lithological results for this resource area indicate 32 to 47% limestone, 28 to 35% dolostone, 11 to 15% chert, 3% sandstone and 11 to 23% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). The Precambrian clasts appear to be quite competent with few deleterious rock types. The clasts are generally rounded to subrounded to subangular with an average crushable clast size of 11 to 20 cm. Some boulders and minor cementation were noted. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and are generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM and possibly HL (CA) products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction may require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL fine aggregate products. Landscaping stone can also be produced. 23

36 ARIP 159 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5 occupies 19.2 ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately 18.3 ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 1.9 million tonnes (see Table 3). A selected waterwell record within the deposit area indicates 0.61 m of clay over 6.40 m of gravel and stone. The majority of the selected area is covered by the licenced operation; however, there may be the potential to extract the rest of the granular material within this deposit through a wayside permit. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6 is located in the northeast corner of the Township of Blandford Blenheim, to the southeast of the community of Plattsville. The selected resource area comprises a glaciofluvial ice-contact deposit (part of the Waterloo moraine) and a glaciofluvial outwash deposit located along the Nith River (Karrow 1993b). There are currently 3 licenced operations within the selected resource area (Pit Nos. 54 to 56, inclusive), which are all owned and operated by the same licencee. Only the outwash deposit is currently being extracted. Dredging operations are occurring and the depth of the dredging varies from about 2 to 5.5 m before bottoming out in clay or till material. The granular material as observed in the pit faces (outwash deposit) can generally be described as moderately to well-stratified, moderately to well-sorted, clean sand and gravel (fines vary from 2.1 to 3.1%; see Table 10). The coarse aggregate content varies from 42.8 to 51.7% with a sand content that ranges from 45.2 to 55.1% (see Table 10). Lithological results indicate 15 to 38% limestone, 42 to 64% dolostone, 0 to 3% chert, 7 to 14% sandstone and 7 to 10% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). Most of the Precambrian clasts appear quite competent, with few deleterious rock types. Coarse aggregate clasts appear rounded to subrounded, with an average clast size of 7 to 10 cm. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products. Other aggregate quality test results are presented in Table 9. The granular material should be suitable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, HL and concrete coarse aggregate products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction may require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL and concrete fine aggregate products. Soil probing and hand augering in other areas of the outwash deposit indicate a clean sand material with minor gravel clasts. This activity was only effective to a depth of about 1 m. A selected water-well record within the Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area indicates 6.10 m of sand and gravel. There are little data available on the ice-contact portion of the selected resource area. The granular material could be quite variable within this deposit and may require more handling and processing. A drilling program should be undertaken to establish the extent and quality of the granular material in the ice-contact deposit of this selected resource area. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6 occupies ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 32.8 million tonnes (see Table 3). Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 is located south of the Thames River and west of the Town of Ingersoll in the Township of Southwest Oxford. The selected resource area is composed of a glaciofluvial outwash plain outwash terrace deposit. The selected resource area currently hosts 5 licenced pit operations (Pit Nos. 63 to 67, inclusive). The sediments within the deposit can generally be described as horizontally bedded to cross-bedded, moderate- to well-stratified, moderate- to well-sorted sand and gravel. The bedding has a gentle dip towards the Thames River. Coarse aggregate clasts are rounded to subrounded and are generally less than 25 cm, with the majority between 12 to 15 cm. Boulders are rare and measure between 64 and 100 cm. Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicates a coarse aggregate content that varies from 29.9 to 72.5%, a sand fraction that ranges from 22.7 to 67.8% and a fines content that varies from 1.6 to 4.8% (see Table 10). Lithological results for this resource area indicate 33% limestone, 44% dolostone, 10% chert and 13% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). Most of the Precambrian clasts appear quite competent with few deleterious rock types. Previously collected MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and are generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM and HL (CA) products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction may require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL and concrete fine aggregate products. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 occupies ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected 24

37 County of Oxford County of Brant resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 33.8 million tonnes (see Table 3). Eight selected water-well records within the deposit area indicate from 4.57 to m of sand and gravel. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8 is located in the northeastern corner of the Township of Southwest Oxford, just west of the City of Woodstock. The selected resource area is composed of a glaciofluvial ice-contact deposit. There are currently 3 licenced pit operations (Pit Nos. 69, 70 and 71) actively operating within the deposit. The OGS also completed a fairly extensive drilling program near the selected resource area and have identified possible buried granular material located to the west of the surface deposit (Ontario Geological Survey 1994). The granular material is quite variable. Material varied from horizontally bedded to cross-bedded to climbing ripples to channel fill, clean, medium to coarse sand and pea gravel; to layers of almost pure 1.3 to 3.8 cm clear gravel with no supporting matrix; to gravel, pebble and cobble clasts supported in a clean medium to coarse sand matrix; to fine sandy silt to clayey silt beds. (Photo 10 shows an example of the granular material that is located in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8 (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicate a coarse aggregate content that varies from 41.3 to 68.4%, a sand fraction that ranges from 28.4 to 56.2% and a fines content that varies from 1.3 to 4.2% (see Table 10). Crushable material is variable, but ranges from 15 to 40%. Lithological results for this resource area indicate 23 to 50% limestone, 33 to 47% dolostone, 3 to 16% chert, 0 to 5% sandstone, 0 to 2% siltstone, 0 to 1% shale and 7 to 16% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). Most of the Precambrian clasts appear quite competent, with few deleterious rock types. The clasts are generally rounded to subrounded to subangular, with the majority of clasts ranging from 9 to 23 cm. There were also a number of clasts that measured up to 46 cm. Cementation was observed along some of the pit faces. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and are generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, HL and concrete coarse aggregate products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction may require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL and concrete fine aggregate products. Material similar to that exposed in the licenced pits was revealed in a 6 m deep test hole (SW-TH-01), drilled just to the northwest of the licences. Test hole SW-TH-02 revealed at least 8 m of coarse sand, gravelly sand and coarse gravel. Test hole SW-TH-03, drilled along the western boundary of the selected resource area, uncovered 1.5 m of till over 14 m of sand. (For the test hole logs, see Table 7; for locations, see Map 1; see also ESRI ArcGIS version of Map 1.) Till in this area would have to be stripped prior to extraction of the underlying aggregate. Cemented sand and gravel material may be encountered beneath the till, as observed in certain sections of the licenced operations. Because of the buried nature and lack of subsurface information within the buried deposit, the boundaries for the deposit are approximate, based largely on topographic considerations. Detailed subsurface testing should be undertaken to determine the thickness of the upper till unit and quality of the underlying aggregate prior to extractive development. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8 occupies ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a very conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 22.5 million tonnes (see Table 3). Pit faces and previous drilling results certainly indicate a deposit thickness well in excess of 6 m. Further drilling to delineate the buried portion of this resource area and the aggregate quality is highly recommended. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 is located along the eastern boundary of the Township of Southwest Oxford and the western boundary of the Township of Norwich. The deposit is composed of a glaciofluvial outwash deposit that currently hosts 5 licenced pits (Pit Nos. 72 to 76, inclusive). Similar to Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8, OGS drilling indicates the presence of buried granular material to the west of the current surface deposit (Ontario Geological Survey 1994). This interpreted buried area could add substantially to the overall granular resources in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9. The granular material within this selected resource area is quite variable. The material varies from beds of clean, fine to coarse sand and pea gravel; to beds of gravel, pebble and cobble material in a fine to medium sand matrix; to poorly stratified, poorly sorted pebble and cobble beds containing about 70% gravel; to horizontally stratified, poorly sorted sand and gravel; to till. The northwestern part of the deposit is buried aggregate material under approximately 2 to 5 m of till. (Photos 11 and 12 show examples of the granular material that is located in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicates a coarse aggregate content that var- 25

38 ARIP 159 ies from 29.8 to 39.4%, a sand fraction that ranges from 57.9 to 68.0% and a fines content that varies from 1.5 to 3.7% (see Table 10). Lithological results for this resource area indicate 32 to 40% limestone, 38 to 43% dolostone, 7 to 10% chert, 0 to 6% sandstone, 0 to 4% siltstone, and 8 to 18% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). The clasts are generally rounded to subrounded, with the majority ranging from 8 to 15 cm and approximately 5% varying in size from 15 to 24 cm. Boulders are rare and measure from 54 to 91 cm. Most of the Precambrian clasts appear quite competent with few deleterious rock types. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert and siltstone. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and are generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM and HL (CA) products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction may require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL and concrete fine aggregate products. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 occupies ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 19.5 million tonnes (see Table 3). Selected water-well records within the selected resource area indicate m of sand and gravel; m of silty sand; and 4.27 m of gravel. A total of 9 test holes were drilled to depths of between 4 and 14 m (Ontario Geological Survey 1994). At most sites, the thickness of the upper till unit was less than 5 m, except test hole SW-TH-09, where 6 m of till was observed. The granular material uncovered in the test holes varied widely in quality. Good quality sand and gravel was encountered in test holes SW-TH-06 and SW-TH-08, but the other test holes revealed predominantly sand, with some silty fine sand layers. (For the test hole logs, see Table 7; for locations, see Map 1; see also ESRI ArcGIS version of Map 1.) The shape of this buried resource area is defined by drilling, selected water-wells and topographic considerations. Further drilling to delineate the buried portion of this resource area and the aggregate quality is highly recommended. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10 is located in the east-central part of the Township of Norwich, just southwest of the community of Holbrook. The selected resource area is composed of an ice-contact deposit and is currently host to 5 licenced pits (Pit Nos. 79 to 83, inclusive). Dredging operations have occurred in the past within this selected resource area. There is also an area of buried granular material that is covered substantially by licenced Pit No. 82. The granular material within this selected resource area is quite variable. The material varies from clean, thick horizontal beds of pebble and cobble material in a medium to coarse sand matrix; to cross-bedding and climbing ripples of fine to medium sand; to lenses and pockets of clean gravel within sand layers; to areas of silty fine sand-fine sandy silt with minor clay. (Photo 13 shows an example of the granular material that is located in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10 (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicates a coarse aggregate content that varies from 27.0 to 44.7%, a sand fraction that ranges from 37.0 to 59.8% and a fines content that varies from 13.2 to 20.1% (see Table 10). Lithological results for this resource area indicate 15% limestone, 71% dolostone, 7% chert and 7% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). Most Precambrian clasts are reasonably competent with few deleterious rock types. The coarse aggregate clasts are generally rounded to subrounded, and the majority range from 11 to 16 cm. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and are generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, HL and concrete coarse aggregate products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction may require blending and beneficiation for the production of HL fine aggregate products. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10 occupies 42.9 ha exclusive of licenced operations. Previously extracted areas and physical, cultural and environmental constraints reduce this area to approximately 40.4 ha. Assuming a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m, the selected resource area should have a granular resource of approximately 4.3 million tonnes (see Table 3). The extent and distribution of the buried portion of this resource area is based on topographic considerations as little subsurface data exist. Therefore, the boundary of the buried portion is approximate and further drilling to delineate these resources and aggregate quality testing on the material is highly recommended. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 (Brant County) Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 comprises an glaciofluvial outwash glaciolacustrine delta complex that trends southwesterly from the northern boundary of Brant County to the south end of the county near the community of Scotland. The deposit continues northeastward into the Regional Municipality of Waterloo where it has been des- 26

39 County of Oxford County of Brant ignated as a resource of primary significance (Ontario Geological Survey and Planning and Engineering Initiatives Limited 1998). The selected resource area has a possible resource area of ha after considering licenced operations, previously extracted areas, and cultural and environmental setbacks. It has a potential resource of million tonnes based on a conservative deposit thickness of 6 m (see Table 3), although the thickness of the deposit is generally greater than 6 m. As noted earlier, Chapman and Putnam (1984) have suggested that the deposit continues to the southwest, but it is buried by sand deposits that are included in the Norfolk sand plain physiographic region. Over the areal extent of such a large deposit, one would expect a great deal of variability of granular material; however, from the exposures that were examined over the length and width of the entire deposit, the sediments seem reasonably uniform. The sediments can be described as generally horizontally bedded, clean, coarse aggregate in a medium to coarse sand matrix. The clasts are generally rounded to subrounded, with the majority of clasts ranging from 10 to 24 cm. Crushable material ranges from 10 to 40%. Boulders and areas of cementation were noted, but rare. (Photos 14, 15 and 16 show examples of the granular material that is located in Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 (ESRI ArcGIS version only).) Previously collected gradation results for the selected resource area indicates a coarse aggregate content that varies from 19.9 to 92.4%, a sand fraction that ranges from 5.2 to 78.5% and a fines content that varies from 0.4 to 10.0% (see Table 10). Lithological results for this resource area indicate 3 to 32% limestone, 58 to 89% dolostone, 0 to 3% chert, 0 to 3% sandstone, 0 to 18% siltstone, 0 to 3% shale and 3 to 21% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). Most Precambrian clasts are reasonably competent with few deleterious rock types. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). The high Petrographic Numbers reflect the presence and percentage of chert, siltstone and shale. Other aggregate quality test results for this selected resource area are presented in Table 9 and are generally acceptable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, HL and concrete coarse aggregate products with proper processing and beneficiation. The sand fraction may require blending for the production of HL and concrete fine aggregate products. Resource Areas of Secondary Significance and Buried Deposits There are numerous secondary deposits throughout Oxford and Brant counties that add significantly to the overall aggregate resource supply in the study area. A number of factors generally make these resource areas less attractive for development than primary deposits: deposit thickness and, therefore, the quantity of granular material available; variability of the material; lower coarse aggregate content; concerns over the stone quality; the dirtiness of some of the deposits (percentage of fines); and, in some cases, the lack of geological information. However, many of these secondary resource areas could be used locally to supply lower specification aggregate products and could be used as a wayside permit, which is a time-limited, project-specific extraction activity. Secondary resource areas should be considered during landuse planning discussions and decision-making processes. TOWNSHIP OF ZORRA A series of glaciofluvial outwash deposits located along the Middle Thames and Thames rivers have been selected as resource areas of secondary significance. Some of these deposits have provided valuable aggregate material in the past (Ontario Geological Survey 1986). Previous gradation and lithology results for these secondary outwash deposits are provided in Table 10. Table 9 provides historical MTO aggregate quality test results for the glaciofluvial outwash deposits located northeast of Thamesford. Located in the central part of the Township of Zorra is a buried granular deposit. Less than 5 m of Tavistock Till overlies a considerable depth of granular material. In addition to exposures within the deposit area, 2 selected waterwell records indicate 4.57 m of till over m of sand, and 3.66 m of till over m of sand and gravel. Historical MTO aggregate quality data for this deposit indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products. Other aggregate quality test data are provided in Table 9. Previously collected gradation data indicate 34.7 to 56.0% coarse aggregate, 41.6 to 62.6% sand and 2.4 to 2.7% fines. Lithological results for this resource area indicate 29 to 35% limestone, 30 to 32% dolostone, 8 to 9% chert, 4 to 8% sandstone and 22 to 23% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). The extent and distribution of the buried deposit is based largely on topographic considerations and a few subsurface data points. Therefore, the boundary of the buried portion is approximate and further drilling to delineate these resources and establish aggregate quality is highly recommended. The OGS borehole BW (Bajc and Dodge 2011), located to the north, contains approximately 8 m of till over 9 m of sand grading down to gravel. This borehole would be outside the definition of a buried granular deposit (>5 m of overburden). TOWNSHIP OF EAST ZORRA TAVISTOCK A series of glaciofluvial outwash deposits located along Mud Creek and north of the Thames River have been selected as aggregate resource areas of secondary significance. Material from some of these deposits has been extracted in the past and there is currently an active licenced 27

40 ARIP 159 operation (Pit No. 43) still extracting granular material from one of these deposits near the western boundary of the township (Ontario Geological Survey 1983a). Previously collected gradation information for these deposits and other extracted areas within the township is provided in Table 10. A glaciofluvial ice-contact deposit located in the southcentral part of the township, just north of the City of Woodstock, has been selected as a resource area of secondary significance. A good portion of this selected resource area has been extracted in the past, and a noticeable abandoned pit (Pit No. 47) can still be seen within this deposit (pit faces are badly slumped). Previously collected gradation information indicates 43.4% coarse aggregate, 52.7% sand and 3.9% fines. Lithological results for this resource area indicate 42% limestone, 26% dolostone, 5% chert, 5% sandstone, 5% siltstone and 17% Precambrian clasts (see Table 10). The eastern portion of this particular deposit would appear to be still intact. These secondary deposits may provide limited quantities of granular material that can be used for local construction and infrastructure renewal projects. TOWNSHIP OF BLANDFORD BLENHEIM In the northwestern part of the township is a small, circularshaped, ice-contact deposit that currently hosts 2 licenced operations (Pit Nos. 48 and 49), owned and operated by the same licencee. Pit faces expose interbedded sand and gravel; pebble and cobble clasts supported in a medium to coarse sand matrix; and layers of silty fine to medium sand. Clasts are rounded to subrounded and generally less than 20 cm. Historical MTO gradation information indicates that this deposit is 47.2% coarse aggregate, 50.5% sand and 2.3% fines (see Table 10). Lithological results presented in Table 10, and limited aggregate quality test results presented in Table 9, suggest that the granular material within this deposit is suitable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, and possibly some HL and concrete products with proper processing. A selected water-well record within the resource area indicates the potential of greater than 13 m of sand and gravel. In the northeastern part of the township, located along the boundary with the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, is a glaciofluvial ice-contact outwash complex that is identified as an aggregate resource area of secondary significance. The resource area currently hosts 2 licenced operations (Pit Nos. 52 and 53), and dredging operations are occurring within the deposit area. Historical MTO gradation information for the deposit indicates 39.6 to 43.1% coarse aggregate, 54.1 to 58.8% sand and 1.6 to 2.8% fines (see Table 10). Previously collected MTO aggregate quality test results indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products. The coarse aggregate clasts are rounded to subrounded and are generally between 14 and 21 cm. The granular material is generally suitable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, HL and concrete products. Other glaciofluvial ice-contact deposits located in the northern half of the Township of Blandford Blenheim (part of Waterloo moraine (see Figure 3)) have been selected as aggregate resource areas of secondary importance. Previous extraction activity has occurred within some of these deposits (Ontario Geological Survey 1983b). Selected water-well information and OGS drill results (see Table 7, boreholes BB-TH-03 and BB-TH-05; for locations, see Map 1; see also ESRI ArcGIS version of Map 1) indicate that the thickness and material within these deposits may be quite variable (i.e., clayey silt layers, silty sand, fine sand, sand and gravel); therefore, further investigation of these deposits would be warranted before extractive operations occur. No previous aggregate quality test data or historical gradation information are available for the majority of these deposits. In the southeastern corner of the township is a series of glaciofluvial outwash deposits formed along the Nith River that have been selected as aggregate resource areas of secondary significance. One of the deposits currently hosts a licenced property (Pit No. 57). Water-well information and OGS drill results (see Table 7, borehole BB-TH-08; for location, see Map 1; see also ESRI ArcGIS version of Map 1) suggest that the thickness and material within these deposits may be quite variable (i.e., silty sand, sand, sand and gravel, till); therefore, further investigation of these deposits would be warranted before extractive operations occur. No previous aggregate quality test data or historical gradation information are available for the majority of these deposits. TOWNSHIP OF SOUTHWEST OXFORD A series of glaciofluvial outwash deposits located south of the Thames River and along Reynolds Creek have been selected as aggregate resource areas of secondary significance. Sections of these deposits have been extracted in the past and, as a result, many areas are identified as Restricted Resource areas as noted on Map 1 by green shading. Previously collected gradation results for one of these outwash deposits indicate 67.1% coarse aggregate, 29.7% sand and 3.2% fines. Historical MTO aggregate quality test results for these outwash deposits indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). Table 9 also provides additional historical MTO aggregate quality test data for these selected secondary resource areas. These selected resource areas should be able to provide granular material for local construction and infrastructure renewal projects. TOWNSHIP OF NORWICH A glaciofluvial outwash deposit located along Cedar Creek in the northwestern part of the Township of Norwich, just south of the City of Woodstock, has been selected as an ag- 28

41 County of Oxford County of Brant gregate resource area of secondary significance. Water-well information indicates 3.05 m of gravel; m of silty fine sand; m of silty fine sand over 4.27 m of gravel; and 7.01 m of sand and gravel over 4.27 m of gravel. Previously drilled OGS boreholes, NW-TH-01 and NW-TH-02, indicate granular material (see Table 7; for locations, see Map 1; see also ESRI ArcGIS version of Map 1). Historical MTO aggregate quality test data for this deposit indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). As demonstrated by the water-well data and the OGS test hole data, the granular material within this deposit can be quite variable, but sections of good quality aggregate material can be found (Ontario Geological Survey 1982). A buried granular resource area has been identified along the eastern boundary of the township (see Map 1). This buried deposit currently hosts a licenced operation (Pit No. 84), although the pit has not been used for some time and water is currently located in the pit floor. The granular material had been buried by Port Stanley Till prior to pit development and extractive activity. There would appear to be little granular material left within this deposit. COUNTY OF BRANT A couple of glaciolacustrine beach deposits located near the community of St. George have been identified as an aggregate resource area of secondary significance. The elevation of these beach deposits vary from approximately 255 to 271 m asl. Granular material from these beach deposits has been extracted in the past (Ontario Geological Survey 1980a) and there would appear to still be limited granular resources that could be extracted for local construction or infrastructure renewal projects. Previously collected gradation information indicates 18.1 to 66.5% coarse aggregate, 30.9 to 75.1% sand and 0.4 to 10.7% fines (see Table 10). Historical MTO aggregate quality test data indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products. Lithology data provided in Table 10 would suggest that the high Petrographic Numbers could be related to a small percentage of chert, but also the presence of shale. Other aggregate quality test results are presented in Table 9. A series of glaciofluvial outwash deposits located to the southwest of the community of Paris have been selected as aggregate resource areas of secondary significance. The granular material from these deposits has been extracted in the past (Ontario Geological Survey 1981) and limited granular resources could still be extracted for local construction or infrastructure renewal projects. Previously collected MTO aggregate quality data for this secondary resource area indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products. Historical gradation information indicates a coarse aggregate content that varies from 20.8 to 66.3%, 32.0 to 77.7% sand and 0.9 to 1.7% fines (see Table 10). Selected water-well data for this secondary resource area indicate 7.01 m of sand; 8.53 m of sand and gravel; 7.92 m of sand and gravel; and m of sand. Results from drill hole BW (Bajc and Dodge 2011) indicate that the granular material is approximately 12 m thick. Ice-contact glaciofluvial outwash sediments, located to the east of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 and to the southwest of the City of Brantford, have been selected as aggregate resource areas of secondary significance (Galt moraine). The granular material from these deposits has been extracted in the past (Ontario Geological Survey 1980b, 1980c) and limited granular resources could still be extracted for local construction or infrastructure renewal projects. Previously collected MTO aggregate quality data for this secondary resource area indicate that Petrographic Numbers range from to for granular and 16 mm and to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). Historical gradation information indicates 38.9 to 67.6% coarse aggregate, 30.7 to 57.8% sand and 1.5 to 12.0% fines (see Table 10). Selected water-well data for this secondary resource area indicate 2.44 m of sand; 9.14 m of sand; m of silty sand and gravel; and m of sand and gravel. Water-well information suggests that the thickness and material within these deposits may be quite variable (i.e., silty sand, sand, sand and gravel, till); therefore, further detailed investigation of these deposits would be warranted before extractive operations occur. A buried granular deposit is located just west of the City of Brantford boundary and just south of the Brantford Municipal Airport. This deposit currently hosts 2 licenced operations (Pit Nos. 103 and 104). Previously collected MTO aggregate quality data for this secondary resource area indicate that Petrographic Numbers of for granular and 16 mm and range from to for HL and concrete coarse aggregate products (see Table 9). Historical gradation information indicates content varies from 41.0 to 50.8% coarse aggregate, 46.9 to 57.1% sand and 1.9 to 5.7% fines (see Table 10). BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND RESOURCE POTENTIAL The oldest Paleozoic rocks in the study area are the moderately to well-laminated, tan to tan-brown to brown, fine- to medium-crystalline, saccharoidal dolostones of the Upper Silurian Guelph Formation located along the eastern part of the map area (Johnson et al. 1992; Armstrong and Dodge 2007). There are a number of biohermal (reef) structures in the rock unit with a porous, coarser texture and numerous fossil fragments. The Guelph Formation is generally acknowledged to have a high chemical purity (Kelly 1996) and has been used for the production and manufacture of metallurgical flux, agricultural lime and chemical stone in the Hamilton to Guelph area. The Guelph Formation is locally soft and porous and may not be suitable for use as aggregate particularly where the formation contains reefal material; 29

42 ARIP 159 however, the Guelph Formation can also be quite competent in other locations and is capable of meeting high-end aggregate specification. The Ontario Geological Survey has an active project currently underway to try to better define and delineate where the Guelph Formation is acceptable for aggregate production. Overlying the Guelph Formation are the buff, finecrystalline dolostones; greenish-grey and reddish shales; and evaporites (salt and gypsum) of the Upper Silurian Salina Group, which are located to the west of the Guelph Formation in the eastern part of the map area (see Map 2). The Salina Formation has recently been upgraded to Group status by Armstrong and Carter (2010). The Salina Group was deposited during evaporite conditions in the Late Silurian. Lateral lithological changes are thought to be due to uplift of the Algonquin Arch (Johnson et al. 1992). The Salina Group rocks have not been utilized for the production of aggregate due to thick overburden cover, poor accessibility, high shale content and poor physical properties (Hewitt 1960). Salt extraction from the Salina Group occurs in southwestern Ontario near Windsor and Goderich, as well as a number of salt brine wells. South of the map area, gypsum-rich beds of the Salina Group have been mined and processed to manufacture gypsum wallboard (Guillet 1964). Gypsum had previously been extracted in the Paris and Drumbo areas (Guillet 1964), and gypsum beds of the Salina Group are exposed in outcrops along the Grand River near Paris (Cowan 1970a). There is little doubt that gypsum beds underlie other areas of the study area (Guillet 1964; Bajc and Dodge 2011), but bed thickness, depth to these beds and purity play an important role in the economic development of this resource. The Upper Silurian Bass Islands Formation conformably overlies the Salina Group. The lithology of the Bass Islands Formation strata consists of buff to brown, fine-grained dolostone in even, vertically jointed, thin to medium beds (Johnson et al. 1992). Locally, thick beds up to 60 cm are present. The formation does not generally contain fossils. The formation is overlain by a thick overburden cover and does not crop out in the study area except for a small area near Innerkip. A sample of Bass Islands Formation rock was submitted for standard aggregate testing (Rowell 2012a) and the results of this testing are included in Table 9. Some strata within this formation have historical use for the manufacture of lime elsewhere in southwestern Ontario (Hewitt 1960). The Bass Islands Formation is roughly equivalent to the Bertie Formation located in the Niagara Peninsula (Johnson et al. 1992). Disconformably overlying the Bass Islands Formation are the greenish-grey to grey-brownish, thin- to mediumbedded, fine- to medium-grained, fossiliferous, bioturbated, cherty limestones and dolostones of the Lower Devonian Bois Blanc Formation (Johnson et al. 1992). The unit is locally very fossiliferous containing rugose and tabulate corals, brachiopods and some amphipora. Perhaps most characteristic of this unit is the presence of abundant nodules and lenses of white weathered chert. In some weathered exposures, the chert can form up to 90% of the rock. The formation is between 3 and 50 m thick and is generally thicker toward the centre of the Michigan Basin (Johnson et al. 1992). The formation is covered by a thick and extensive overburden cover and only crops out in the Innerkip area. South of the study area, the formation has been quarried at Hagersville, Cayuga and Port Colborne for crushed stone suitable for base course aggregate. The Bois Blanc and the Bass Islands formations have been extracted near Innerkip for the production of lime and railway ballast (see Map 2, abandoned quarries Nos. 4 and 5). The high chert content of this unit makes it unsuitable for the production of asphalt and concrete aggregate. The Amherstburg Formation is a Middle Devonian formation with the lower part of the formation possibly younger (Lower Devonian) (Johnson et al. 1992; Armstrong and Carter 2010). The formation varies from 0 to 50 m thick and consists of tan to grey-brown to dark brown, fine- to coarse-grained, bituminous, bioclastic, fossiliferous, commonly cherty limestones and dolostones. Fossils that have been noted in the formation include rugose and tabulate corals, brachiopods, crinoids, cephalopods and trilobites (Johnson et al. 1992). In the Teeswater Formosa area of southern Bruce County, biohermal limestone and dolostone units are considered to belong to the Amherstburg Formation (Uyeno, Telford and Sanford 1982). This biohermal facies is known locally as the Formosa Reef Limestone or Formosa reef facies. The formation is covered by thick overburden and does not crop out in the map area; however, the formation is exposed in the lower benches of the Lafarge Zorra Quarry. Historically, the main utility of the strata has been for the production of cement, metallurgical flux, agricultural lime and chemical stone (Hewitt 1960). Conformably overlying the Amherstburg Formation in the study area is the Lucas Formation. The formation consists of brownish-grey, brown and cream, thin- to thick-bedded, fine crystalline dolostone; and high-purity limestone and sandy limestone. Locally, the strata contain chert nodules, bituminous streaks and algal laminae, and anhydritic beds. Rutka and Birchard (1993) and Birchard, Rutka and Brunton (2004) have proposed 4 depositional environments for the various lithologies noted within the Lucas Formation in the Michigan Basin and 5 depositional environments for the Lucas Formation in the Appalachian Basin. In the Michigan Basin, these include upper sabkha mud flat evaporate, lower sabkha mud flat evaporate, supratidal/shallow intertidal and subtidal depositional environments. The Lucas Formation contains a high-purity limestone facies, referred to as the Anderdon Member. The Anderdon Member generally occurs in the upper part of the Lucas Formation; however, in the Ingersoll to Woodstock area, the Anderdon Member is reported to comprise the entire Lucas interval (Uyeno, Telford and Sanford 1982). The Anderdon Member is described as a light to dark greybrown, thin- to medium-bedded, fine-grained, sparsely fos- 30

43 County of Oxford County of Brant siliferous limestone alternating with coarse-grained, bioclastic limestone. The Anderdon Member also contains a medium- to massive-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained, fossiliferous sandy limestone facies. Historically, the Lucas Formation (Anderdon Member) has been extracted in the Ingersoll to Woodstock area for the production of cement, and for chemical and metallurgical stone. Geochemical results for the Lucas Formation are presented in Table 12. Disconformably overlying the Lucas Formation are the grey to tan to brown, fossiliferous, medium- to thick-bedded limestone and minor dolostone of the Dundee Formation. The formation is approximately 35 to 45 m thick and displays bituminous partings and oil staining in more porous segments and along fractures (Johnson et al. 1992). Chert nodules are locally abundant. Fossils are generally abundant and include crinoid debris, brachiopods, rugose and tabulate corals, trilobites and algal cysts. The Dundee Formation has been quarried near Port Dover and on Pelee Island for crushed stone, and is extracted near St. Marys for the manufacture of cement (Derry, Michener, Booth and Wahl, and the Ontario Geological Survey 1989; Rowell 2013). The geochemical results in Table 12 show the Dundee Formation as a slightly dolomitic limestone with 1 result indicating a siliceous dolomitic limestone. BEDROCK AGGREGATE QUALITY AND SUITABILITY As discussed previously in this report, the Guelph Formation continues to be a challenge with regard to the quality of the dolostone for use to produce bedrock-derived aggregate material. Petrographic Number values for the Guelph Formation vary from to for granular and 16 mm crushed, and to for HL and concrete products. Coarse aggregate magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ) test results range from 1.0 to 6.0 and Los Angeles abrasion test results vary from to a high of (Rowell 2012b). Many samples tested would be suitable for the production of Granular A and B, SSM, and HL and concrete CA products, but some of the results are well beyond acceptable limits (Rowell 2012b). The lithology of the Salina Group is such that it has not been used in the production of aggregate products. The Salina Group is still a valuable resource in Ontario since facies of this formation have been mined extensively for gypsum (Caledonia and Hagersville area) and salt (Windsor, Sarnia and Goderich). Salt from the Salina Group has been extracted as a traditional mining operation (underground mining) and as salt brine. A sample of the Bass Islands and Lucas formations (undifferentiated (separate from Anderdon Member facies)) were collected and tested as part of the Bruce County aggregate resources inventory (Rowell 2012a). The test results for the Bass Islands Formation sample would appear to indicate that the formation is suitable for the production of Granular A and B, and SSM products, but unsuitable for the production of HL (CA) and concrete products (PN = 145.7; absorption = 2.836). The aggregate quality test results for the Lucas Formation (undifferentiated) sample indicates that the rock is unsuitable for aggregate production (see Table 9); however, the Anderdon Member of the Lucas Formation is a significant source of raw material for the production of cement and lime. The Dundee Formation is generally not used in the production of aggregate products. It has been quarried and crushed near Port Dover and on Pelee Island as a source of granular base and sub-base material, and is used to produce rock for shoreline protection. The Dundee Formation is extracted by St. Marys Cement Incorporated north of the study area for the manufacture of cement (Rowell 2013). SELECTED BEDROCK RESOURCE AREA Despite the following positive indicators 1) large quarries and processing facilities do exist in the Township of Zorra, north of the Town of Ingersoll and the community of Beachville; 2) bedrock crops out along the Grand and Thames rivers; 3) surrounding these outcrops is a reasonably thin overburden cover (as indicated on Map 2); and 4) extraction activities have occurred north of Beachville for many years there are no Selected Bedrock Resource Areas in the study area. The reason the Lucas and Amherstburg formations are not selected as a bedrock resource area is that the overburden cover is generally greater than 8 m, and the formations are generally being extracted for the manufacture of lime and cement, which is an industrial mineral use. Aggregate products are being manufactured from the Amherstburg Formation, but, without the cement and lime manufacturing component, it would generally be uneconomical to extract this formation. In addition, many of the outcrops noted above are located within waterways where land-use planning constraints would restrict their development. However, it would still be reasonable to expect, during land-use planning discussions and decision-making processes, that land-use planners would take into consideration the large existing quarries and processing facilities and the valuable economic impact that these operations have had on the local economy. The operations are extremely important. SUMMARY Eleven selected sand and gravel resource areas have been chosen at the primary resource level within Oxford and Brant counties. These selected resource areas have a total unlicenced area of ha (3.68% of the land base) with a possible resource area of ha (2.73% of land base) after considering physical, cultural and environmental constraints. These resource areas have approximately million tonnes of aggregate material. 31

44 ARIP 159 There are a number of sand and gravel deposits that have been selected at the secondary level of significance. These deposits add greatly to the overall granular resources of the study area. However, several factors generally make these resource areas less attractive for development than the primary deposits, such as deposit thickness and, therefore, the quantity of granular material available; variability of the material; lower coarse aggregate content; concerns over the stone quality; and the dirtiness of some of the deposits. The deposits are still a valuable resource and should be considered during land-use planning discussions and decision-making processes. Oxford County and Brant County are underlain by a sequence of Paleozoic rock units that have generally not been used extensively in the production of aggregate products. Some of the formations have been used for the manufacture of lime and cement; with some aggregate production. In addition, these formations are generally overlain by a thick sequence of Quaternary sediment, which would affect the economic decisions to develop these resources. The bedrock has been extracted north of the Town of Ingersoll and the community of Beachville, which has provided significant economic benefits to the local community and the surrounding area. Enquiries regarding the Aggregate Resources Inventory of the County of Oxford and of the County of Brant may be directed to the Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping Section, Ontario Geological Survey, Mines and Minerals Division, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 [Tel: (705) ]; or to the Aylmer District Office, Ministry of Natural Resources, Aylmer, Ontario [Tel: (519) ]. 32

45 County of Oxford County of Brant Table 1 - Total Identified Sand and Gravel Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant 1 Class Number 2 Deposit Type 3 Areal Extent (Hectares) 4 Original Tonnage (Million Tonnes) County of Oxford Township of Zorra (includes the northern part of the Town of Ingersoll - north of the Thames River) 1 G-IC G-OW S-IC S-OW G-IC G-OW S-IC S-OW G-IC G-OW S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC Township of East Zorra Tavistock (includes the northwestern part of the City of Woodstock) G-OW S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW Subtotal 14, G-AL/OW G-IC G-OW S-IC S-OW G-IC G-OW S-IC S-OW G-IC G-OW S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW Subtotal

46 ARIP 159 Table 1 - Total Identified Sand and Gravel Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant 1 Class Number 2 Deposit Type 3 Areal Extent (Hectares) 4 Original Tonnage (Million Tonnes) Township of Blandford Blenheim (includes the northeastern part of the City of Woodstock) 1 G-IC G-OW S-IC S-OW G-IC G-OW S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC G-OW S-AL S-AL/OW S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC G-OW S-AL S-AL/OW S-IC S-LP S-OW Subtotal 20, Township of Southwest Oxford (includes the southern part of the Town of Ingersoll, south of the Thames River, and the Town of Tillsonburg) 1 G-IC G-OW S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC G-LB G-OW S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW

47 County of Oxford County of Brant 1 Class Number Table 1 - Total Identified Sand and Gravel Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant 2 Deposit Type 3 Areal Extent (Hectares) 4 Original Tonnage (Million Tonnes) 4 G-OW Township of Norwich (includes the southern part of the City of Woodstock) S-AL S-IC S-LP S-IC Subtotal 10, G-IC G-LB G-OW S-IC S-LP S-OW G-OW S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC G-OW S-AL S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC S-IC S-LP S-OW Subtotal 18, County of Oxford TOTAL 68, County of Brant 1 G-IC G-OW 10, S-AL/OW S-IC S-LP S-OW G-AL/OW G-IC G-LB G-OW S-AL S-AL/OW

48 ARIP Class Number Table 1 - Total Identified Sand and Gravel Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant 2 Deposit Type 3 Areal Extent (Hectares) 4 Original Tonnage (Million Tonnes) S-IC S-LP 21, S-OW G-AL/OW G-IC G-OW S-AL S-AL/OW S-IC S-LP S-OW G-IC S-AL S-AL/OW S-IC S-LP S-OW Subtotal 51, County of Brant TOTAL 51, Study Area TOTAL 120, Minor variations in all tables are caused by the rounding of data. * The above figures represent a comprehensive inventory of all granular materials in the map area. Some of the material included in the estimate has no aggregate potential and some is unavailable for extraction due to land use restrictions. Explanation of Deposit Type: First letter denotes gravel content: G = >35% gravel; S = generally sandy, gravel-size (>4.75 mm) aggregate <35% gravel. Letters after hyphen denote the geologic deposit type (see also Appendix C): AL = alluvium; AL/OW = older alluvium outwash terrace; IC = ice-contact stratified drift, includes esker (E) and kame (K) deposits; LB = glaciolacustrine beach deposits; LP = glaciolacustrine plains; OW = outwash. 36

49 County of Oxford County of Brant Pit No. County of Oxford Owner/Operator Table 2 - Sand and Gravel Pits, County of Oxford and County of Brant Licenced Area (Hectares) Face Height (Metres) % Gravel Remarks Township of Zorra (includes the northern part of the Town of Ingersoll - north of the Thames River) Licenced 1 Carolus H. Pelkmans 8.28 Variable ~15-20 Predominantly a source of sand 2 R.M. Matheson Farms Limited Variable, ~ R.M. Matheson Farms Limited 8.50 Variable, ~ St. Marys Cement Inc. (Canada) Variable, ~ The Warren Paving and Materials Group Ltd. 6 The Warren Paving and Materials Group Ltd Variable, ~ Variable, ~ St. Marys Cement Inc. (Canada) Variable, ~ Corporation of the Township of Zorra 9.50 Variable, ~2.5-6 ~30-45 Ice-contact deposit ~30-50 Ice-contact deposit ~35-65 Ice-contact deposit. Approx. 1 to 1.5 m of till covering north pit face ~35-60 Ice-contact deposit ~30-45 Ice-contact deposit ~40-70 Ice-contact deposit ~35-65 Ice-contact deposit. Till cover 9 Harrington Sand and Gravel Variable ~25-45 Pit straddles both ice-contact and outwash deposits 10 Corporation of the Township of Pit has been rehabilitated Perth 11 Steve Smith Construction Pit is being rehabilitated Corporation 12 Steve Smith Construction ~7-11 ~10-25 Material is quite variable including some till Corporation 13 The Warren Paving and Variable Variable Ice-contact deposit Materials Group Ltd. 14 Anne Innes ~2-4.5 ~10-25 Predominantly a source of sand 15 Grant Innes 6.20 Variable, Variable Material is quite variable including some till ~ Paul A. Matheson ~ ~30-50 Ice-contact deposit 17 Oxford Sand and Gravel Limited ~8-11 ~25-45 Buried ice-contact deposit 18 Paul Brown and Son Excavating Ltd Variable, ~ ~35-65 Ice-contact deposit 19 Sierra Construction Limited ~2.5-5 ~30-50 Ice-contact deposit 20 AAROC Aggregates Ltd Small overgrown pit on north side of river. Rest of property is in reserve 21 Robuck Contracting Limited ~2-4.5 ~35-55 Outwash deposit 22 Demar Aggregates Inc ~2-5 ~40-65 Outwash deposit Ontario Inc ~4.5-6 ~35-55 Outwash deposit 24 Thames Valley Aggregates Inc Variable Variable Outwash deposit 25 Lafarge Canada Inc Variable - Licenced as both a pit and quarry. Main focus is the quarry operation 26 Federal White Cement Ltd Licenced as both a pit and quarry. In reserve 27 Carmeuse Lime (Canada) Limited Variable - Licenced as both a pit and quarry. Main focus is the quarry operation. Some sand and gravel is being extracted 28 N.J. Spivak Limited 9.00 ~2.5-6 ~40-60 Outwash deposit 29 Blythdale Sand and Gravel Ltd ~5-6 ~40-60 Outwash deposit 37

50 ARIP 159 Pit No. Owner/Operator Table 2 - Sand and Gravel Pits, County of Oxford and County of Brant Licenced Area (Hectares) Face Height (Metres) % Gravel Remarks 30 Walmsley Bros. Limited Outwash deposit. Dredging operation 31 Thames Valley Aggregates Inc Outwash deposit. Dredging operation 32 Thames Valley Aggregates Inc ~3-4 ~35-50 Outwash deposit 33 Mr. Nick Spivak Outwash deposit. Property essentially rehabilitated 34 Walmsley Bros. Limited Outwash deposit. Property essentially rehabilitated 35 AAROC Aggregates Ltd Variable, ~30-60 Outwash deposit ~ AAROC Aggregates Ltd Variable, ~35-50 Outwash deposit ~ AAROC Aggregates Ltd Variable ~30-60 Outwash deposit ONTARIO LTD Variable ~30-60 Outwash deposit 39 AAROC Aggregates Ltd Variable, ~2.5-6 ~30-60 Outwash deposit Unlicenced ~1-2 ~5-10 Badly overgrown. Mainly sand ~ ~30-40 Badly overgrown, but still noticeable ~1-2.5 ~0-10 Badly overgrown, but still noticeable. Mainly sand Township of East Zorra Tavistock (includes the northwestern part of the City of Woodstock) Licenced 43 Glen A. Wilker ~3.5-7 ~20-35 Outwash deposit 44 Zorra Farms Limited Variable, ~35-55 Ice-contact deposit ~ Zorra Farms Limited Variable Variable Ice-contact deposit (see Pit 44) Unlicenced ~0-10 Badly overgrown, but still noticeable. Mainly sand Slumped ~20-35 Badly overgrown, but still noticeable Township of Blandford Blenheim (includes the northeastern part of the City of Woodstock) Licenced 48 E. & E. McLaughlin Ltd Ice-contact deposit. Predominantly rehabilitated 49 E. & E. McLaughlin Ltd ~3-6 ~30-50 Ice-contact deposit 50 MAR-CO Clay Products Inc ~4-5.5 ~5-10 Ice-contact sand deposit. Material mixed to produce baseball diamond material 51 MAR-CO Clay Products Inc Plant area (see Pit 50) 52 Syrico Corporation ~2.5-7 ~25-50 Ice-contact deposit. Part of operation is a dredging operation 53 Westfield Place Inc Variable ~25-50 Ice-contact deposit 54 Washington Sand and Gravel ~2-3.5 Variable Outwash deposit Ltd. 55 Washington Sand and Gravel (see Pit 54) Ltd. 56 Washington Sand and Gravel (see Pit 54) Ltd. 57 OMF Holdings Ltd Outwash deposit. Pit partially rehabilitated. Not a lot of activity 38

51 County of Oxford County of Brant Pit No. Unlicenced Owner/Operator Table 2 - Sand and Gravel Pits, County of Oxford and County of Brant Licenced Area (Hectares) Face Height (Metres) % Gravel ~1.5-2 ~10-15 Ice-contact deposit ~1-1.5 ~10-15 Ice-contact deposit ~1.5-2 ~20-35 Outwash deposit ~1-1.5 ~5-10 Outwash deposit ~1-1.5 ~20-25 Outwash deposit Township of Southwest Oxford (includes the southern part of the Town of Ingersoll, south of the Thames River, and the Town of Tillsonburg) Licenced 63 Corp. of the Township of Southwest Oxford Variable, ~5-6.5 ~35-50 Outwash deposit Remarks 64 Dufferin Aggregates Limited Variable ~35-50 Outwash deposit. Potential to dredge 65 Dufferin Aggregates Limited Variable ~35-50 Outwash deposit. Potential to dredge 66 Dufferin Aggregates Limited ~ ~35-50 Outwash deposit 67 Dufferin Aggregates Limited ~35-50 Outwash deposit. In reserve 68 Carmeuse Lime (Canada) Limited 69 Dufferin Aggregates Limited Variable, ~ Thornton Sand and Gravel Ltd Variable, ~ Thornton Sand and Gravel Ltd Variable, ~ Oxford Sand and Gravel Limited Variable, ~ Oxford Sand and Gravel Limited Variable, ~ Licenced as both a pit and quarry. Main focus is the quarry operation ~40-60 Ice-contact deposit ~40-60 Ice-contact deposit ~40-60 Ice-contact deposit Variable Partially buried outwash deposit. At least 2 benches Variable Outwash deposit. Pit faces are quite variable. Pond is present 74 Oxford Sand and Gravel Limited (see Pit 73) 75 Oxford Sand and Gravel Limited (see Pit 73) 76 David Victor E Cuthbert Variable, ~20-40 Outwash deposit ~ Dufferin Aggregates Limited Pit face has been rehabilitated and/or revegetated Unlicenced Township of Norwich (includes the southern part of the City of Woodstock) Licenced 78 Sierra Construction Limited Pit has been rehabilitated and faces re-vegetated 79 Phyllis E. Pearson Variable, ~35-50 Ice-contact deposit ~ Dufferin Aggregates Limited 2.70 Variable ~35-50 Ice-contact deposit. Pit faces are variable; badly overgrown. Pit is inactive and the last activity was a dredging operation 81 Dufferin Aggregates Limited (see Pit 80) 82 Dufferin Aggregates Limited (see Pit 80) 83 Dufferin Aggregates Limited (see Pit 80) 84 Township of Norwich 6.10 Variable - Pit is generally inactive and partially water filled Unlicenced 39

52 ARIP 159 Pit No. County of Brant Licenced Owner/Operator Table 2 - Sand and Gravel Pits, County of Oxford and County of Brant Licenced Area (Hectares) Face Height (Metres) % Gravel 85 County of Brant - Kelman Pit ~ ~35-60 Delta outwash deposit Remarks 86 Dufferin Aggregates - Paris Pit Delta outwash deposit. In reserve 87 County of Brant - Keg Lane Pit ~ ~35-60 Delta outwash deposit 88 Lafarge - Highway 2 Pit Variable Variable Delta outwash deposit 89 Lafarge - Green Lane Pit Delta outwash deposit. Predominantly rehabilitated 90 Lafarge - McCormick Pit Delta outwash deposit. Predominantly rehabilitated 91 Telephone City Aggregates Inc. - Curtis Pit Variable, ~ ~10-30 Delta outwash deposit 92 Gurney Sand and Gravel Ltd Delta outwash deposit 93 Gurney Sand and Gravel Ltd ~3-4.5 ~35-50 Delta outwash deposit 94 Telephone City Aggregates Inc Variable, ~4.5-7 ~35-60 Delta outwash deposit. Part of the licence is in reserve 95 KPM Industries Limited Delta outwash deposit. In reserve 96 Brant County Pit has been rehabilitated 97 Telephone City Aggregates Inc Delta outwash deposit. In reserve 98 Brant County - Hunt Pit ~3-5 ~35-60 Delta outwash deposit 99 Brant County - Burford #1 Pit (see Pit 98) 100 Brant County - Burford #2 Pit (see Pit 98) 101 Brant County 3.21 ~6-7 ~35-50 Ice-contact deposit. Pit face is overgrown; little activity, although additional granular material does remain 102 Lafarge Canada Inc ~3.5-5 ~35-60 Delta outwash deposit 103 Telephone City Aggregates Inc Variable, ~ Variable Material grades from till to sand to coarse aggregate 104 Telephone City Aggregates Inc (see Pit 103) 105 Brant County 6.88 ~6-7.5 ~35-60 Delta outwash deposit 106 Brant County 8.00 ~6-7.5 ~35-60 Delta outwash deposit 107 Nichols Gravel Limited Variable, ~ Nichols Gravel Limited Variable, ~ Nichols Gravel Limited Variable, ~ Variable Variable Variable Delta outwash deposit. Material grades from sand to crushable coarse aggregate Delta outwash deposit. Material grades from sand to crushable coarse aggregate Delta outwash deposit. Material grades from sand to crushable coarse aggregate 110 Glass Sand and Gravel Pit Pit is inactive and overgrown 111 Telephone City Aggregates Inc ~ ~35-50 Delta outwash deposit 112 Telephone City Aggregates Inc Pit is partially rehabilitated and overgrown. Nature and biking trails 113 Telephone City Aggregates Inc Pit is partially rehabilitated and overgrown. Nature and biking trails Unlicenced ~3-4 ~20-35 Outwash deposit Outwash deposit. Pit has been rehabilitated, but pit is still noticeable 40

53 County of Oxford County of Brant Table 3 - Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, County of Oxford and County of Brant 1 Deposit No. 2 Unlicenced Area* (Hectares) 3 Cultural Setbacks** (Hectares) 4 Extracted Area*** (Hectares) 5 Possible Resource Area (Hectares) 6 Estimated Deposit Thickness (Metres) 7 Possible Aggregate Resources**** (Million tonnes) County of Oxford Township of Zorra (includes the northern part of the Town of Ingersoll - north of the Thames River) Township of East Zorra Tavistock (includes the northwestern part of the City of Woodstock) Township of Blandford Blenheim (includes the northeastern part of the City of Woodstock) Township of Southwest Oxford (includes the southern part of the Town of Ingersoll, south of the Thames River, and the Town of Tillsonburg) Township of Norwich (includes the southern part of the City of Woodstock) County of Oxford TOTAL County of Brant County of Brant TOTAL Study Area TOTAL Minor variations in the tables are caused by the rounding of the data. * Excludes areas licenced under the Aggregate Resources Act (1989). ** Cultural setbacks include heavily populated urban areas, roads (including a 100 m wide strip centred on each road), water features (e.g., lakes, streams), 1 ha for individual houses. NOTE: This provides a preliminary and generalized constraint application only. Additional environmental and social constraints will further reduce the deposit area. *** Extracted area is a rough estimate of areas that are not licenced, but, due to previous extractive activity, are largely depleted. **** Further environmental, resource, social and economic constraints will greatly reduce the selected resource quantity realistically available for potential extraction. Surrounding secondary area will add to the total granular resources of the area. 41

54 ARIP Drift Thickness (Metres) County of Oxford 2 Formation Table 4 - Total Identified Bedrock Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant 3 Estimated Deposit Thickness (Metres) 4 Areal Extent (Hectares) 5 Original Tonnage (Millions of Tonnes) Township of Zorra (includes the northern part of the Town of Ingersoll - north of the Thames River) 8-15 Dundee Lucas Lucas Township of East Zorra Tavistock (includes the northwestern part of the City of Woodstock) Subtotal Lucas Amherstburg Amherstburg Bois Blanc Bois Blanc Bass Islands Township of Blandford Blenheim (includes the northeastern part of the City of Woodstock) Subtotal Amherstburg Bass Islands Bass Islands Subtotal Township of Southwest Oxford (includes the southern part of the Town of Ingersoll, south of the Thames River, and the Town of Tillsonburg) 1-8 Dundee Dundee Lucas Lucas Amherstburg Township of Norwich (includes the southern part of the City of Woodstock) Subtotal Dundee Amherstburg Subtotal County of Oxford TOTAL

55 County of Oxford County of Brant 1 Drift Thickness (Metres) 2 Formation Table 4 - Total Identified Bedrock Resources, County of Oxford and County of Brant 3 Estimated Deposit Thickness (Metres) 4 Areal Extent (Hectares) 5 Original Tonnage (Millions of Tonnes) County of Brant 8-15 Amherstburg Bois Blanc Bass Island <1 Salina Group Salina Group Salina Group Guelph Guelph Subtotal County of Brant TOTAL Study Area TOTAL Minor variations in the tables are caused by the rounding of data. The above figures represent a comprehensive inventory of all bedrock resources in the map area. Some of the material included in the estimate has no aggregate potential and some is unavailable for extraction due to land use restrictions. 43

56 ARIP 159 Quarry No. Owner/Operator Licenced Area (Hectares) Table 5 - Quarries, County of Oxford and County of Brant Face Height (Metres) Remarks County of Oxford Township of Zorra (includes the northern part of the Town of Ingersoll - north of the Thames River) Licenced 1 Lafarge Canada Inc ~50-60 Extracting both the Anderdon Member of the Lucas Fm. and the Amherstburg Fm. 2 Federal White Cement Ltd Interested in the Anderdon Member of the Lucas Fm. Property is currently in reserve. 3 Carmeuse Lime (Canada) Limited ~20-24 Extracting the Anderdon Member of the Lucas Fm. for the manufacture of lime and chemical stone Unlicenced Township of East Zorra Tavistock (includes the northwestern part of the City of Woodstock) Licenced Unlicenced Old quarry is filled with water Old quarry is filled with water Township of Blandford Blenheim (includes the northeastern part of the City of Woodstock) Licenced Unlicenced NONE Township of Southwest Oxford (includes the southern part of the Town of Ingersoll, south of the Thames River, and the Town of Tillsonburg) Licenced 6 Carmeuse Lime (Canada) Limited Extracting the Anderdon Member of the Lucas Fm. for the manufacture of lime and chemical stone Unlicenced Township of Norwich (includes the southern part of the City of Woodstock) Licenced Unlicenced NONE County of Brant Licenced Unlicenced NONE 44

57 County of Oxford County of Brant Table 6 - Selected Bedrock Resource Areas, County of Oxford and County of Brant 1 Area Number 2 Depth of Overburden (Metres) 3 Unlicenced Area* (Hectares) 4 Cultural Setbacks** (Hectares) 5 Extracted Area*** (Hectares) 6 Possible Resource Area (Hectares) 7 Estimated Workable Thickness (Metres) 8 Possible Bedrock Resources**** (Million Tonnes) There are no Selected Bedrock Resource Areas Minor variations in the tables are caused by the rounding of the data. * Excludes areas licenced under the Aggregate Resources Act (1989). ** Cultural setbacks include heavily populated urban areas, roads (including a 100 m wide strip centred on each road), water features (e.g., lakes, streams), 1 ha for individual houses. NOTE: This provides a preliminary and generalized constraint application only. Additional environmental and social constraints will further reduce the deposit area. *** Extracted area is a rough estimate of areas that are not licenced, but, due to previous extractive activity, are largely depleted. **** Further environmental, resource, social and economic constraints will greatly reduce the selected resource quantity realistically available for potential extraction. 45

58 ARIP 159 Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] County of Oxford Generalized Description of Material Township of Zorra 40P07-25 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 1.40 m of road base / fill ~ 1.07 m of silty sand / sandy silt ~ 1.52 m of brown, stony silty sand till ~ 4.15 m of grey, silty sand till 40P02-22 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 1.52 m of soft, black, clayey silt and sand ~ 0.61 m of loose, fine to coarse sand and gravel ~ 0.76 m of grey clay ~ 3.05 m of stratified, medium sand, coarse sand, silt and clay ~ 2.59 m of sand and gravel Bedrock - limestone 40P02-35 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 3.96 m of brown, silty sand; trace gravel, organics ~ 1.07 m of loose sand; some gravel ~ 1.28 m of compact, brown, fine-medium sand; some silt, trace gravel ~ 2.53 m of very dense, sandy silt till 40P02-25 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 7.74 m of very dense, sandy silt / silty sand till Township of East Zorra Tavistock 40P07-02 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.61 m of topsoil ~ 1.37 m of silty clay / clayey silt ~ 4.72 m of silty sand till with pebbles and cobbles 40P07-21 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 3.87 m of firm, brown, silty clay till ~ 1.82 m of dense, fine to coarse sand; with minor gravel ~ 3.35 m of very dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P07-04 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.91 m of loose, brown, silty sand and gravel - fill ~ 8.38 m of very stiff, brown to grey, silty clay till 40P07-26 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 1.22 m of fill ~ 1.07 m of organic, clayey alluvium ~ m of dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P02-16 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.28 m of loose, brown, organic sandy silt ~ 3.75 m of compact, brown, silty sand till ~ 4.75 m of very stiff, grey, clayey silt till 46

59 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P02-11 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.22 m of soft, organic topsoil ~ 2.29 m of loose, brown, fine to medium sand ~ 4.88 m of dense, brown, fine to medium sand and gravel 40P02-34 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.61 m of brown, silty topsoil ~ 1.22 m of loose, brown sand with minor silt and gravel, organics ~ 3.05 m of compact, dense, brown till ~ 2.89 m of very dense, brown, sandy silt till EZ-TH-01 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [1] Elevation: ~ 323 m m - alluvium and clay with small lenses of dirty sand m - fine to medium sand with minor silt, clay lenses and some fine gravel m - clean, coarse sand with some fine gravel m - thin layer of medium sand over dark grey, clay till m - dark grey, clay till EZ-TH-02 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [1] Elevation: ~ 323 m m - clean, fine sand m - clean, fine to medium sand m - clean, medium sand over pinkish clay till m - pinkish, sandy silty clay till over dark grey, clay till EZ-TH-03 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [1] Elevation: ~ 312 m m - silty, sand till m - grey clay m - light brown, fine silt m - dirty (silty) medium sand m - coarse sand with fine to medium gravel m - medium to coarse sand with fine gravel Township of Blandford Blenheim 40P07-09 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 3.05 m of soft, sandy silt clay; organics, trace gravel ~ m of hard, stiff, grey, silty clay / clayey silt till 40P07-03 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.29 m of heterogeneous, brown, fine to medium sand fill ~ 2.59 m of loose, organic silty sand; minor gravel ~ 3.20 m of stiff, grey, silty clay / clayey silt till 40P07-24 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 3.81 m of topsoil and loose silt, sand and clay ~ 1.07 m of very dense, sandy gravel ~ 1.07 m of layered sandy silt / silt (laminated) ~ 4.72 m of very dense, stony sandy silt till 47

60 ARIP 159 Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P07-20 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.30 m of topsoil ~ 1.07 m of brown, sandy silt with organic matter ~ 6.86 m of dense, brown-grey, silty clay till ~ 5.18 m of dense, grey, stony silty clay till 40P07-05 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.74 m of soft, yellow to grey, silty clay ~ 6.55 m of loose, grey silt ~ 4.66 m of compact, dense, brown to grey, silty sand till 40P07-08 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.91 m of black, organic topsoil ~ 6.40 m of medium dense to dense, silty sand and gravel ~ 9.91 m of very dense, stony sandy silt till 40P07-17 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.76 m of brown sand and gravel - fill ~ 1.07 m of loose sand and gravel with organics ~ 2.90 m of compact, grey, silty sand till 40P07-40 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 1.52 m of loose, yellowish sand with organic matter ~ 3.05 m of compact, brown, stony silty sand till ~ 4.57 m of compact, fine sand ~ 3.05 m of compact, grey, sandy silt till 40P07-06 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.74 m of compact, light brown, medium to coarse sand and gravel - fill ~ 6.71 m of compact, grey, fine to medium sand ~ 3.51 m of very dense, grey, silty sand till 40P07-07 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 2.13 m of brown, silt / clayey silt with organics ~ 2.59 m of layered, silty fine to medium sand and gravel ~ 8.99 m of greyish-brown, fine sand ~ 2.13 m of very dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P07-19 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 3.78 m of organic, loose, sandy silt and gravel ~ 1.52 m of stratified, interlayered silt and clay ~ 1.83 m of hard, grey, silty clay till 40P08-10 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.37 m of compact, brown, silty sand and gravel ~ 2.90 m of compact, grey silt ~ 7.47 m of very dense, grey, sandy silt till 48

61 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P08-69 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 6.70 m of brown, medium to coarse sand and gravel ~ 2.43 m of hard, grey, sandy silt till 40P08-78 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 3.05 m of silty sand with organics ~ 3.05 m of stratified, interlayered, silty sand, fine sand, silt ~ 4.94 m of brown, sandy till ~ 2.83 m of dense, grey, stony sandy silt till 40P02-12 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.74 m of loose, sandy topsoil and brown, sandy silt; trace gravel ~ 9.45 m of stiff, grey, silty clay / clayey silt till ~ 2.13 m of coarse gravel and dense, brown sand 40P02-14 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 5.79 m of soft, black, organic silty muck ~ 4.57 m of loose to medium dense, brown, silty fine sand ~ 6.10 m of stiff, grey-brown, clayey silt / silty clay till 40P02-13 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.52 m of loose, brown, fine to medium sand topsoil ~ 2.43 m of soft, black, organic silt with clay and wood ~ 3.66 m of loose, grey, medium to coarse sand ~ 8.99 m of dense, grey-brown, silty sand, minor gravel and clay ~ 2.44 m of very dense, grey, silty sand till 40P02-36 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.22 m of loose, brown sand and organic matter ~ 8.05 m of dense, brown sand and gravel ~ 1.71 m of dense, brown silt with sand ~ 4.39 m of dense, grey, interbedded sand and silt ~ m of dense, grey, silty sand / sandy silt till 40P02-09 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.52 m of reddish-brown, sandy till with organics ~ 3.05 m of loose, fine sand with silt seams ~ 1.52 m of compact, very fine sand with layers of medium sand ~ 3.05 m of dense, interlayered fine sand; medium to coarse sand and gravel 40P02-23 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 1.34 m of organic silty sand ~ 5.67 m of dense, grey, sandy-clayey silt till ~ 1.07 m of sand and gravel; minor silt ~ 2.62 m of dense, clay till 40P02-15 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.44 m of fine sand and gravel ~ 0.76 m of dark brown, silty sand with organics ~ 1.65 m of stratified, silt and clay ~ 1.22 m of compact, grey, stratified silty sand / sandy silt ~ 3.14 m of compact, stratified, coarse sand 49

62 ARIP 159 Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P02-41 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.98 m of compact, grey-brown, silty sand and gravel - fill ~ 4.11 m of compact, brown, sandy silt ~ m of dense, grey, sandy silt till BB-TH-01 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 300 m m - clean, medium sand and fine gravel m - clean, coarse sand and fine gravel BB-TH-02 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 295 m m - light brown, fine to medium sand m - dark brown, medium sand m - medium to coarse sand with pebbles m - medium to coarse sand and fine gravel m - very coarse sand and fine gravel m - dark grey clay BB-TH-03 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 305 m m - medium sand and fine gravel m - medium sand and fine gravel m - medium sand and fine gravel m - medium sand and fine gravel m - brown silt and clay material over till BB-TH-04 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 290 m m - silty, fine to medium sand m - coarse sand overlying fine gravel m - clean, fine gravel (some chert noted) m - medium to coarse sand m - grey silt m - grey, stony sandy silt till BB-TH-05 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 312 m m - brown, fine to medium sand m - brown, silty, fine to medium sand m - brown, silty to medium sand with a silt seam m - silty, coarse sand with occasional clasts m - clean, coarse sand m - silt BB-TH-06 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 305 m m - silty, fine sand m - light brown, fine sand over silty, fine sand m - about 1.2 m of brown silt over fine to medium sand m - cross-bedded coarse sand with occasional pebbles m - reddish-brown silt with small medium sand layers 50

63 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material BB-TH-07 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 290 m m - clean, coarse sand with occasional clasts m - clean, fine gravel with occasional pebble m - brown, clean, coarse sand m - brown, clean, coarse sand with clasts m - brown, silty, fine sand with occasional clasts m - light brown, stony sandy silt till BB-TH-08 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 280 m m - silty, fine gravel with minor pebbles m - silty, medium gravel with pebbles m - medium to coarse sand overlying stony silty till m - grey, gritty, silty clay till BB-TH-09 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 280 m m - silty, medium to coarse sand with minor medium gravel m - approximately 1 m of sand and gravel over light brown silt m - light brown silt BB-TH-10 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 290 m m - light brown, sandy silt m - grey silt m - grey, gritty till BB-TH-11 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 295 m m - reddish-brown, silty, fine sand m - reddish-brown, stony clay till m - grey, stony clay till m - brown, stony silty sand m - no sample recovered m - fine gravel BB-TH-12 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 305 m m - light brown, clean, fine sand with occasional clasts m - light brown, silty fine to medium sand with occasional clasts m - light brown, silty fine sand m - light brown, slightly silty fine sand m - light brown, silty fine sand over grey, clean fine sand m - light grey, clean fine sand over brown, silty fine sand BB-TH-13 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 290 m m - sand layer over reddish-brown clay till m - silty fine gravel m - grey, clean, medium sand m - brown, stony silty sand with some stone BB-TH-14 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [2] Elevation: ~ 305 m m - brown, clay till m - grey, clay till 51

64 ARIP 159 Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material Township of Southwest Oxford 40P02-24 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.61 m of topsoil ~ 1.68 m of soft, black, organic, sandy clayey silt ~ 3.05 m of compact, brown, fine to coarse sand ~ 1.37 m of dense, brown, sandy gravel Bedrock - limestone 40P02-04 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.61 m of silty sand / fine sand topsoil ~ 3.66 m of clayey fine sand and gravel ~ 5.36 m of compact, grey, sandy silt till 40P02-47 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.67 m of silty sand, trace gravel and organics ~ 0.67 m of hard, clayey sandy silt till ~ 1.68 m of compact, sand and gravel; trace silt ~ 3.05 m of dense, glacial till 40P02-06 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.13 m of sandy fill ~ 6.71 m of dense, clayey till 40P02-53 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.30 m of silty sand fill ~ 1.60 m of compact, sandy silt with trace gravel ~ 6.70 m of hard, silty sand till 40P02-07 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.96 m of sandy clay fill (brick fragments) ~ 4.88 m of dense, brown, silty sand / sandy silt till 40P02-43 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ m of silty sand / sandy silt; some gravel ~ 8.40 m of hard, clayey silt till 40I15-28 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ m of stiff, brown, clayey silt till ~ 6.60 m of very dense, silty sand till ~ 4.10 m of dense, sand with a trace of silt 40I15-22 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.30 m of topsoil ~ 1.07 m of brown, clayey silt ~ 0.76 m of compact, grey, silty sand; minor gravel ~ 5.49 m of very dense, grey, silt with seams of clay and fine sand ~ 3.05 m of dense, grey, fine sand 40I15-16 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.46 of topsoil ~ 4.42 m of compact, brown, fine sand; trace coarse sand and fine gravel ~ 2.44 m of stiff, grey, silty clay 52

65 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40I15-18 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.22 m of sand and gravel fill ~ m of sandy silt / silty sand; trace clay and gravel ~ 7.92 m of hard, sandy clayey silt 40I15-05 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 3.05 m of fill ~ 0.61 m of fine sand ~ 5.49 m of clay ~ 0.46 m of till ~ 0.61 m of clay Bedrock - limestone SW-TH-01 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 335 m m - fine to medium sand m - coarse sand and pebbles with some clay m - fine sand and silt with some pebbles (till) m - grey silt and fine sand with occasional clasts and trace clay m - grey silt and fine sand with occasional clasts and some clay m - grey silt and fine sand with occasional clasts and seams of clay SW-TH-02 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 358 m m - clay, fine sand and silt m - bedded clay over interbedded fine sand and silt m - sand over fine sand and silt with pebbles (till) m - clay over clean, medium sand and pebbles m - fine sand SW-TH-03 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 346 m m - clean, fine to medium sand m - fine sand m - fine sand with a silt layer, trace clay m - coarse sand m - sand m - clean sand over grey till SW-TH-04 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 340 m m - till with minor sand and pebbles m - coarse sand and gravel m - coarse gravel with sand SW-TH-05 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 338 m m - fine sand m - fine sand and silt with some pebbles m - bedded fine, medium and coarse sand m - fine sand and silt m - clean, medium sand m - fine sand 53

66 ARIP 159 Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material SW-TH-06 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 334 m m - gravelly sand m - fine to medium sand with pebbles m - clean, fine sand SW-TH-07 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 328 m m - coarse sand with pebbles over gravelly sand with stones m - coarse sand and gravel m - clean, coarse gravel SW-TH-08 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 320 m m - brown, sandy silt till m - brown, sandy silt to silty sand till m - sandy silt till with pebbles m - grey, silty sand till SW-TH-09 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 303 m m - brown, sandy silt till m - buff brown, silty sand with small pebbles (till) m - brown, silty fine sand with occasional pebbles (till) m - silty fine to medium sand with occasional small pebbles SW-TH-10 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 329 m m - brown, sandy silt till m - silty fine to medium sand with small pebbles (till) m - silty fine sand with numerous small pebbles (till) m - fine to medium sand m - brown, fine to medium sand m - brown, fine sand m - brown, fine to medium sand with occasional small pebbles m - brown, fine to medium sand with occasional small pebbles m - fine to medium sand and small pebbles m - coarse to very coarse sand with rounded pebbles SW-TH-11 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 332 m m - brown, silty fine sand with occasional small stone m - brown, fine to very fine sand m - coarse to very coarse sand with pebbles m - silt and very fine sand m - fine sand m - medium to coarse to very coarse sand with small pebbles m - well sorted fine sand m - well sorted fine to medium sand m - brown, fine sand SW-TH-12 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 329 m m - brown, silty fine sand m - silty sand with small pebbles (till) m - silty sand to sandy silt with pebbles (till) m - silty sand m - very gritty silty sand to sandy silt with small pebbles (till) 54

67 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material SW-TH-13 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 331 m m - brown, sandy silt with clay and small pebbles (till) m - brown, silty sand with clay and small pebbles (till) m - grey brown, silty sand with clay and pebbles (till) m - till m - silty fine sand m - grey, silty sand till SW-TH-14 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 320 m m - brown, silty sand till m - silty fine to medium sand m - fine to coarse sand, some silt (till) m - till SW-TH-15 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 326 m m - light brown, sandy silt till over coarse sand m - brown, fine to medium sand m - coarse to medium sand m - brown, pebbly medium to coarse sand m - light brown, medium to very coarse sand m - fine sand to medium to coarse sand with clasts m - fine to coarse sand m - fine to coarse sand with occasional gravel and pebbles SW-TH-16 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 340 m m - brown, sandy silt till m - dirty gravel m - brown, stony sandy silt till m - dirty sandy gravel m - brown, sandy silt till m - dirty sand and gravel m - brown, sandy silt till SW-TH-17 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 305 m m - silty, gravelly, very coarse sand m - sand and gravel m - light brown, fine to coarse sand with minor gravel SW-TH-18 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [3] Elevation: ~ 297 m m - till m - brown, medium to coarse sand m - clean, coarse sand m - fine to medium sand m - fine to very coarse sand with minor clasts m - very coarse sand with minor clasts Township of Norwich 40P02-44 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.70 m of soft, organic silt and clay ~ 3.00 m of compact, dense, sand and gravel, trace silt and organics ~ m of dense, clayey silt / silty clay till Bedrock (limestone) 55

68 ARIP 159 Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P02-33 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ m of very stiff, brown to greyish, clayey silt till ~ 4.88 m of dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P02-05 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 4.57 m of stiff, brown, clayey till ~ 3.05 m of silt and fine gravel ~ 1.52 m of soft, clay and fine gravel 40P02-21 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 3.81 m of brown, silty clay till ~ 8.08 m of medium dense, grey, fine sand ~ 6.71 m of dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P02-30 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 6.10 m of brown, clayey silt to silt till ~ 2.80 m of loose, greyish-brown silty fine sand 40P02-28 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 7.01 m of greyish-brown, clayey silt till ~ 8.22 m of grey, sandy silt / silty sand ~ 1.52 m of hard, sandy silt till 40P02-03 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.61 m of sandy topsoil ~ 6.10 m of sandy clay / clayey sand 40P02-42 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 5.50 m of hard, brown, silty clay till ~ m of hard, grey, silty clay / clayey silt till 40I15-09 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 0.30 m of organic-rich topsoil ~ 0.91 m of soft, brown silt ~ 2.59 m of hard, clayey silt till ~ 3.51 m of dense silt ~ 2.44 m of dense, grey, clay with some silt 40I15-13 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 2.23 m of fill ~ 0.76 m of sand, gravel, clay ~ 6.37 m of stiff, grey clay ~ 1.67 m of stratified, sand, gravel and silt layers 40I15-11 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.22 m of sand fill ~ 1.22 m of loose, silty sand / sandy silt ~ 0.61 m of loose, stratified sand ~ 3.96 m of dense silt 56

69 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40I15-23 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.82 m of sand and silt with organics ~ 7.62 m of loose to compact, sandy silt to silt ~ 2.13 m of hard, clayey silt; trace sand ~ 1.07 m of hard till NW-TH-01 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [4] Elevation: ~ 292 m m - coarse sand with some pebbles m - 15 cm clay layer over coarse sand and some pebbles m - medium to coarse sand m - clean, coarse sand overlying a silty fine sand NW-TH-02 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [4] Elevation: ~ 292 m m - clean, medium sand m - clean, medium sand mixed with small clasts and clay layers m - coarse sand and gravel m - coarse sand and gravel m - grey, clay till County of Brant 40P08-57 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.91 m of black, organic, silty topsoil ~ 4.72 m of compact, brown-grey, partially stratified, sand, silt, clay and gravel ~ 9.02 m of very dense, grey, sandy silt till Bedrock - fine-grained limestone with gypsum 40P01-26 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 3.01 m of compact, brown, fine to coarse sand ~ 0.61 m of dense, brown, silty till ~ 0.30 m of dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P01-25 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 1.52 m of sand and gravel ~ 1.52 m of silt 40P01-33 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 3.81 m of loose to compact, sand, gravel, silt and clay with organics ~ 1.04 m of stiff, clayey silt ~ 2.71 m of hard till Bedrock 40P01-35 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 8.99 m of dense, brown sand and gravel with some silt ~ 1.68 m of cemented sand and gravel ~ 1.82 m of hard, reddish-brown, clayey silt till 40P02-29 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.50 m of compact, fine to medium sand ~ 6.40 m of stiff, clayey silt till ~ 3.70 m of dense, stratified, silty sand and sandy gravel ~ m of very dense, sandy silt till 57

70 ARIP 159 Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P02-26 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 2.00 m of loose, sand and silt with organics ~ 2.30 m of compact, silt and minor sand ~ 1.20 m of compact, silty sand ~ 3.60 m of dense, sandy silt 40P02-27 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.52 m of loose, black, silty sand with organics ~ 4.57 m of compact, brown, fine to medium sand; minor silt ~ 2.59 m of hard, grey, sandy clayey silt till 40P01-36 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 4.05 m of loose, fine to medium sand with silt and gravel with organics ~ 7.32 m of fine to medium sand ~ 3.87 m of stiff, reddish-grey clay with silt and sand layers ~ 6.40 m of hard silt with sand layers 40P01-23 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 2.13 m of sand ~ 0.61 m of silty sand and gravel ~ 8.38 m of hard, purplish-brown, silty clay till 40P01-59 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 6.71 m of fine to medium sand with some silt and gravel ~ 0.94 m of dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P01-53 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 7.22 m of compact, brown to grey, gravelly sand with some silt ~ 1.62 m of compact, sandy silt; trace clay 40P01-54 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.61 m of compact, sand and gravel fill ~ m of compact, silty sand till 40P01-55 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ m of sandy gravel to gravelly sand 40P01-29 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 5.79 m of loose, brown silt with trace fine sand ~ 5.33 m of dense, sand and gravel with trace silt 40P01-56 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.22 m of silty sand with some gravel and organics ~ 1.68 m of dense, sand and gravel with some silt 40P01-27 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 6.55 m of gravel and boulders with silty sand (till) 58

71 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P01-18 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.52 m of soft sand, silt and organics ~ 7.32 m of stiff, grey, irregularly stratified clayey silt and silt ~ 2.29 m of dense, grey, sandy silt till 40P01-30 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.61 m of black, organic topsoil ~ m of dense, silty sand to sandy silt till 40P01-06 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 7.62 m of loose, brown, fine to medium sand ~ 3.51 m of dense, brown, stratified sandy silt, fine sandy silt and clayey silt 40P01-07 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 4.57 m of medium dense, brown, silty clayey sand ~ 8.07 m of dense, brown, silty clayey sand 40P01-10 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 4.27 m of loose, grey, fine sand and silt (fill) ~ 2.74 m of hard, grey, silty clay ~ 8.69 m of dense, grey, fine sand and silt 40P01-13 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 2.44 m of compact, fine to coarse sand and gravel fill ~ 3.66 m of stiff, grey to brown, silty clay ~ 6.40 m of stiff, brown, clayey silt to silty clay 40P01-20 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 5.18 m of soft, brown, clayey silt with sand and organics ~ m of compact, grey, irregularly stratified silt and silty clay ~ 5.49 m of compact, grey, sandy silt Bedrock - limestone 40P01-21 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 3.35 m of stiff, brown, clayey silt to silt ~ m of loose, grey, irregularly stratified silt and clayey silt ~ 5.18 m of compact, grey silt with trace sand Bedrock 40P01-79 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ m of stiff, silty clay with stratified trace sand and silt seams Bedrock 40P01-75 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 4.00 m of loose, silt and fine sand with organics ~ 9.60 m of stiff, alternating layers of clayey silt and silty clay ~ 0.90 m of firm, sand and gravel with clayey silt Bedrock - dolostone 59

72 ARIP 159 Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material 40P01-32 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 4.88 m of sandy, clayey silt fill ~ m of grey, stratified clay and clayey silt 40P01-77 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.40 m of stiff, brown, stratified silty clay ~ 2.00 m of compact silt with a trace of sand and clay ~ m of stiff, grey, stratified silty clay with a trace of sand Bedrock - fractured dolostone 40P01-74 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.52 m of fine sand and organics ~ m of stiff, stratified silt, clay, silty clay, clayey silt 40P01-47 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 3.05 m of stiff, brown clayey silt, sand and gravel - fill ~ m of stiff, grey, clayey silt / silty clay 40P01-68 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 1.52 m of brown silt, sand and gravel fill ~ 2.29 m of stiff, brown silt with seams of clay ~ m of stiff, silty clay, silt and clay rhythmites 40P01-37 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.82 m of silty sand and gravel fill ~ 6.34 m of stiff, brown silty clay / clayey silt - rhythmites Bedrock - limestone / dolostone with gypsum nodules 40P01-16 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.94 m of medium stiff, clay and silt with organics ~ 4.21 m of soft silt and clay Bedrock 40P01-69 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: ~ m ~ 0.30 m of dense, brown sand fill ~ 5.49 m of stiff, grey to reddish-brown, layered clayey silt, silty clay and silt ~ 0.30 m of hard, grey, clayey silt till 40P01-39 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 Elevation: not available ~ 3.96 m of stiff, brown, silty clay fill ~ 3.66 m of loose, sand and gravel fill ~ 3.66 m of very stiff, brown to greyish brown, clay till BF-TH-01 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [5] Elevation: not available ~ 1.52 m of silty fine to medium sand ~ 1.52 m of silty fine sand ~ 1.52 m of medium to coarse sand with fine to medium gravel ~ 6.10 m of coarse sand with fine to medium gravel 60

73 County of Oxford County of Brant Borehole Number [Source] Table 7 - Summary of Borehole Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant Generalized Description of Material BF-TH-02 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [5] Elevation: not available ~ 1.52 m of silty fine to coarse sand with ~ 40% fine to medium gravel ~ 1.52 m of silty fine to coarse sand with some fine to medium gravel ~ 1.52 m of silty fine to medium sand with ~ 50% subrounded fine to medium gravel ~ 1.52 m of silty fine to coarse sand with some fine gravel ~ 1.52 m of coarse sand with fine gravel ~ 1.52 m of medium to coarse sand with fine gravel BF-TH-03 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [5] Elevation: not available ~ 1.52 m of silty fine to medium sand ~ 1.52 m of slightly silty fine to medium sand with occasional clasts ~ 1.52 m of silty medium to coarse sand with occasional clasts ~ 1.52 m of slightly silty fine to medium sand ~ 1.52 m of slightly silty fine to medium sand BF-TH-04 UTM: m E m N, NAD83, Zone 17 [5] Elevation: not available ~ 1.52 m of silty fine to medium sand with occasional clasts ~ 1.52 m of fine to medium sand with occasional pebbles ~ 1.52 m of coarse sand with occasional clasts ~ 1.52 m of medium subrounded gravel with very silty medium sand ~ 1.52 m of very silty fine sand Sources of Data: not indicated = this study, and geotechnical studies completed by different engineering and consulting firms for the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and provided to OGS staff. [ 1 ] Ontario Geological Survey (1983a); [ 2 ] Ontario Geological Survey (1983b); [ 3 ] Ontario Geological Survey (1994); [ 4 ] Ontario Geological Survey (1982); [ 5 ] Ontario Geological Survey (1980b). Table 8 - Summary of Geophysical Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant NONE 61

74 ARIP 159 Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150% County of Oxford Township of Zorra (includes the northern part of the Town of Ingersoll - north of the Thames River) Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Secondary Resource Area Outwash Deposits

75 County of Oxford County of Brant Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150% Buried Deposit Township of East Zorra Tavistock (includes the northwestern part of the City of Woodstock) Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Township of Blandford Blenheim (includes the northeastern part of the City of Woodstock) Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Secondary Resource Area Northwestern Deposit Area Secondary Resource Area Northeastern Deposit Area Township of Southwest Oxford (includes the southern part of the Town of Ingersoll, south of the Thames River, and the Town of Tillsonburg) Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area

76 ARIP 159 Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150% Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Secondary Resource Area Outwash Deposits Township of Norwich (includes the southern part of the City of Woodstock) Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area Secondary Resource Area Cedar Creek Area County of Brant Selected Sand and Gravel Resources Area

77 County of Oxford County of Brant Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150%

78 ARIP 159 Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150%

79 County of Oxford County of Brant Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150% Secondary Resource Area St. George Beach Area

80 ARIP 159 Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150% Secondary Resource Area Southwest of Paris Secondary Resource Area West of the City of Brantford to Scotland Area Buried Deposit Near Airport

81 County of Oxford County of Brant Table 9 - Aggregate Quality Test Data, County of Oxford and County of Brant COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number MgSO 4 Micro- Los Angeles Freeze Absorption Relative Mortar Bar (%) Deval Mortar Bar Bulk Accelerated MgSO 4 Micro- Accelerated (%) Deval Abrasion Thaw Granular Hot Mix Abrasion Test (% Loss) (%) Density (14 days) Abrasion (% Loss) and and (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) (% Loss) Generally 16 mm Concrete Acceptable Values: <12 15% <14 17% <35 45% <6% <2% >2.5 <0.150% <25% <15 25% <0.150% Other Resource Areas Bedrock Results Bass Islands Formation ** Lucas Formation ** Anderdon Member, Lucas Formation Dundee Formation Note - The quality test data refer strictly to a specific sample. Because of the inherent variability of sand and gravel deposits, care should be exercised in extrapolating such information to the rest of the deposit, particularly where some of the deposits may be quite large. ** Samples collected as part of the aggregate resources inventory for the County of Bruce. 69

82 ARIP 159 Table 10 - Gradation and Lithology Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Gradation File Coarse Aggregate (%) Sand (%) Fines (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%) County of Oxford Township of Zorra (includes the northern part of the Town of Ingersoll - north of the Thames River) Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1 Gradation Gradation Gradation Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4 Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Secondary Resource Area Outwash Deposits Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation

83 County of Oxford County of Brant Gradation File Buried Deposit Coarse Aggregate (%) Table 10 - Gradation and Lithology Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Sand (%) Fines (%) Gradation Gradation Other Deposit Area Gradation Township of East Zorra Tavistock (includes the northwestern part of the City of Woodstock) Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5 Gradation Gradation Secondary Resource Area Outwash Deposits Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%) Gradation Gradation Gradation Other Deposit Areas Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Township of Blandford Blenheim (includes the northeastern part of the City of Woodstock) Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6 Gradation Gradation Gradation Secondary Resource Area Northwestern Deposit Gradation Secondary Resource Area Northeastern Deposit Gradation Gradation Other Deposit Area Gradation Township of Southwest Oxford (includes the southern part of the Town of Ingersoll, south of the Thames River, and the Town of Tillsonburg) Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation

84 ARIP 159 Gradation File Coarse Aggregate (%) Table 10 - Gradation and Lithology Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Sand (%) Fines (%) Gradation Gradation Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8 Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%) Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Secondary Resource Area Outwash Deposits Township of Norwich (includes the southern part of the City of Woodstock) Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area Gradation Gradation Gradation County of Brant Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation

85 County of Oxford County of Brant Gradation File Coarse Aggregate (%) Table 10 - Gradation and Lithology Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Sand (%) Fines (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%) Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation

86 ARIP 159 Gradation File Coarse Aggregate (%) Table 10 - Gradation and Lithology Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Sand (%) Fines (%) Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Secondary Resource Area St. George Beach Area Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Secondary Resource Area Southwest of Paris Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%)

87 County of Oxford County of Brant Gradation File Coarse Aggregate (%) Table 10 - Gradation and Lithology Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Sand (%) Fines (%) Secondary Resource Area West of the City Brantford to the Scotland Area Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%) Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Buried Deposit Near Airport Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation Other Resource Areas Gradation Gradation Gradation Gradation

88 ARIP 159 Texture Table 11 Till Analysis (Physical Properties) Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Pebble Lithology Carbonates Heavy Minerals Till Unit [Source*] Canning Till Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] Catfish Creek Till [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] Precambrian Clasts (%) Limestone/ Dolomite (ratio) Calcite (%) Dolomite (%) Total (%) Calcite/ Dolomite (ratio) Total (%) Magnetics (%) 76

89 County of Oxford County of Brant Texture Table 11 Till Analysis (Physical Properties) Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Pebble Lithology Carbonates Heavy Minerals Till Unit [Source*] Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] Tavistock Till [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] Precambrian Clasts (%) Limestone/ Dolomite (ratio) Calcite (%) Dolomite (%) Total (%) Calcite/ Dolomite (ratio) Total (%) Magnetics (%) 77

90 ARIP 159 Texture Table 11 Till Analysis (Physical Properties) Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Pebble Lithology Carbonates Heavy Minerals Till Unit [Source*] Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%) [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] Limestone/ Dolomite (ratio) Calcite (%) Dolomite (%) Total (%) Calcite/ Dolomite (ratio) Total (%) Magnetics (%) 78

91 County of Oxford County of Brant Texture Table 11 Till Analysis (Physical Properties) Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Pebble Lithology Carbonates Heavy Minerals Till Unit [Source*] Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] Port Stanley Till [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] Precambrian Clasts (%) Limestone/ Dolomite (ratio) Calcite (%) Dolomite (%) Total (%) Calcite/ Dolomite (ratio) Total (%) Magnetics (%) 79

92 ARIP 159 Texture Table 11 Till Analysis (Physical Properties) Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Pebble Lithology Carbonates Heavy Minerals Till Unit [Source*] Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) Precambrian Clasts (%) [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] ,1 - - [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] Limestone/ Dolomite (ratio) Calcite (%) Dolomite (%) Total (%) Calcite/ Dolomite (ratio) Total (%) Magnetics (%) 80

93 County of Oxford County of Brant Texture Table 11 Till Analysis (Physical Properties) Results, County of Oxford and County of Brant Pebble Lithology Carbonates Heavy Minerals Till Unit [Source*] Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Limestone (%) Dolostone (%) Chert (%) Sandstone (%) Siltstone (%) Shale (%) [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] Wentworth Till [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] [ 6 ] Precambrian Clasts (%) Limestone/ Dolomite (ratio) * Sources of Data: [ 1 ] Cowan (1979); [ 2 ] Karrow (1993a); [ 3 ] A.J. Cooper (OGS, unpublished report, 1981); [ 4 ] Cowan (1975c); [ 5 ] Cowan (1975a); [ 6 ] Barnett (1982). Calcite (%) Dolomite (%) Total (%) Calcite/ Dolomite (ratio) Total (%) Magnetics (%) 81

94 ARIP 159 Formation [Source*] Dundee Formation SiO 2 (%) Al 2 O 3 (%) Table 12 - Results of Geochemical Analyses of Bedrock Samples, County of Oxford and County of Brant MnO (%) MgO (%) CaO (%) Na 2 O (%) [ 1 ] K 2 O (%) P 2 O 5 (%) TiO 2 (%) Fe 2 O 3 (%) [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] Lucas Formation [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] LOI (%) Total (%) 82

95 County of Oxford County of Brant Formation [Source*] SiO 2 (%) Al 2 O 3 (%) Table 12 - Results of Geochemical Analyses of Bedrock Samples, County of Oxford and County of Brant MnO (%) MgO (%) CaO (%) Na 2 O (%) K 2 O (%) P 2 O 5 (%) TiO 2 (%) Fe 2 O 3 (%) [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < <0.01 < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < <0.01 < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < [ 3 ] < <0.01 < < *Sources of Data: [ 1 ] Hewitt and Vos (1972); [ 2 ] Derry Michener Booth and Wahl and Ontario Geological Survey (1989); [ 3 ] Birchard, Rutka and Brunton (2004). LOI (%) Total (%) 83

96 References Armstrong, D.K. and Carter, T.R The subsurface Paleozoic stratigraphy of southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 7, 301p. Armstrong, D.K. and Dodge, J.E.P Paleozoic geology of southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release Data 219. Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario Performance standards for professional engineers advising on and reporting on oil, gas and mineral properties; Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario, 11p. Bajc, A.F. and Dodge, J.E.P Three-dimensional mapping of surficial deposits in the Brantford-Woodstock area, southwestern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Groundwater Resources Study 10, 86p. Barnett, P.J Quaternary geology of the Tillsonburg area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 220, 87p Quaternary geology of Ontario; in Geology of Ontario, Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, Part 2, p Barnett, P.J. and Girard, C.K Quaternary geology of the Tillsonburg area; Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2473, scale 1: Barnett, P.J. and Starkoski, A.L Drift thickness of the Tillsonburg area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.1568, scale 1: Bezys, R.K. and Johnson, M.D The geology of the Paleozoic formations utilized by the limestone industry of Ontario; The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, v.81, no.912, p Birchard, M.C., Rutka, M.A. and Brunton, F.R Lithofacies and geochemistry of the Lucas Formation in the subsurface of southwestern Ontario: A high-purity limestone and potential high-purity dolostone resource; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6137, 180p. Brown, G.O Comparative geochemistry of southwestern Ontario black shales, in bedrock and till clasts, for glacier provenance; unpublished BSc thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 134p. Chapman, L.J. and Putnam, D.F The physiography of southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2, 270p., accompanied by Preliminary Map P.2715, scale 1: Physiography of southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release Data 228. Cooper, A.J Quaternary geology of the Goderich Seaforth area, southern Ontario; unpublished report for the Ontario Geological Survey. Cowan, W.R. 1970a. Pleistocene geology of the Brantford area, southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Open File Report 5048, 150p. 1970b. Pleistocene geology of the Brantford area, southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Map 2240, scale 1: a. Quaternary geology of the Woodstock area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Geological Report 119, 91p. 1975b. Quaternary geology of the Woodstock area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Map 2281, scale 1: c. Stratigraphy and quantitative analysis of Wisconsinan tills, Brantford Woodstock area, Ontario, Canada; unpublished PhD thesis, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, 219p Quaternary geology of the Palmerston area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 187, 64p. Davies, L.L. and McClymont, W.R Bedrock topography of the Woodstock area, southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Preliminary Map P.169, scale 1: Derry Michener Booth and Wahl and Ontario Geological Survey Limestone industries of Ontario, Volume 3 Limestone industries and resources of central and southwestern Ontario; Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Management Branch, Toronto, Ontario, 175p. Feenstra, B.H Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy in the northern part of the Stratford Conestogo area, southern Ontario; unpublished MSc thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 232p Quaternary geology and industrial minerals of the Niagara Welland area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5361, 260p. Goff, K. and Brown, D.R Thames River Basin water management study, technical report; Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Toronto, Ontario, Water Resources Report 14, 4p. Guillet, G.R Gypsum in Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report No. 18, 126p. Hewitt, D.F The limestone industries of Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Circular 5, 177p The Niagara Escarpment; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report No.35, 71p. Hewitt, D.F. and Vos, M.A The limestone industries of Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report No.39, 79p. Hickinbotham, A Groundwater probability for the County of Brant; Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Toronto, Ontario, Water Resources Map 3100, 6p. Holden, K.M., Thomas, J. and Karrow, P.F Bedrock topography of the Stratford area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.3211, scale 1: Ingham, K.W. and Dunikowska-Koniuszy, Z The distribution, character and basic properties of cherts in southwestern Ontario; Department of Highways of Ontario, No. RB106, 35p. Johnson, M.D., Armstrong, D.K., Sanford, B.V., Telford, P.G., and Rutka, M.A Paleozoic and Mesozoic geology of Ontario; in Geology of Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, Part 2, p Karrow, P.F Till stratigraphy in parts of southwestern Ontario; Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.85, p a. Quaternary geology of the St. Marys area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Report 148, 59p. 1977b. Quaternary geology of the St. Marys area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Map 2366, scale 1: a. Quaternary geology of the Hamilton Cambridge area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 255, 94p. 1987b. Quaternary geology of the Cambridge area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2508, scale 1: a. Quaternary geology of the Stratford Conestogo area; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 283, 104p. 84

97 County of Oxford County of Brant 1993b. Quaternary geology of the Stratford area; Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2559, scale 1: Karrow, P.F. and Ferguson, A.J Bedrock topography of the St. Marys area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map P.266, scale 1: Karrow, P.F. and Sprague, D.J Bedrock topography of the Brantford area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map P.1049, scale 1: Kelly, R.I High-purity calcite and dolomite resources of Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5954, 39p. Marich, A.S., Priebe, E.H., Bajc, A.F., Rainsford, D.R.B. and Zwiers, W.G A geological and hydrogeological investigation of the Dundas buried valley, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Groundwater Resources Study 12, 248p. Ontario Geological Survey 1980a. Aggregate resources inventory of South Dumfries Township, Brant County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 10, 31p. 1980b. Aggregate resources inventory of Brantford Township, Brant County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 8, 32p. 1980c. Aggregate resources inventory of Oakland Township, Brant County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 33, 30p Aggregate resources inventory of Burford Township, Brant County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 43, 31p Aggregate resources inventory of the Township of Norwich, Oxford County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 66, 31p. 1983a. Aggregate resources inventory of the Township of East Zorra Tavistock, Oxford County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 63, 33p. 1983b. Aggregate resources inventory of the Township of Blandford Blenheim, Oxford County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 68, 45p Aggregate resources inventory of Zorra Township, Oxford County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 61, 35p Aggregate resources inventory of the Township of Southwest Oxford, Oxford County, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 62, 61p. Ontario Geological Survey and Planning and Engineering Initiatives Limited Aggregate resources inventory of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, townships of North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot and Woolwich and the cities of Cambridge, Kitchener, and Waterloo; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 161, 64p. Ontario Interministerial Committee on National Standards and Specifications (Metric Committee) Metric Practice Guide; 67p. Planning Initiatives Limited Aggregate resources of southern Ontario A state of the resources study; Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario, 201p. Robertson, J.A Mineral deposit studies, mineral potential evaluation and regional planning in Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Miscellaneous Paper 61, 42p. Rowell, D.J. 2012a. Aggregate resources inventory of the County of Bruce, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 190, 94p. 2012b. Aggregate test results for various rock types in Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release Data Aggregate resources inventory of the County of Perth, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 175, 75p. Rutka, M.A. and Birchard, M.C Facies and geochemical analysis and evaluation of carbonate resources from the Lucas Formation cores in the subsurface, southwestern Ontario; in Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 1993, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 163, p Sado, E.V The Quaternary stratigraphy and history of the Lucan map area, southwestern Ontario; unpublished MSc thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, 146p. Sado, E.V. and Jones, D Bedrock topography of the Lucan area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.291, scale 1: Sado, E.V. and Vagners, U.J Quaternary geology of the Lucan area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map P.1048, scale 1: Sibul, U. and Morrison, W.D Water resources of the Big Otter Creek drainage basin; Ontario Water Resources Commission, Toronto, Ontario, Water Resources Report 1, 91p. Statistics Canada Population and dwelling counts for Canada, province and territories; Government of Canada, 2011 Census of Population. Telford, P.G. 1979a. Paleozoic geology of the Brantford area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.1984, scale 1: b. Paleozoic geology of the Cambridge area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.1983, scale 1: Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sherriff, R.E. and Keys, D.A Applied geophysics; Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom, 860p. The Ontario Aggregate Resources Corporation Mineral aggregates in Ontario, statistical update 2011; The Ontario Aggregate Resources Corporation, unpublished report, 22p. Uyeno, T.T., Telford, P.G. and Sanford, B.V Devonian conodonts and stratigraphy of southwestern Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 332, 55p. Vos, M.A Drift thickness, Galt Hamilton area, southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Preliminary Map P.535, scale 1: Westgate, J.A. and Dreimanis, A The Pleistocene sequence at Zorra, southwestern Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.4, p Yakutchik, T.J. and Lammers, W Water resources of the Big Creek drainage basin; Ontario Water Resources Commission, Toronto, Ontario, Water Resources Report 2, 172p. 85

98 Appendix A Suggested Additional Reading and References Antevs, E The last glaciation, with special reference to the ice retreat in northeastern North America; American Geography Society, Research Series No. 17, 292p. Banerjee, I. and McDonald, B.C Nature of esker sedimentation; in Glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sedimentation, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Paper No. 23, p Bauer, A.M A guide to site development and rehabilitation of pits and quarries; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 33, 62p. Bezys, R.K. and Johnson, M.D The geology of the Paleozoic formations utilized by the limestone industry of Ontario; The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, v.81, no.912, p Chapman, L.J. and Putnam, D.F Physiography of southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release Data 228. Cowan, W.R Toward the inventory of Ontario's mineral aggregates; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 73, 19p. Derry Michener Booth and Wahl and Ontario Geological Survey 1989a. Limestone industries of Ontario, Volume 1 Geology, properties and economics; Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Management Branch, Toronto, Ontario, 158p. 1989b. Limestone industries of Ontario, Volume 2 Limestone industries and resources of eastern and northern Ontario; Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Management Branch, Toronto, Ontario, 196p. Fairbridge, R.W. ed The encyclopedia of geomorphology; Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, v.3, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, 1295p. Flint, R.F Glacial and Quaternary geology; John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 892p. Hewitt, D.F. and Vos, M.A Urbanization and rehabilitation of pits and quarries; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 34, 21p. Hoffman, D.W. and Richards, N.R Soil survey of Bruce County; Canada Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Agricultural College, Report No.16, 110p. Johnson, M.D., Armstrong, D.K., Sanford, B.V., Telford, P.G., and Rutka, M.A Paleozoic and Mesozoic geology of Ontario; in Geology of Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, Part 2, p Karrow, P.F The Lake Algonquin shoreline, Kincardine Port Elgin, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.25, p Liberty, B.A Geology of the Bruce Peninsula area, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 65-41, 8p. plus 13 maps. Lowe, S.B Trees and shrubs for the improvement and rehabilitation of pits and quarries in Ontario; Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario, 71p. McLellan, A.G., Yundt, S.E. and Dorfman, M.L Abandoned pits and quarries in Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 79, 36p. Michalski, M.F.P., Gregory, D.R. and Usher, A.J Rehabilitation of pits and quarries for fish and wildlife; Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Management Branch, Toronto, Ontario, 59p. Ministry of Natural Resources Vegetation for the rehabilitation of pits and quarries; Ministry of Natural Resources, Division of Forests, Forest Management Branch, Toronto, Ontario, 38p. Neuendorf, K.K.E., Mehl, J.P., Jr. and Jackson, J.A Glossary of geology, 5th ed.; American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 779p. Ontario The Mining Act; Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1990, Chapter M.14. Ontario Geological Survey Surficial geology of southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release Data 128. Ontario Mineral Aggregate Working Party A policy for mineral aggregate resource management in Ontario; Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario, 232p. Rogers, C.A Alkali aggregate reactions, concrete and aggregate testing and problem aggregates in Ontario A review, 5 th ed.; Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Engineering Materials Office, Toronto, Ontario, Paper EM-31, 44p Evaluation of the potential for expansion and cracking of concrete caused by the alkali carbonate reaction; Journal of Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, v.8, no.1, p Taylor, F.B The moraine systems of southwestern Ontario; Royal Canadian Institute, Transactions, v.10, p Wolf, R.R An inventory of inactive quarries in the Paleozoic limestone and dolostone strata of Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5863, 272p. 86

99 Appendix B Glossary Abrasion Resistance: Tests such as the Los Angeles abrasion test (see Appendix E) are used to measure the ability of aggregate to resist crushing and pulverizing under conditions similar to those encountered in processing and use. Measuring resistance is an important component in the evaluation of the quality and prospective uses of aggregate. Hard, durable material is preferred for road building. Acid-Soluble Chloride Ion Content: This test measures total chloride ion content in concrete and is used to judge the likelihood of re-bar corrosion and susceptibility to deterioration by freeze thaw in concrete structures. There is a strong positive correlation between chloride ion content and depassivation of reinforcing steel in concrete. Depassivation permits corrosion of the steel in the presence of oxygen and moisture. Chloride ions are contributed mainly by the application of de-icing salts. Aggregate: Any hard, inert, construction material (sand, gravel, shells, slag, crushed stone or other mineral material) used for mixing in various-sized fragments with a cement or bituminous material to form concrete, mortar, etc., or used alone for road building or other construction. Synonyms include mineral aggregate and granular material. Alkali Aggregate Reaction: A chemical reaction between the alkalis of Portland cement and certain minerals found in rocks used for aggregate. Alkali aggregate reactions are undesirable because they can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. Although perfectly suitable for building stone and asphalt applications, alkali-reactive aggregates should be avoided for structural concrete uses. Beneficiation: Beneficiation of aggregates is a process or combination of processes that improves the quality (physical properties) of a mineral aggregate and is not part of the normal processing for a particular use, such as routine crushing, screening, washing, or classification. Heavy media separation, jigging, or application of special crushers (e.g., cage mill ) are usually considered processes of beneficiation. Blending: Required in cases of extreme coarseness, fineness, or other irregularities in the gradation of unprocessed aggregate. Blending is done with approved sand-sized aggregate in order to satisfy the gradation requirements of the material. Cambrian: The first period of the Paleozoic Era, thought to have covered the time between 540 and 500 million years age. The Cambrian precedes the Ordovician Period. Chert: Amorphous silica, generally associated with limestone. Often occur as irregular masses or lenses, but can also occur finely disseminated through limestones. It may be very hard in unleached form. In leached form, it is white and chalky and is very absorptive. It has deleterious effect for aggregates to be used in Portland cement concrete due to reactivity with alkalis in Portland cement. Clast: An individual constituent, grain or fragment of a sediment or rock, produced by the mechanical weathering of larger rock mass. Synonyms include particle and fragment. Crushable Aggregate: Unprocessed gravel containing a minimum of 35% coarse aggregate larger than the No. 4 sieve (4.75 mm) as well as a minimum of 20% greater than the 26.5 mm sieve. Deleterious Lithology: A general term used to designate those rock types that are chemically or physically unsuited for use as construction or road-building aggregates. Such lithologies as chert, shale, siltstone and sandstone may deteriorate rapidly when exposed to traffic and other environmental conditions. Devonian: A period of the Paleozoic Era thought to have covered the span of time between 410 and 355 million years ago, following the Silurian Period. Rocks formed in the Devonian Period are among the youngest Paleozoic rocks in Ontario. Dolostone: A carbonate sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of the mineral dolomite and containing relatively little calcite (dolostone is also known as dolomite). Drift: A general term for all unconsolidated rock debris, transported from one place and deposited in another, distinguished from underlying bedrock. In North America, glacial activity has been the dominant mode of transport and deposition of drift. Synonyms include overburden and surficial deposit. Drumlin: A low, smoothly rounded, elongated hill, mound or ridge composed of glacial materials. These landforms were formed beneath an advancing ice sheet and were shaped by its flow. Eolian: Pertaining to the wind, especially with respect to landforms the constituents of which were transported and deposited by wind activity. Sand dunes are an example of an eolian landform. Fines: A general term used to describe the size fraction of an aggregate which passes (is finer than) the No. 200 mesh screen (0.075 mm). Also described informally as dirt, these particles are in the silt and clay size range. Glacial Lobe: A tongue-like projection from the margin of the main mass of an ice cap or ice sheet. During the Pleistocene Epoch, several lobes of the Laurentide continental ice sheet occupied the Great Lakes basins. These lobes advanced then melted back numerous times during the Pleistocene, producing the complex arrangement of glacial material and landforms found in Ontario. Gneiss: A coarse-textured metamorphic rock with the minerals arranged in parallel streaks or bands. Gneiss is relatively rich in feldspar. Other common minerals found in this rock include quartz, mica, amphibole and garnet. 87

100 ARIP 159 Gradation: The proportion of material of each particle size, or the frequency distribution of the various sizes, which constitute a sediment. The strength, durability, permeability and stability of an aggregate depend to a great extent on its gradation. The size limits for different particles are as follows: Boulder more than 200 mm Cobbles mm Coarse Gravel mm Fine Gravel mm Coarse Sand mm Medium Sand mm Fine Sand mm Silt, Clay less than mm Granite: A coarse-grained, light-coloured rock that ordinarily has an even texture and is composed of quartz and feldspar with either mica, hornblende or both. Granular Base and Subbase: Components of a pavement structure of a road, which are placed on the subgrade and are designed to provide strength, stability and drainage, as well as support for surfacing materials. Granular A consists of crushed and processed aggregate and has relatively stringent quality standards in comparison to Granular B, which is usually pit-run or other unprocessed aggregate. Granular M is a shouldering and surface dressing material with quality requirements similar to Granular A. Select Subgrade Material (SSM) has similar quality requirements to Granular B and it provides a stable platform for the overlying pavement structure. (For more specific information, the reader is referred to Ontario Provincial Standard Specification (OPSS) 1010 and Appendix E). Heavy Duty Binder: Second layer from the top of hot mix asphalt pavements used on heavily travelled (especially by trucks) expressways, such as Highway 401. Coarse and fine aggregates are to be produced from high-quality bedrock quarries, except when gravel is permitted by special provisions. Hot-Laid (or Asphaltic) Paving Aggregate: Bituminous, cemented aggregates used in the construction of pavements either as surface or bearing course or as binder course used to bind the surface course to the underlying granular base. Limestone: A carbonate sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of the mineral calcite. It may contain the mineral dolomite up to about 40%. Lithology: The description of rocks on the basis of such characteristics as colour, structure, mineralogic composition and grain size. Generally, the description of the physical character of a rock. Medium Duty Binder: Second layer from the top of hot mix asphalt pavements used on heavily travelled, usually fourlane, highways and municipal arterial roads. It may be constructed with high-quality quarried rock or high-quality gravel with a high percentage of fractured faces or polymer modified asphalt cements. Meltwater Channel: A drainage way, often terraced, produced by water flowing away from a melting glacier margin. Ordovician: An early period of the Paleozoic Era thought to have covered the span of time between 500 and 435 million years ago. Paleozoic: One of the major divisions of the geologic time scale thought to have covered the time period between 540 and 250 million years ago, the Paleozoic Era (or Ancient Life Era) is subdivided into 6 geologic periods, of which only 4 (Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian) can be recognized in southern Ontario. Pleistocene: An epoch of the recent geological past including the time from approximately 1.75 million years ago to 7000 years ago. Much of the Pleistocene was characterized by extensive glacial activity and is popularly referred to as the Great Ice Age. Possible Resource: Reserve estimates based largely on broad knowledge of the geological character of the deposit and for which there are few, if any, samples or measurements. The estimates are based on assumed continuity or repetition for which there are reasonable geological indications, but do not take into account many site-specific natural and environmental constraints that could render the resource inaccessible. Precambrian: The earliest geological period extending from the consolidation of the Earth s crust to the beginning of the Cambrian Period. Sandstone: A clastic sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of sand-sized particles of quartz and minor feldspar, cemented together by calcareous minerals (calcite or dolomite) or by silica. Shale: A fine-grained, sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of clay, silt or mud and characterized by welldeveloped bedding planes, along which the rock breaks readily into thin layers. The term shale is also commonly used for fissile claystone, siltstone and mudstone. Siltstone: A clastic sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of silt-sized particles, cemented together by calcareous minerals (calcite and dolomite) or by silica. Silurian: An early period of the Paleozoic Era thought to have covered the time between 435 and 410 million years ago. The Silurian follows the Ordovician Period and precedes the Devonian Period. Soundness: The ability of the components of an aggregate to withstand the effects of various weathering processes and agents. Unsound lithologies are subject to disintegration caused by the expansion of absorbed solutions. This may seriously impair the performance of road-building and construction aggregates. Till: Unsorted and unstratified rock debris, deposited directly by glaciers, and ranging in size from clay to large boulders. Wisconsinan: Pertaining to the last glacial period of the Pleistocene Epoch in North America. The Wisconsinan began approximately years ago and ended approximately 7000 years ago. The glacial deposits and landforms of Ontario are predominantly the result of glacial activity during the Wisconsinan Stage. 88

101 Appendix C Geology of Sand and Gravel Deposits The type, distribution and extent of sand and gravel deposits in Ontario are the result of extensive glacial and glacially influenced activity in Wisconsinan time during the Pleistocene Epoch, approximately to 7000 years ago. The deposit types reflect the different depositional environments that existed during the melting and retreat of the continental ice masses, and can readily be differentiated on the basis of their morphology, structure and texture. The deposit types are described below. GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS These deposits can be divided into 2 broad categories: those that were formed in contact with (or in close proximity to) glacial ice, and those that were deposited by meltwaters carrying materials beyond the ice margin. Ice Contact Terraces (ICT): These are glaciofluvial features deposited between the glacial margin and a confining topographic high, such as the side of a valley. The structure of the deposits may be similar to that of outwash deposits, but, in most cases, the sorting and grading of the material is more variable and the bedding is discontinuous because of extensive slumping. The probability of locating large amounts of crushable aggregate is moderate, and extraction may be expensive because of the variability of the deposits both in terms of quality and grain size distribution. Kames (K): Kames are defined as mounds of poorly sorted sand and gravel deposited by meltwater in depressions or fissures on the ice surface or at its margin. During glacial retreat, the melting of supporting ice causes collapse of the deposits, producing internal structures characterized by bedding discontinuities. The deposits consist mainly of irregularly bedded and cross-bedded, poorly sorted sand and gravel. The present forms of the deposits include single mounds, linear ridges (crevasse fillings) or complex groups of landforms. The latter are occasionally described as undifferentiated icecontact stratified drift (IC) when detailed subsurface information is unavailable. Since kames commonly contain large amounts of fine-grained material and are characterized by considerable variability, there is generally a low to moderate probability of discovering large amounts of good quality, crushable aggregate. Extractive problems encountered in these deposits are mainly the excessive variability of the aggregate and the rare presence of excess fines (silt- and clay-sized particles). Eskers (E): Eskers are narrow, sinuous ridges of sand and gravel deposited by meltwaters flowing in tunnels within or at the base of glaciers, or in channels on the ice surface. Eskers vary greatly in size. Many, though not all, eskers consist of a central core of poorly sorted and stratified gravel characterized by a wide range in grain size. The core material is often draped on its flanks by better sorted and stratified sand and gravel. The deposits have a high probability of containing a large proportion of crushable aggregate and, since they are generally built above the surrounding ground surface, are convenient extraction sites. For these reasons, esker deposits have been traditional aggregate sources throughout Ontario, and are significant components of the total resources of many areas. Some planning constraints and opportunities are inherent in the nature of the deposits. Because of their linear nature, the deposits commonly extend across several property boundaries leading to unorganized extractive development at numerous small pits. On the other hand, because of their form, eskers can be easily and inexpensively extracted and are amenable to rehabilitation and sequential land use. Undifferentiated Ice-Contact Stratified Drift (IC): This designation may include deposits from several ice-contact, depositional environments which usually form extensive, complex landforms. It is not feasible to identify individual areas of coarse-grained material within such deposits because of their lack of continuity and grain size variability. They are given a qualitative rating based on existing pit and other subsurface data. Outwash (OW): Outwash deposits consist of sand and gravel laid down by meltwaters beyond the margin of the ice lobes. The deposits occur as sheets or as terraced valley fills (valley trains) and may be very large in extent and thickness. Well-developed outwash deposits have good horizontal bedding and are uniform in grain size distribution. Outwash deposited near the glacier s margin is much more variable in texture and structure. The probability of locating useful crushable aggregates in outwash deposits is moderate to high depending on how much information on size, distribution and thickness is available. Subaqueous Fans (SF): Subaqueous fans are formed within or near the mouths of meltwater conduits when sedimentladen meltwaters are discharged into a standing body of water. The geometry of the resulting deposit is fan or lobe shaped. Several of these lobes may be joined together to form a larger, continuous sedimentary body. Internally, subaqueous fans consist of stratified sands and gravels that may exhibit wide variations in grain size distribution. As these features were deposited under glacial lake waters, silt and clay that settled out of these lakes may be associated in varying amounts with these deposits. The variability of the sediments and presence of fines are the main extractive problems associated with these deposits. Alluvium (AL): Alluvium is a general term for clay, silt, sand, gravel, or similar unconsolidated material deposited during postglacial time by a stream as sorted or semi-sorted sediment, on its bed or on its floodplain. The probability of locating large amounts of crushable aggregate in alluvial deposits is low, and they have generally low value because of the presence of excess silt- and clay-sized material. There are few large postglacial alluvium deposits in Ontario. 89

102 ARIP 159 GLACIOLACUSTRINE DEPOSITS Glaciolacustrine Beach Deposits (LB): These are relatively narrow, linear features formed by wave action at the shores of glacial lakes that existed at various times during the deglaciation of Ontario. Well-developed lacustrine beaches are usually less than 6 m thick. The aggregate is well sorted and stratified and sand-sized material commonly predominates. The composition and size distribution of the deposit depends on the nature of the source material. The probability of obtaining crushable aggregate is high when the material is developed from coarse-grained materials such as a stony till, and low when developed from fine-grained materials. Beaches are relatively narrow, linear deposits, so that extractive operations are often numerous and extensive. Glaciolacustrine Deltas (LD): These features were formed where streams or rivers of glacial meltwater flowed into lakes and deposited their suspended sediment. In Ontario, such deposits tend to consist mainly of sand and abundant silt. However, in near-ice and ice-contact positions, coarse material may be present. Although deltaic deposits may be large, the probability of obtaining coarse material is generally low. Glaciolacustrine Plains (LP): The nearly level surface marking the floor of an extinct glacial lake is called a glaciolacustrine plain. The sediments that form the plain are predominantly fine to medium sand, silt and clay, and were deposited in relatively deep water. Lacustrine deposits are generally of low value as aggregate sources because of their fine grain size and lack of crushable material. In some aggregate-poor areas, lacustrine deposits may constitute valuable sources of fill and some granular subbase aggregate. GLACIOMARINE DEPOSITS Glaciomarine Beach Deposits (MB): Similar to glaciolacustrine beach deposits, glaciomarine beach deposits are formed in a glaciomarine environment (i.e., ocean rather than lake environment). Glaciomarine Deltas (MD): Similar to glaciolacustrine deltas, glaciomarine deltas are the result of a glaciomarine environment. Glaciomarine Plains (MP): Similar to glaciolacustrine plains, glaciomarine plains are the result of a glaciomarine environment. GLACIAL DEPOSITS End Moraines (EM): These are belts of glacial drift deposited at, and parallel to, glacier margins. End moraines commonly consist of ice-contact stratified drift and, in such instances, are usually called kame moraines. Kame moraines commonly result from deposition between 2 glacial lobes (interlobate moraines). The probability of locating aggregates within such features is moderate to low. Exploration and development costs are high. Moraines may be very large and contain vast aggregate resources, but the location of the best areas within the moraine is usually poorly defined. EOLIAN DEPOSITS Windblown Deposits (WD): Windblown deposits are those formed by the transport and deposition of sand by winds. The form of the deposits ranges from extensive, thin layers to well-developed linear and crescentic ridges known as dunes. Most windblown deposits in Ontario are derived from, and deposited on, pre-existing lacustrine sand plain deposits. Windblown sediments almost always consist of fine to coarse sand and are usually well sorted. The probability of locating crushable aggregate in windblown deposits is very low. 90

103 Appendix D Geology of Bedrock Deposits The purpose of this appendix is to familiarize the reader with the general bedrock geology of southern Ontario (Figure D1) and, where known, the potential uses of the various bedrock formations. The reader is cautioned against using this information for more specific purposes. The stratigraphic chart (Figure D2) is intended only to illustrate the stratigraphic sequences in particular geographic areas and should not be used as a regional correlation table. The following description is arranged in ascending stratigraphic order, on a group and formation basis. Precambrian rocks are not discussed. Additional stratigraphic information is included for some formations where necessary. The publications and maps of the Ontario Geological Survey (e.g., Johnson et al and Armstrong and Carter 2010) and the Geological Survey of Canada should be referred to for more detailed information. The lithology, thickness and general use of rocks from these formations are noted. If a formation may be suitable for use as aggregate and aggregate suitability test data are available, the data have been included in the form of ranges. The following short forms have been used in presenting these data: AAV = aggregate abrasion value, Absn = absorption (percent), BRD = bulk relative density, LA = Los Angeles abrasion and impact test (loss in percent), MgSO 4 = magnesium sulphate soundness test (loss in percent), PN (A-C) = PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = petrographic number for asphalt ( A ) and concrete ( C ) use, PSV = polished stone value. The ranges are intended as a guide only and care should be exercised in extrapolating the information to specific situations. Aggregate suitability test data have been provided by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Aggregate suitability tests are defined in Appendix E. Aggregate product specifications are also provided in Appendix E. Covey Hill Formation (Cambrian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Lower formation of the Potsdam Group. LITHOLOGY: Interbedded noncalcareous feldspathic conglomerate and sandstone. THICKNESS: 0 to 14 m. USES: Has been quarried for aggregate in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. Nepean Formation (Cambrian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Upper formation of the Potsdam Group. LITHOLOGY: Thin- to massive-bedded quartz sandstone with some conglomerate interbeds and rare shaly partings. THICKNESS: 0 to 30 m. USES: Suitable as dimension stone; quarried at Philipsville and Forfar for silica sand; alkali silica reactive in Portland cement concrete. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 54-68, AAV = 4-15, MgSO 4 = 9-32, LA = 44-90, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = March Formation (Lower Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Lower formation of the Beekmantown Group. LITHOLOGY: Interbedded quartz sandstone, dolomitic quartz sandstone, sandy dolostone and dolostone. THICKNESS: 6 to 64 m. USES: Quarried extensively for aggregate in areas of outcrop and subcrop; alkali silica reactive in Portland cement concrete; lower part of formation is an excellent source of skid-resistant aggregate. The formation is suitable for use as facing stone and paving stone. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 55-60, AAV = 4-6, MgSO 4 = 1-17, LA = 15-38, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Oxford Formation (Lower Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Upper formation of the Beekmantown Group. LITHOLOGY: Thin- to thick-bedded, microcrystalline to medium-crystalline, grey dolostone with thin shaly interbeds. THICKNESS: 61 to 102 m. USES: Quarried in the Brockville and Smith Falls areas and south of Ottawa for use as aggregate. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 47-48, AAV = 7-8, MgSO 4 = 1-4, LA = 18-23, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Rockcliffe Formation (Lower Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Divided into a lower member and an upper (St. Martin) member. LITHOLOGY: Interbedded quartz sandstone and shale; interbedded shaly bioclastic limestone and shale predominate in the upper member. THICKNESS: 0 to 125 m. USES: Upper member has been quarried east of Ottawa for aggregate; lower member has been used as crushed stone; some high-purity limestone beds in upper member may be suitable for use as fluxing stone and in lime production. 91

104 ARIP 159 AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 58-63, AAV = 10-11, MgSO 4 = 12-40, LA = 25-28, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Shadow Lake Formation (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The basal unit of the Black River Group. Informally, the formation is known as the basal unit of the Ottawa Group in eastern Ontario and the basal unit of the Simcoe Group in central Ontario. LITHOLOGY: Poorly sorted, red and green sandy shales; argillaceous and arkosic sandstones; minor sandy argillaceous dolostones and rare basal arkosic conglomerate. THICKNESS: 0 to 15 m. USES: Potential source of decorative stone; very limited value as aggregate source. Gull River Formation (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Black River Group. Informally, the formation is part of the Simcoe Group in central Ontario and the Ottawa Group in eastern Ontario. In eastern Ontario, the formation is subdivided into upper and lower members; in central Ontario, it is presently subdivided into upper, middle and lower members. LITHOLOGY: In central and eastern Ontario, the lower member consists of alternating units of limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolostone. West of Lake Simcoe, the lower member is thin- to thick-bedded, interbedded, grey argillaceous limestone and buff to green dolostone. The upper and middle members are dense microcrystalline limestones with argillaceous dolostone interbeds. The upper member also consists of thin-bedded limestones with thin shale partings. THICKNESS: 7.5 to 135 m. USES: Quarried in the Lake Simcoe, Kingston, Ottawa and Cornwall areas for crushed stone. Rock from certain layers has proven to be alkali reactive when used in Portland cement concrete (alkali carbonate reaction). AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 41-49, AAV = 8-12, MgSO 4 = 3-17, LA = 18-28, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = , micro-deval (C) = , mortar bar (14 days) = Bobcaygeon Formation (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Informally, the formation is part of the Simcoe Group in central Ontario and the Ottawa Group in eastern Ontario. The formation is subdivided into upper, middle and lower members. Formally, some researchers refer to the lower member as the Coboconk Formation of the Black River Group. The upper and middle members are sometimes referred to as the Kirkfield Formation, a part of the Trenton Group. LITHOLOGY: The lower member is light grey-tan to brown-grey, medium- to very thick-bedded, fine- to medium-grained, bioturbated to current-laminated, bioclastic limestones, wackestones, packstones and grainstones. The middle member is thin- to medium-bedded, tabular-bedded, bioclastic, very fine- to fine-grained limestones with green shale interbeds and partings. The upper member is similar to the middle member, but also includes fine- to medium-grained, dark grey to light brown, thin- to medium-bedded, irregular to tabular bedded, bioturbated, horizontal to low-angle crosslaminated, bioclastic, fossiliferous limestones, wackestones, packstones and grainstones. THICKNESS: 7 to 87 m. USES: Quarried at Brechin, Marysville and in the Ottawa area for crushed stone. Generally suitable for use as granular base course aggregate. Rock from certain layers has been found to be alkali reactive when used in Portland cement concrete (alkali silica reaction). AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 47-51, AAV = 14-23, MgSO 4 = 1-40, LA = 18-32, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Verulam Formation (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Verulam Formation is often referred to as the Sherman Fall Formation of the Trenton Group. Informally, the formation is part of the Simcoe and Ottawa groups. LITHOLOGY: The Verulam Formation is informally subdivided into 2 members. The lower member consists of interbedded with limestone and calcareous shale. The limestone beds are very fine to coarse grained, thin to thick bedded, nodular to tabular bedded, light to dark greybrown and fossiliferous. The upper member is thin- to thick-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained, cross-stratified, tan to light grey, fossiliferous, bioclastic limestone. THICKNESS: 32 to 67 m. USES: Quarried at Picton and Bath for use in cement manufacture. Quarried for aggregate in Ramara Township, Simcoe County and in the Belleville Kingston area. The formation may be unsuitable for use as aggregate in some areas because of its high shale content. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 43-44, AAV = 9-13, MgSO 4 = 4-45, LA = 22-29, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Lindsay Formation (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Lindsay Formation is divided into 2 members. The lower member is often referred to as the Cobourg Formation of the Trenton Group. The upper member is referred to as the Collingwood Member of the Trenton Group. In eastern Ontario, the Collingwood Member is often referred to as the Eastview Member. Informally, the Lindsay Formation is part of the Simcoe and Ottawa groups. 92

105 County of Oxford County of Brant LITHOLOGY: The lower member is interbedded, very fineto coarse-grained, bluish-grey to grey-brown limestone with undulating shale partings and interbeds of dark grey calcareous shale. The Collingwood Member is a black, organic-rich, petroliferous, calcareous shale with very thin, fossiliferous, bioclastic limestone interbeds. THICKNESS: The upper member is up to 10 m thick, whereas the lower member can be up to 60 m thick. USES: In eastern Ontario, the lower member is used extensively for aggregate production; in central Ontario, it is quarried at Picton, Ogden Point and Bowmanville for cement. The formation may be suitable or unsuitable for use as concrete and asphalt aggregate. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: MgSO 4 = 2-47, LA = 20-28, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Blue Mountain and Billings Formations (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Blue Mountain Formation includes the upper and middle members of the former Whitby Formation. In eastern Ontario, the Billings Formation is equivalent to part of the Blue Mountain Formation. LITHOLOGY: Blue-grey to grey-brown, noncalcareous shales with thin, minor interbeds of limestone and siltstone. The Billings Formation is dark grey to black, noncalcareous to slightly calcareous, pyritiferous shale with dark grey limestone laminae and grey siltstone interbeds. THICKNESS: Blue Mountain Formation - 43 to 60 m; Billings Formation - 0 to 62 m. USES: The Billings Formation may be a suitable source for structural clay products and lightweight expanded aggregate. The Blue Mountain Formation may be suitable for structural clay products. Georgian Bay and Carlsbad Formations (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Georgian Bay Formation trends in a northwest direction from Lake Ontario toward Georgian Bay. The Carlsbad Formation is the equivalent of the Georgian Bay Formation in eastern Ontario. LITHOLOGY: The Georgian Bay Formation consists of greenish to bluish-green shale interbedded with limestone, siltstone and sandstone. The Carlsbad Formation consists of interbedded shale, siltstone and bioclastic limestone. THICKNESS: Georgian Bay Formation to 200 m; Carlsbad Formation - 0 to 186 m. USES: Georgian Bay Formation was previously used by several producers in the Metropolitan Toronto area to produce brick and structural tile, as well as for making Portland cement. At Streetsville, expanded shale was used in the past to produce lightweight aggregate. These operations are no longer in production. The Carlsbad Formation may be used as a source material for brick and tile manufacturing and has potential as a lightweight expanded aggregate. Queenston Formation (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Queenston Formation conformably overlies the Georgian Bay Formation and crops out along the base of the Niagara Escarpment. LITHOLOGY: Red-maroon, thin- to thick-bedded, sandy to argillaceous shale with green mottling and banding. THICKNESS: 45 to 335 m. USES: There are several quarries developed in the Queenston Formation along the base of the Niagara Escarpment and one at Russell, near Ottawa. All extract shale for brick manufacturing. The Queenston Formation is the most important source of material for brick manufacture in Ontario. Whirlpool Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Lower formation of the Cataract Group, generally located in the Niagara Peninsula and along the Niagara Escarpment as far north as Duntroon. LITHOLOGY: White to grey to maroon, fine-grained, orthoquartzitic sandstone with thin grey shale partings. THICKNESS: 0 to 9 m. USES: Building stone, flagstone. Manitoulin Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Cataract Group. The formation generally occurs north of Stoney Creek. LITHOLOGY: Thin- to medium-bedded, moderately fossiliferous, fine- to medium-crystalline dolostone with minor grey-green shale. Chert nodules or lenses, and silicified fossils have also been reported within the formation. THICKNESS: 0 to 25 m. USES: Extracted for crushed stone in Grey County, and for decorative stone on Manitoulin Island. Cabot Head Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Cataract Group. The formation occurs in the subsurface throughout southwestern Ontario and crops out along the length of the Niagara Escarpment. LITHOLOGY: Grey to green to red-maroon, noncalcareous shales with subordinate sandstone and carbonate interbeds. THICKNESS: 12 to 40 m. USES: Potential source of lightweight aggregate. Extraction opportunities are limited by the lack of suitable exposures. 93

106 ARIP 159 Grimsby Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Upper formation of the Cataract Group. The formation has been identified along the Niagara Peninsula as far north as Clappison s Corners. LITHOLOGY: Interbedded sandstone, dolomitic sandstone and red shale. The lower part of the Grimsby Formation becomes greener and shalier as it grades into the upper Cabot Head Formation. THICKNESS: 0 to 15 m. USES: No present uses. Thorold Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Lower formation in the Clinton Group. LITHOLOGY: Grey-green to white, fine- to coarse-grained, quartzose sandstone with minor thin grey to green shale or siltstone partings. THICKNESS: 2 to 7 m. USES: No present uses. Neagha Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Clinton Group. LITHOLOGY: Dark to greenish grey shale, sparsely fossiliferous, fissile shale, with minor thin limestone interbeds. The base of the Neagha Formation consists of a phosphatic pebble lag that indicates an unconformable contact with the underlying Thorold Formation. THICKNESS: 0 to 2 m. USES: No present uses. Dyer Bay Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Cataract Group. Crops out on Manitoulin Island and along the east side of the Bruce Peninsula as far south as Owen Sound. In the subsurface, it underlies the Bruce Peninsula and most of Essex and Kent counties. LITHOLOGY: Thin- to medium-bedded, fine- to mediumgrained, blue-grey to brown, argillaceous, fossiliferous dolostone with green-grey shaly partings. THICKNESS: 0 to 8 m. USES: No present uses. Wingfield Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Cataract Group. Occurs on Manitoulin Island and the northernmost part of the Bruce Peninsula. LITHOLOGY: Interbedded brown, fine- to mediumgrained, argillaceous dolostone and olive-green, noncalcareous, sparsely fossiliferous shale. THICKNESS: 0 to 15 m. USES: No present uses. St. Edmund Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Cataract Group. Occurs on Manitoulin Island and the northernmost part of the Bruce Peninsula. The upper portion of the formation was previously termed the Mindemoya Formation. LITHOLOGY: Light creamy tan, microcrystalline, thinbedded, sparsely fossiliferous dolostone with tan to brown, fine- to medium-crystalline, thick-bedded dolostone. THICKNESS: 0 to 25 m. USES: Quarried for fill and crushed stone on Manitoulin Island. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: MgSO 4 = 1-2, LA = 19-21, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = 105. Fossil Hill Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Clinton Group. Occurs on Manitoulin Island and the northern part of the Bruce Peninsula. LITHOLOGY: Thin- to medium-bedded, very fine- to coarse-grained, very fossiliferous dolostone. The formation also contains intervals of tan-grey, very finecrystalline, sparsely fossiliferous dolostone. THICKNESS: 3 to 34 m. USES: The formation is sometimes quarried along with the overlying Amabel and Lockport formations. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: (Fossil Hill Formation on Manitoulin Island) MgSO 4 = 41, LA = 29, Absn = 4.1, BRD = 2.45, PN (A-C) = 370. Reynales Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Clinton Group. The Reynales Formation occurs on the Niagara Peninsula and along the Niagara Escarpment as far north as the Forks of the Credit. LITHOLOGY: Light to dark grey, buff weathering, thin- to thick-bedded, very fine- to fine-grained, sparsely fossiliferous dolostone to argillaceous dolostone, with thin shaly interbeds and partings. THICKNESS: 0 to 5 m. USES: The formation is sometimes quarried along with overlying Amabel and Lockport formations. Irondequoit Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Clinton Group generally along the Niagara Peninsula south of Waterdown. LITHOLOGY: Thick- to massive-bedded, light to pinkish grey, medium- to coarse-grained, crinoidal- and brachiopod-rich limestone. THICKNESS: 0 to 10 m. USES: Not utilized extensively. 94

107 County of Oxford County of Brant Rochester Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Clinton Group generally along the Niagara Peninsula. LITHOLOGY: Dark grey to black, calcareous shale with variably abundant, thin, fine- to medium-grained calcareous to dolomitic calcisiltite to bioclastic calcarenite interbeds. THICKNESS: 5 to 24 m. USES: Not utilized extensively. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 69, AAV = 17, MgSO 4 = 95, LA = 19, Absn = 2.2, BRD = 2.67, PN (A-C) = 400. Decew Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Clinton Group south of Waterdown along the Niagara Escarpment. LITHOLOGY: Very fine- to fine-grained, argillaceous to arenaceous dolostone, with locally abundant shale partings and interbeds. THICKNESS: 0 to 4 m. USES: Too shaly for high-quality uses, but it is quarried along with the Lockport Formation in places. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 67, AAV = 15, MgSO 4 = 55, LA = 21, Absn = 2.2, BRD = 2.66, PN (A-C) = 255. Lockport and Amabel Formations (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Lockport Formation occurs from Waterdown to Niagara Falls and is subdivided into 2 formal members: the Gasport and Goat Island members. The Amabel Formation is found from Waterdown to Cockburn Island and has been subdivided into the Lions Head and Wiarton members. LITHOLOGY: The Gasport Member consists of thick- to massive-bedded, fine- to coarse-grained, blue-grey to white to pinkish grey dolostone and dolomitic limestone, with minor argillaceous dolostone. The Goat Island Member is dark to light grey to brown, very fineto fine-crystalline, thin- to medium-bedded, irregularly bedded, variably argillaceous dolostone with locally abundant chert and vugs filled with gypsum, calcite or fluorite. Near Hamilton, abundant chert nodules and lenses in the Goat Island member have been informally named the Ancaster chert beds. A shaly interval, termed the Vinemount shale, occurs at the top of the Goat Island near and east of Hamilton. The Wiarton Member consists of massive-bedded, bluegrey mottled, light grey to white, fine- to coarsecrystalline, porous crinoidal dolostone. Underlying the Wiarton Member in the Bruce Peninsula is the Colpoy Bay Member which is browner, finer grained and less fossiliferous than the Wiarton Member. The Lions Head Member consists of light grey to grey-brown, finecrystalline, thin- to medium-bedded, sparsely fossiliferous dolostone with abundant chert nodules. THICKNESS: (Lockport and Amabel) 3 to 40 m. USES: Both formations have been used to produce lime, crushed stone, concrete aggregate and building stone throughout their area of occurrence, and are a resource of provincial significance. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 36-49, AAV = 10-17, MgSO 4 = 2-6, LA = 25-32, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Guelph Formation (Lower to Upper Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Exposed south and west of the Niagara Escarpment from the Niagara River to the tip of the Bruce Peninsula. The formation is also present in the subsurface of southwestern Ontario. LITHOLOGY: The formation is tan- to brown-coloured, fine- to medium-crystalline, moderately to very fossiliferous, commonly biostromal to biohermal, sucrosic dolostones. In places, the formation is characterized by extensive vuggy, porous reefal facies of high chemical purity. The Eramosa Member consists of thin- to thickbedded, tan to black, fine- to medium-crystalline, variably fossiliferous, bituminous dolostone. Locally, the Eramosa Member is argillaceous and cherty. THICKNESS: 4 to 100 m. USES: Some areas appear soft and unsuitable for use in the production of load-bearing aggregate. This unit requires additional testing to fully establish its aggregate suitability. The main use is for dolomitic lime for cement manufacture. The formation is quarried near Hamilton and Guelph. Salina Formation (Group) (Upper Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Present in the subsurface of southwestern Ontario; only rarely exposed at surface. In southern Ontario, the succession of evaporates and evaporite-related sediments underlying the Bass Islands and Bertie formations, and overlying the reefal dolostones of the Guelph Formation, have been termed the Salina Formation. In other jurisdictions, this formation is often referred to as the Salina Group. LITHOLOGY: Grey and maroon shale, brown dolostone and, in places, salt, anhydrite and gypsum; consists predominantly of evaporitic-rich material with up to 8 units identifiable. The Salina Group is dominated by evaporate lithologies in the Michigan Basin and become gradually shalier into the Appalachian Basin. THICKNESS: 113 to 420 m. USES: Gypsum mines at Hagersville, Caledonia and Drumbo. Salt is mined at Goderich and Windsor and is produced from brine wells at Amherstburg, Windsor and Sarnia. 95

108 ARIP 159 Bertie and Bass Islands Formations (Upper Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Bertie Formation is an Appalachian Basin unit found in the Niagara Peninsula. The Bertie Formation is equivalent to the Bertie Group of New York and, therefore, consists of the Oatka, Falkirk, Scajaquada, Williamsville and Akron members in Ontario. The Bass Islands Formation is a Michigan Basin equivalent of the Bertie Formation, which rarely crops out in Ontario, but is present in the subsurface in southwestern Ontario. LITHOLOGY: The Bertie Formation consists of a succession of dark brown to light grey-tan, very fine- to finegrained, variably laminated and bituminous, sparsely fossiliferous dolostones with argillaceous dolostones and minor shales. The Bass Islands Formation consists of dark brown to light grey-tan, variably laminated, mottled, argillaceous and bituminous, very fine- to finecrystalline and sucrosic dolostones with minor anhydritic and sandstone beds. THICKNESS: 10 to 90 m. USES: Quarried for crushed stone on the Niagara Peninsula; shaly intervals are unsuitable for use as high specification aggregate because of low freeze thaw durability. These formations have also been extracted for the production of lime. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 46-49, AAV = 8-11, MgSO 4 = 4-19, LA = 14-23, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Oriskany Formation (Lower Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Lower Devonian clastic unit, found in the Niagara Peninsula. The formation is equivalent to the Oriskany Formation in New York and Ohio and the Garden Island Formation of Michigan. LITHOLOGY: Grey to yellowish white, coarse-grained, thickto massive-bedded, calcareous quartzose sandstone. THICKNESS: 0 to 5 m. USES: The formation has been quarried for silica sand, building stone and armour stone. The formation may be acceptable for use as rip rap and well-cemented varieties may be acceptable for some asphaltic products. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: (of a wellcemented variety of the formation) PSV = 64, AAV = 6, MgSO 4 = 2, LA = 29, Absn = , BRD = 2.55, PN (A-C) = 107. Bois Blanc Formation (Lower Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The formation disconformably overlies Silurian strata or, where present, the Lower Devonian Oriskany Formation. The Springvale Member forms the lower portion of formation. LITHOLOGY: Greenish grey to grey-brown, thin- to medium-bedded, fine- to medium-grained, fossiliferous, bioturbated, cherty limestone and dolostone. The Springvale Member is a white to green-brown, commonly glauconitic, rarely argillaceous, quartzitic sandstone with minor sandy carbonates. THICKNESS: 3 to 50 m. The Springvale Member is generally from 3 to 10 m thick; however, 30 m thickness has been reported. USES: Quarried at Hagersville, Cayuga and Port Colborne for crushed stone. Material is generally unsuitable for concrete aggregate because of a high chert content. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 48-53, AAV = 3-7, MgSO 4 = 3-18, LA = 15-22, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Onondaga Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Correlated to part of the Detroit River Group. Outcrops occur on the Niagara Peninsula from Simcoe to Niagara Falls. The formation includes the Edgecliffe, Clarence and Moorehouse members. LITHOLOGY: Medium-bedded, fine- to coarse-grained, dark grey-brown or purplish-brown, variably cherty limestone. THICKNESS: 8 to 25 m. USES: Quarried for crushed stone on the Niagara Peninsula at Welland and Port Colborne. The high chert content makes much of the material unsuitable for use as concrete and asphaltic aggregate. The formation has been used as a raw material in cement manufacture. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: (Clarence and Edgecliffe members) MgSO 4 = 1-6, LA = , Absn = , PN (A-C) = Amherstburg Formation (Lower to Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Detroit River Group. The formation correlates to the Amherstburg Formation of Michigan and the lower part of the Onondaga Formation in western New York. The Onondaga Formation terminology has been used in the outcrop belt of southern Ontario east of Norfolk County. LITHOLOGY: Tan to grey-brown to dark brown, fine- to coarse-grained, bituminous, bioclastic, fossiliferous limestones and dolostone. Stromatoporoid-dominated bioherms are locally significant in Bruce and Huron counties and have been termed the Formosa Reef Limestone or Formosa reef facies. THICKNESS: 0 to 60 m. The Formosa Reef Limestone is up to 26 m. USES: Cement manufacture, agricultural lime, aggregate. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 57, AAV = 19, MgSO 4 = 9-35, LA = 26-52, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) =

109 County of Oxford County of Brant Lucas Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Detroit River Group in southwestern Ontario. The formation is subdivided into 3 lithological units: the Lucas Formation undifferentiated, the Anderdon Member limestone and the Anderdon Member sandy limestone. LITHOLOGY: The undifferentiated Lucas Formation consists of thin- to medium-bedded, light to grey-brown, fine crystalline, poorly fossiliferous dolostone and limestone. Anhydrite and gypsum beds are present near Amherstburg and Goderich. The Anderdon Member consists of light to dark grey-brown, thin- to mediumbedded, fine-grained, sparsely fossiliferous limestone, alternating with coarse-grained, bioclastic limestone. THICKNESS: 40 to 99 m. USES: Most important source of high-purity limestone in Ontario. Used as calcium lime for metallurgical flux and for the manufacture of chemicals. Rock of lower purity is used for cement manufacture, agricultural lime and aggregate. The Anderdon Member is quarried at Amherstburg for crushed stone. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 46-47, AAV = 15-16, MgSO 4 = 2-60, LA = 22-47, Absn = , BRD = , PN (A-C) = Dundee Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: The Dundee Formation occurs between the Hamilton Group or Marcellus Formation and the limestones and dolostones of the Detroit River Group. There are few outcrops and the formation is observed mostly in the subsurface of southwestern Ontario. LITHOLOGY: Grey to tan to brown, fossiliferous, medium- to thick-bedded limestones and minor dolostones. Bituminous partings and microstylolites are common. Chert nodules are locally abundant. THICKNESS: 35 to 45 m. USES: Quarried near Port Dover and on Pelee Island for crushed stone. Used at St. Marys as a raw material for Portland cement. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: MgSO 4 = 1-28, LA = 22-46, Absn = , PN (A-C) = Marcellus Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Subsurface unit, mostly found below Lake Erie and extending into the eastern USA, pinches out in the Port Stanley area. The formation occurs on the southeast side of the Algonquin Arch. LITHOLOGY: Black, organic-rich shales with interbeds of grey shale and very fine- to medium-grained, impure carbonates. THICKNESS: 0 to 12 m. USES: No present uses. Bell Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Lowest formation of the Hamilton Group, not known to crop out in Ontario. LITHOLOGY: Blue-grey, soft, calcareous shale with thin limestone and organic-rich interbeds toward the base of the formation. THICKNESS: 0 to 14.5 m. USES: No present uses. Rockport Quarry Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Hamilton Group; not known to crop out in Ontario. LITHOLOGY: Grey to brown, fine-grained argillaceous limestone. THICKNESS: 0 to 6 m. USES: No present uses. Arkona Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Hamilton Group. LITHOLOGY: Blue-grey, plastic, soft, calcareous shale with minor thin and laterally discontinuous argillaceous limestone beds. THICKNESS: 5 to 37 m. USES: Has been extracted at Thedford and near Arkona for the production of drainage tile. Hungry Hollow Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Hamilton Group. LITHOLOGY: The upper part of the formation is a coralrich, calcareous shale-dominated unit. The lower part of the formation is predominantly fossiliferous, bioclastic limestone. THICKNESS: 0 to 2 m. USES: Suitable for some crushed stone and fill with very selective quarrying methods. Widder Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Part of the Hamilton Group. LITHOLOGY: Calcareous, grey to brown-grey shale, bioturbated, fine-grained, argillaceous, nodular limestone and coarse-grained bioclastic limestone. THICKNESS: 0 to 21 m. USES: No present uses. Ipperwash Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Upper formation of the Hamilton Group; very limited distribution in Ontario. 97

110 ARIP 159 LITHOLOGY: Grey-brown, fine- to coarse-grained, argillaceous and bioclastic limestone with shaly interbeds. THICKNESS: 2 to 13 m. USES: No present uses. Kettle Point Formation (Upper Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Occurs in a northwest-trending band between Sarnia and Lake Erie; small part overlain by Port Lambton Group rocks in extreme northwest. LITHOLOGY: Dark brown to black, highly fissile, organic-rich shale with subordinate organic-poor, grey-green silty shale and siltstone interbeds. THICKNESS: 0 to 75 m. USES: Possible source of lightweight aggregate or fill. Bedford Formation (Upper Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Lower formation of the Port Lambton Group. LITHOLOGY: Light grey, soft, fissile shale with silty and sandy interbeds in the upper part of the formation. THICKNESS: 0 to 30 m. USES: No present uses. Berea Formation (Upper Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Middle formation of the Port Lambton Group; not known to crop out in Ontario. LITHOLOGY: Grey, fine- to medium-grained sandstone with grey shale and siltstone interbeds. THICKNESS: 0 to 60 m. USES: No present uses. Sunbury Formation (Lower Mississippian) STRATIGRAPHY and/or OCCURRENCE: Upper formation of the Port Lambton Group; not known to crop out in Ontario. LITHOLOGY: Black, organic-rich shale. THICKNESS: 0 to 20 m. USES: No present uses. 98

111 County of Oxford County of Brant Figure D1. Bedrock geology of southern Ontario. 99

112 ARIP 159 Figure D2. Exposed Paleozoic stratigraphic sequences in southern Ontario (adapted from Bezys and Johnson 1988 and Armstrong and Dodge 2007). 100