Outline. -Boundary -Rocks -Historical geology -Processes creating local landforms. -Mountain building -Erosion -Rivers 2
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1 A SPECIAL PLACE!
2 Outline -Boundary -Rocks -Historical geology -Processes creating local landforms -Mountain building -Erosion -Rivers 2
3 We are in a special place! THEME This is a unique location where across very short distances there is evidence of: -vast amounts of geologic time -multiple geologic processes
4 How does this happen? We are at a significant physical BOUNDARY landform types rock types geological processes 4
5 North America Griffiths & Rubright, Colorado
6 Main Landform Boundary Mountains Plains 6
7 Matthews et al. Messages in Stone
8 Colorado Physiographic Provinces Noel et al Historical Atlas of Colorado 8
9 More detail.. Mountains Piedmont Plains 9
10 Rock Type Boundaries Plains rocks (sedimentary) meet Mountain rocks (igneous, metamorphic) 10
11
12 Other boundaries Biological grasslands meet forests Historical/Cultural mining meets farming urban meets rural 12
13 Natural Areas and boundaries Mountain side Gateway straddle Bobcat, Coyote Ridge, Plains most
14 ROCKS Mountain rocks Plains rocks 14
15 Mountain Rock Types Igneous molten source Metamorphic any rock changed by force
16 Igneous Rocks Extrusive (volcanos) lava, ash etc. surface small crystals Intrusive (batholiths) granite etc. underground large crystals
17 Igneous Rocks Extrusive Intrusive Intrusive McKnight& Hess,Physical Geography 17
18 Lava Pahoehoe Aa 18
19 Volcanic ash/pumice 19
20 Extrusive Igneous Rocks Lava Ash S. Table Mt. Soapstone
21 Intrusive Igneous West of us are huge areas of intrusive igneous (granite) 1.4 billion years old
22 22
23 Granite cooled slowly underground fairly uniform large crystals 23
24 Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks = any original transformed by heat, pressure, hot fluids Typical metamorphic = gneiss (granite transformed)
25 Metamorphic Rocks McKnight & Hess, Physical Geography 25
26 Metamorphic Rocks closest mountain rocks west of Fort Collins = mostly metamorphic approx. 1.7 billion years old
27 27
28 Gneiss at Gateway -minerals in bands -bands often wavy -veins may cut across
29 Identifying metamorphic Metamorphic Rocks Can be difficult because: often same composition as igneous they are just altered versions of original rock
30 Granite Gneiss
31 Plains Rock Type Sedimentary 31
32 Sedimentary Rocks Material: worn off somewhere else, carried by water and wind, settles out in layers (mostly in water) later cemented together Oldest on bottom
33 Sedimentation Arbogast, Physical Geography
34 Sedimentary Rocks Sandstones sand, in layers sorted by grain size Conglomerates sand and pebbles mix of several sizes Shales layers of mud, layers often thin very fine particles 34
35 Identifying Sedimentary rocks Layers parallel to each other Usually break along these bedding planes (flagstones) Often fine grained
36 Sandstone 36
37 Conglomerate
38 Shale
39 GEOLOGIC HISTORY 39
40 Ancestral Rockies Rose above sea ca. 300 million ybp about where the current mountains are One of two large islands Frontrangia Uncompahgria
41 Ancestral Rockies
42 FOUNTAIN FORMATION 280 million ago from Ancestral Rockies thick av. 800 ft conglomerate varying hardness lying on metamorphic rocks more than 1 billion years older purplish, pinkish color
43 Ancestral Rockies Mountains Johnson & Raynolds, Ancient Denvers
44 Fountain Conglomerate
45 Boulder Flatirons
46 Red Rocks
47 Fountain Formation Bobcat Ridge
48 LYONS FORMATION climate very dry (Pangaea) sand dunes fine grained sandstone, well cemented, resistant economically important
49 Lyons Sandstone 260 million ybp Johnson & Raynolds, Ancient Denvers
50 Lyons Sandstone
51 LYKINS FORMATION low hills and muddy, slimy, hot salt flats limestone and mudstone easily eroded (now soil covered) first reptiles followed by Permian extinction
52 Lykins Formation 250 million ybp Johnson & Raynolds, Ancient Denvers
53 MORRISON FORMATION age of dinosaurs area very flat (mountains gone) sediments ca. 400 ft. thick
54 Morrison Formation 150 million ybp Johnson & Raynolds, Ancient Denvers
55 DAKOTA GROUP sandy coast of shallow sea sediments from mts. in W. Utah beach sands, thin muds plant fossils & dinosaur prints very resistant to erosion
56 Dakota Group ca 100 million yrs bp Johnson & Raynolds, Ancient Denvers
57 Dakota near Red Rocks
58 Dakota group staffweb.psdschools.org staffweb.psdschools.org staffweb.psdschools.org The Horsetooth Quadrangle Virtual Geologic Field Trip 58
59 Dakota (South Platte Formation)
60 Ripples-South Platte (Dakota)
61 Dakota (Lytle Formation) Devil s Backbone
62 NIOBRARA FORMATION 85 million years ago marine origin shale and chalk abundant small fossils & oil endemic plants (Bell s twinpod) 62
63 Niobrara 63
64 PIERRE FORMATION Colorado mostly under water muddy sediments more than 1 mile thick the rock beneath Fort Collins rarely exposed (soil covered)
65 Pierre 70 million years bp Johnson & Raynolds, Ancient Denvers
66 Pierre Shale
67 Processes creating local landforms Mountain building Selective erosion Rivers 67
68 Mountain building Laramide Orogeny 68
69 Laramide Orogeny 70 to 40 million ago current Rockies rose in series of pulses (3rd or 4th set of mountains here). probably still rising
70 Plate push from west Holdaway, MA Thesis 1998
71 Laramide Orogeny During and after mountain building: 1. two major periods of volcanic activity 2. magmatic intrusions and metamorphism 3. faulting and folding
72 Colorado Mineral Belt Griffiths & Rubright, Colorado
73 Vein 73
74 Mountain erosion As mountains rose, they were being worn away source of huge volume of sediments = sedimentary rocks of Plains -10,000 15,000 ft. deep
75 Relative Sediment Depths (Total = ca 14,000 ft) Johnson & Raynolds, Ancient Denvers
76 Folding and Faulting Forces that lifted Rockies caused surrounding sediments to bend and break
77 Folding anticlines and synclines compression
78 Anticline up Syncline down 78
79 Types of Folds 79 McKnight and Hess, Physical Geography
80 Prior to orogeny 80
81 Mountain Uplift (broadly anticlinal) broa 81
82 Anticlinal uplift accompanied by synclinal downwarp east of mountains
83 Synclinal downwarp Denver Basin 83 Griffiths & Rubright, Colorado
84 Denver Basin Grube, Dakota Group Stratigraphy,
85 Faulting breaking & moving 85
86 Faults 1. Tension Normal fault 2. Compression Reverse fault
87 Faults produced by: 3. Shear Strike-slip fault looking down from above 87
88 Fault types 88 McKnight and Hess, Physical Geography
89 Local Faults 89
90 SELECTIVE EROSION 90
91 Demolition Demolition can be concurrent with landform creation Demolition two components: 1. weathering 2. erosion
92 Weathering breaks up rocks > moveable mechanical chemical
93 Frost Wedging 93 McKnight & Hess, Physical Geography
94 Cracks in Granite 94
95 Highly Fractured Granite 95
96 Weathering of granite 96
97 Gruss 97
98 Root wedging 98
99 Unloading/Exfoliation 99
100 Chemical Weathering Breaks down minerals within the rock
101 Spheroidal Weathering 101
102 Erosion Agents of erosion: 1. gravity > mass wasting 2. flowing water 3. ice = glaciers 4. wind
103 Hogbacks Selective erosion has left hogbacks (steeply tilted sedimentary layers) resistant beds hogback ridges less resistant valleys between ridges These are uncommon features.
104 Sediment eroded away
105 Horsetooth Reservoir Lyons Formation 105
106 Hogback - Coyote Ridge 106
107 hogbacks 107 Fort Collins Natural Areas map
108 Exposing time By turning beds up, the surface across them exposes hundreds of millions of years of time in a very short distance 108
109 South Photo by Louis Maher North 70 million ybp 100 million ybp 200 million ybp 1,700 million ypb
110 Reservoir Ridge Natural Area N Adapted frombraddock et. Al Geologic Map of the Horsetooth Quadrangle
111 Pineridge 111 Adapted from Braddock et. al Geologic Map of the Horsetooth Quadrangle
112 Coyote Ridge
113 Bobcat Ridge
114 Bobcat Ridge
115 RIVERS Flowing water = greatest landscape remodeler Streams are highly tuned and balanced systems It is all about energy
116 Flowing water s passion: plane landscape off to sea level carry everything off to sea 116
117 Erosion starts with raindrops USDA
118 Raindrop impact 118
119 Work of streams -Ability to remove material depends on: Volume (how much water) Velocity (how fast it is moving) -These vary constantly -Stream constantly adjusts its load to match its energy
120 Streams both: Remove material = Erosion Deposit material = Deposition These occur: In different parts of stream Same part at different times
121 Streams work by: 1. Power of current - push, roll 2. Abrasion - rub smooth 3. Corrosion - chemically dissolve
122 Streams move things 122 Arbogast, Discovering Physical Geography
123 Power of the current
124 Lawn Lake Flood 124
125 Streambed Abrasion 125 McKnight & Hess, Physical Geography
126 Valley Shape reveals stream energy down-cutting (high energy) depositing (low energy)
127 Valley Shape Eroding stream = cutting down steep gradient straight course steep valley sides
128 V shaped valley 128
129 Steep Gradient/High Energy
130 Deposition lower gradient (less energy) cutting sideways and depositing meandering stream course low sides and broad valley 130
131 Lower Gradient (less energy) 131
132 Valley Widening 132 McKnight & Hess, Physical Geography
133 133 McKnight & Hess, Physical Geography
134 Amazon Meanders 134
135 North Poudre 135
136 River Bend Ponds Poudre 136
137 Poudre Pointbar 137
138 Poudre sandbar 138
139 Change in Stream Regime Streams can go from net eroding to net depositing or vice versa in hours and over millenia
140 Causes of change Season Short term precipitation events Climate changes precipitation amounts Sea levels fall or rise Land moves up or down 140
141 Stream Rejuvenation (long term change) Long pauses in mountain uplift changed streams from downcutting to widening Renewed uplift changed streams to downcutting again
142 Stream Rejuvenation our streams have been rejuvenated ie. increased their downcutting several times rejuvenation often leaves -terraces -erosional surfaces 142
143 Stream Rejuvenation Stream Terraces 143 McKnight & Hess, Physical Geography
144 Stream Terraces Caucasus Mountains 144 Gregory, The Lie of the Land
145 Erosional Surfaces
146 Rejuvenated Big Thompson
147 Flooding Floods = natural stream behavior area flooded = floodplain Flooding: flushes deposits downstream brings new soil may renew some vegetation damages man-made things
148 Floodplains and floods Talk about them in intervals eg. 100 yr floodplain (made by 100 yr flood ) does NOT mean will flood every 100 yrs, but the probability is of a flood of that size once every 100 years 148
149 Power of water! ower 149
150 150
151 151
152 THE ROCK SOLID END
153 Contact information Lynn Rubright
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