INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 2, No 4, 2012

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 2, No 4, 2012 Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services Research article ISSN Land Use /Land Cover classification of an urban area- A case study of Burdwan Municipality, India Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan Burdwan , West Bengal, India srimantagupta@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT This work explains the Land Use/ Land Cover classification of urban area (the Burdwan municipality, West Bengal, India) using Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing software. Mapping of the Classification is done with the help of existing Burdwan municipality ward map and IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008, having a resolution of 5m 5m and a hand held Gramin12 Global Positioning System receiver. Supervised Land Use/Land Cover classification algorithm (Maximum likelihood with null class) is run into PCI Geomatica V.10.1 software. The classification shows % average accuracy and % overall accuracy.the output classified map reveals that Burdwan Municipality Area is divided into 35 no of wards having a total area of square kilometres. Depending upon United States Geological Survey classification system an urban classification scheme is generated where Burdwan municipality area is divided into 7 major Land Use/ Land Cover classes and subclasses. Using the software, ward wise area statistic is calculated. The area statistics of Land Use/ Land Cover classes of an area is very important for future development. Keywords: Supervised Classification, LULC Classification, Urban Classification, Area Statistics, Image Classification, Remote Sensing. 1. Introduction The urban is a compound system of human and nature. It is also a high-dense geographical synthesis of population, resources, environment, and social, economic and so on. Land is most important and basic resource concerning the urban development. Population growth, unplanned industrialization, urbanization and its consequences adversely affect the regional environment. Improper land use practice results in an adverse impact on ecosystem. So the two words Land cover and Land use have important significance in regard to land. Land cover implies the physical or natural state of the Earth s surface. On the other hand a tract of land is covered by forest or a building or a water body or so but it is quite difficult to say what purpose a building may be used for as it may be use for residential or commercial simultaneously. e.g., a multi-complex building often is being used for cinema hall and at the same time one part of it is being used as commercial area / shopping market. Land use is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources. Thus urban development is strictly depends upon Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC) of that area. Several knowledge-based approaches were used by Anderson, 1971, Hutchinson, 1982, Jenssen et.al., 1992 for LULC classification by utilizing additional geographical data beside satellite images. The framework of a national land use and land cover classification system was presented by Anderson, et.al., 1976, for use with remote sensor data. Submitted on March 2012 published on May

2 Different workers worked even on municipality level using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). Recent legal requirements in Colombia require each municipality to develop land use plans for the next decade (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Colombia, 1997). For municipal-level general land use planning, Rubiano et al., 1997 makes land use restriction recommendations. To support the specific land use planning, Hyman et.al., 2000 developed spreadsheet programs that run parallel to the GIS to help the municipal agricultural extension service assess agricultural restrictions for different types of land units (Rodriguez et al., 1999). In this work a LULC classification scheme of Burdwan municipality area is generated on the basis of United States Geological Survey (USGS) classification system, concerning the existing LULC features of that area i.e., evergreen vegetation is divided into two sub classes, surrounding the forest area and along with residential area. Evergreen vegetation along with residential area is further subdivided into spar vegetation along with residential area and dense vegetation along with residential area. Mixed urban or built-up land is divided into mixed urban with rice mill area and mixed urban with commercial area. Ponds under water bodies are also subdivided into many other sub classes (Table1). Map is a graphic representation or scale model of spatial concepts. In this study the output of LULC classification of Burdwan municipality area is presented by the maps (Figure 5). 2. Study area Burdwan district extends from 'N to 'N latitudes and from ' to ' E longitudes in West Bengal state of India. The city is situated a little less than 100 km North- West of Kolkata on the Grand Trunk Road (NH-2) and eastern railway. The chief rivers are Damodar and Banka Nala and Ajay. The study area of this work is Burdwan Municipality area, Block Burdwan 2 of subdivision Burdwan Sadar south. At present the municipality has 35 wards. It is situated on the banks of river Banka on the northern side of river Damodar. Figure 1: Image showing the map of the study area 1015

3 2.1 Objective of the study The objective of this work is to produce LULC Classification scheme of Burdwan municipality area depending upon USGS classification, ward wise LULC area statistics and LULC map of Burdwan municipality and thematic map (including the following layers: rail, canal, municipality area boundary, road, river, ward boundary and LULC classes) of Burdwan Municipality area. 2.2 Major inputs 1. A base map of Burdwan municipality area (Burdwan municipality). 2. Satellite image (IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008). 3. A hand held GARMIN GPS12 (12 Channels) receiver for collecting ground control points. 4. PCI Geomatica V.10.1 software. Figure 2: Image showing base map of Burdwan municipality area 1016

4 Land Use /Land Cover Classification of an Urban Area- A Case Study of Burdwan Municipality, India Figure 3: Image showing Satellite image (IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008) 3. Methodology The work is constructed on the principle of GIS. There are two kinds of databases; 1) The specific characteristics of a locations and 2) The attribute data, i.e., statistics of written text, tables and so on. New maps can generated preciously be on the basis of the classification scheme by easily integrating innumerable layers of data. This can be performed by image processing of digital data with the help of PCI Geomatica V10.1 software. Ground Control Points (GCPs) are collected to convert the Base map (Figure 2), containing the basic information such as road networks, word boundaries of Burdwan municipality area and the Satellite image (Figure 3), IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008 into longitude and latitude map using a hand held GARMIN GPS12 (12 Channels) receiver. Mainly the road-road intersections, rail-road intersections, bridge-road intersections, famous spots are selected on the map to collect the GCPs. A standard technique is adopted for georeferencing the base map using PCI Geomatica V10.1 software. Image to image registration of the satellite image is made using the georeferenced base map. Then reprojected the maps (base map and georefferenced satellite image) into UTM projection. UTM projection is done to minimize the map distortion and to activate the grid option. After Subsetting and Clipping of the Burdwan municipality area from the total georefferenced satellite image, run supervised classification algorithm (Maximum likelihood with null class) by the help of developed LULC classification scheme (Table1). Post Classification Analysis is done by merging classes and by masking and unmasking methods after each field survey. Digitisation of rail, river, road, canal and production of thematic map (Figure 6) of Burdwan municipality including the ward boundary is done by using the software. Digitisation of municipality ward boundary helps to get the ward wise LULC classes. Then fields are added in the attribute manager to put important road names, ward numbers. Map output is done to get the LULC 1017

5 map (Figure 5) and thematic map including the ward boundary layer (Figure 6) layout. The overall method is given below in figure 4. GIS output flowchart Base map of Burdwan municipality Satellite image (IRS- P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008) Collection of GCPs using hand held GARMIN GPS12 (12 Channels) receiver Georeferencing of base map using PCI Geomatica V.10.1 software Converted into UTM projection. Image to image registration of the satellite image using georeferenced base map. Converted into UTM projection. GIS creation: 1) Digitisation of different layers. 2) Addition of attributes. Subsetting and Clipping of the Burdwan municipality area. Run supervised classification algorithm (Maximum likelihood with null class) Generation of map layout Post classification analysis by class editing, masking and clear masking. Map output Figure 4: Image showing GIS output flow-chart 1018

6 3.1 Development of modified LULC Classification scheme LULC classification of an area depends upon the available features of that area. Depending upon the existing LULC features of Burdwan municipality and based on U.S.G.S classification system (Anderson s classification, 1971), the municipality area of Burdwan has been divided into the following LULC classes (Table 1). Table 1: Table showing LULC Classification of Burdwan Municipality area depending upon U.S.G.S classification system 1. Urban or built-up land 1.1 Residential 1.2 Commercial, services & institutional 1.3 Mixed urban or built-up land 1.4 Rice-mill cluster 1.5 Other urban builtup land 2. Agricultural area 2.1 cropland 2.2 Nurseries 3. Range land 3.1 Herbaceous rangeland 4. Forest land & 4.1 Mixed Forest 4.2 Evergreen 1.21 Hospital 1.22 Commercial area 1.23 Services 1.24 Institutional area Mixed urban with rice mill Mixed urban with commercial area Playground 4.21 Surrounding the forest area 4.22 Along with residential area 5. Water bodies 5.1. Stream & canals 5.2 Ponds 5.21 Perennial 6. Wet land 6.1 Non-forested wet land 7. Barren land 7.1 sandy area other than beaches 7.2 Bare, Exposed rocks 5.22 Ephemeral Spar vegetation along with residential area Dense vegetation along with residential area Fishing pond Non-fishing pond 1019

7 Land Use /Land Cover Classification of an Urban Area- A Case Study of Burdwan Municipality, India 4. Results and discussions The growth of industrial sector and urban centre of all scale and categories have made drastic changes in LULC all over the Burdwan Municipality area. The cultivated land has been converted into settlement areas and many ponds are being filled up for the purpose of multistoreyed apartments in Burdwan Municipality area. Whether it is industrialization or urbanization, the face of the land is altered. Based on the ground information collected and LULC classification scheme, LULC scenario of total Burdwan Municipality and ward wise LULC scenario are represented in the following tables and figures (Table 2, Table 3 and Figure 5, Figure 6). Burdwan Municipality Area is divided into 35 no of wards having a total area of square kilometres. The main land use of the municipality is dominated by Residential area (36.88%). In a similar work, Haider, 2008, analysed that in 2005, residential was the main function followed by education, recreation, and commercial of Isa town. It is also reveals in this work that different wards of Burdwan municipality are dominated by residential density. Figure 5: Image showing LULC Map of Burdwan Municipality Area Ward wise LULC recommendation (Haider, 2008 made such recommendations in his work for the municipal-level general land use planning) for future LULC management are given in Table 3. Though it is a municipality area, but agriculture is still practiced in few wards. However crop land became dominated land use in those wards (Ward no. 1, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26) which are near the gram panchayets. Banka nala, canal are the main sources to supply water in most of these areas. 1020

8 Land Use /Land Cover Classification of an Urban Area- A Case Study of Burdwan Municipality, India Rice mill is the major industry of this municipality. Overall 2.51% and 2.59% area of Burdwan municipality (Table 2) is covered by rice mill cluster and mixed urban with mill areas but rice mill cluster is the major land use in ward no. 17, 18, 22, 23 (Table 3). In ward no. 15 (1.96%), 16(3.45%), 19(1.92%), 21(0.04%), 35 (5.65%) mills remain associated with residential areas. Overall 2.95% and 2.70% area of this municipality is covered by commercial areas and mixed urban with commercial areas respectively which seems that more commercialization is necessary for future development related to residential area. It is clear from the Table 3 and Figure 6 that highly commercialized area is mainly restricted in the ward no. 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34. So in this aspect Burdwan municipality has future scope of growth for commercialization to meet the need of people of the municipality. From the above discussion it is clear that range land plays an important role for future urbanization and commercialization. So from the Table 3 it can be stated that ward no. 2, 10, 12, 14, 18, 27, 35 have sufficient range land which can be use for development of urban or built-up areas. Figure 6: Image showing Thematic Map of Burdwan Municipality including ward boundary. Table 2: Table showing LULC scenario of Burdwan Municipality area LULC Classes Evergreen Surrounding the forest area Spar evergreen Along with Residential area Crop Land Residential area Commercial area Mixed urban with commercial area Ephemeral Ponds Barren land LULC scenario of Burdwan Municipality area (%)

9 Nonforested Wet land 0.72 Mixed Forest 1.03 Streams & Canals 1.17 Perennial Fishing ponds 6.08 Sandy area other than beaches 1.03 Perennial Nonfishing ponds 0.62 Rice mill clusters 2.51 Mixed urban with mill areas 2.59 Herbaceous Range Land 4.47 Play Ground 0.45 Institutions 0.29 Hospital 0.04 Services Area 0.19 Nurseries 0.03 Dense Evergreen Along with residential area Table 3: Table showing Ward wise LULC scenario of Burdwan municipality (Ward number 1-15) LULC WARD WISE % OF AREA Classes Evergreen Surrounding the forest area Spar evergreen Along with Residential area Crop Land Residential area Commercial area Mixed urban with commercial area Ephemeral Ponds LULC WARD WISE % OF AREA Classes Nonforested Wet land Streams & Canals Perennial Fishing ponds Perennial Nonfishing ponds

10 Mixed urban with mill areas 1.9 Herbaceous Range Land Play Ground Institutions Services Area Dense Evergreen Along with residential area Table 4: Table showing Ward wise LULC scenario of Burdwan municipality (Ward number 16-30) LULC WARD WISE % OF AREA Classes Evergreen Surrounding the forest area Spar evergreen Along with Residential area Crop Land Residential area Commercial area Mixed urban with commercial area Ephemeral Ponds Barren land Nonforested Wet land Mixed Forest LULC WARD WISE % OF AREA Classes Perennial Fishing ponds Sandy area other than beaches 12.5 Rice mill clusters

11 Mixed urban with mill areas Herbaceous Range Land Play Ground Institutions Hospital 3.01 Services Area Nurseries 0.85 Dense Evergreen Along with residential area Table 5: Table showing Ward wise LULC scenario of Burdwan municipality (Ward number 31-35) LULC Classes WARD WISE % OF AREA Evergreen Surrounding the forest area Spar evergreen Along with Residential area Crop Land 0.01 Residential area Commercial area Mixed urban with commercial area Ephemeral Ponds Barren land Streams & Canals Perennial Fishing ponds Perennial Nonfishing ponds Mixed urban with mill areas 5.65 Herbaceous Range Land Play Ground Institutions Acknowledgement Authors would like to express gratitude to the department of environmental science, the University of Burdwan for providing GIS laboratory facilities and also like to express sincere gratitude to Prof. Jayanta Kumar Dutta, Dr Apurba Ratan Ghosh and Dr. Naba Kumar Mondal for their constant moral support and valuable comments. 1024

12 5. References 1. Anderson, J.R., (1971), Land use classification schemes used in selected recent geographic applications of remote sensing, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 37(4), pp Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T., Witmer, R.E., et.al., (1976), A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data (revised), U.S. Geological Survey 964, pp Chopra. N., (2012). Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques, International Journal of Geomatics and Geo Sciences. 2(4), pp Chopra. N., (2012). Land Use/ Land Cover information at various levels from different scales of Remote Sensing data of Southern part of Sonbhadra district, U.P. International Journal of Geomatics and Geo Sciences. 2(1), pp Haider, L., Ait Belaid, M., Khalil, A.S., et.al., (2008), Analysis of Urban Planning in Isa Town Using Geographic Information Systems Techniques, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Beijing 37, pp Hutchinson, C.F., (1982), Techniques for Combining Landsat and Ancillary Data for Digital Classification improvement, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 48, pp Hyman, G., Leclerc, G., Beaulieu, N., et.al., (2000), GIS for Sustainable Development at Local Scales: Applications in the Rural Hillsides, Savannas and Forest Margins of Latin America, Paper for the 19th Congress of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Meeting (ISPRS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 8. Jenssen, L.L.,and Middelkoop, F.H., (1992), Knowledge-base crop classification of Landsat Thermatic Mapper image, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13, pp Karwariya.Sateesh, Goyal Sandip, (2011), Land use and Land Cover mapping using digital classification technique in Tikamgarh district, Madhya Pradesh, India using Remote Sensing, International Journal of Geomatics and Geo Sciences, 2(2), pp Lakshumanan.C., (2012). Landuse / Land cover dynamics study in Nilgiris district part of Western Ghats, Tamilnadu. International Journal of Geomatics and Geo Sciences. 2(3), pp Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Colombia, (1997), Bases ambientales para el ordenamiento territorial. Ley 388 de julio 17 de [Environmental base for land use planning. Law 388 of July 17th, 1997]. 1025

13 12. Prakasam.C., (2010), Land use and land cover change detection through remote sensing approach: A case study of Kodaikanal taluk, Tamil nadu. International Journal of Geomatics and Geo Sciences. 1(2), pp Rahman. S, Hasan. S. M. R, Islam, M. A, Maitra.M.K, (2011), Temporal change detection of vegetation coverage of Dhaka using Remote Sensing, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 2(2), Rodríguez, M, Rubiano, Y, Beaulieu, N. y Muñoz, O., et.al., (1999), Guía para la evaluación de la capacidad de uso de los suelos y su aptitud para cultivos específicos usando el sistema de información geográfica MapMaker Popular y la hoja de cálculo Excel y. Informe interno, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 46p, [Guide for the evaluation of land use capacity and potential for specific crops. 15. Rubiano, Y, Santana, L.M. y Beaulieu, N., et.al., (1997), Criterios para la planificación del uso de la tierra basada en unidades de paisajes, aplicación al municipio de Puerto López. Informe interno, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 27 p. [Criterias for land use planning based on landscape units, application to Puerto López municipality]. 1026