MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE SELECTION OF PERAMBALUR TOWN OF SOUTHERN INDIA USING FUZZY GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES, TAMILNADU, INDIA

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_075 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE SELECTION OF PERAMBALUR TOWN OF SOUTHERN INDIA USING FUZZY GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES, TAMILNADU, INDIA R. Nallusamy, Mukesh Goel, Ashutosh Das, M. Rajamanickam Centre for Environmental Engineering, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT Solid waste management is a worldwide ecological issue at present. There is an expansion in commercial, residential and infrastructure improvement because of the populace development and this negatively affects the Environment solid waste management is considered as a standout amongst the most ecological difficulties defying metropolitan prevailing voices in creating nations. One of these effects is because of area of dumping site in unsuitable regions. The present study pointed out selecting suitable location for transfer of Solid Waste produced from Perambalur Municipality by using GIS techniques. Based on fuzzy GIS overlay analysis Arasanari (n) and Kurumbalur(s) village cover PW2 around ha.in additionally, Kalpadi(n) village cover total positive window around ha (PWA6).Similarly, Siruvachur & Ayyalur town has positive window area (PWA8) around ha ha.it is observed, that an appropriate site identified for disposal of Solid Waste is the Perambalur Taluk of Perambalur Taluk. Key words: Environment, GIS, PWA, Solid waste. Cite this Article: R. Nallusamy, Mukesh Goel, Ashutosh Das, M. Rajamanickam, Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection of Perambalur Town of Southern India Using Fuzzy GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION The landfilling is an attractive technique for the municipal solid waste management due to economic considerations (Akbari, 2008), so it is particularly in developing countries like India. The major problem of landfill site selection is complex and time consuming process. Planning for solid waste management requires an assessment of many complex process,eg. among transportation systems, land use patterns, public health considerations, etc., Because of these interactions and interdependencies, attention has focused on systems analysis and editor@iaeme.com

2 Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection of Perambalur Town of Southern India Using Fuzzy GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques, Tamilnadu, India mathematical modelling techniques. A suitable site for a proper landfill territory for Perambalur area is controlled by utilizing geographic data framework (GIS) as an tool to help the decision making process.gis has exceptionally distinguishing, powerful capacities and can assume a vital part in decision making and planning process. In late GIS assume an essential part in land fill site selection, It gives effective control and examination of voluminous spatial data. The development of GIS made this field much less demanding and sensible. Indian conditions, a volume of 9 x 105 m3 is adequate to take care of 100 tons of refuse per day for 25 years (Indian standard 9533, 1980).Kao and Lin (1996)proposed a siting model that was researched for use with raster-based GIS. Padmaja et.al.,(2006) identified solid waste disposal site in Hyderabad city using analytical hierarchy process and GIS. The landfill selection problems have often been tackled using MCDA. where few data are Present. Hokkanen and Salminen (1997) applied a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA) based method called PROMETHEE for facility allocation. The following criteria for identification of the site are proposed to represent as a general guide for the parameters that are to be explicitly factored in order to find out the most appropriate sites for the non-hazardous waste landfills and transfer stations facilities. The study area is the district of Perambalur. It has an area of 293 km 2 located between latitudes N and N and longitudes E and E.Perambalur district comprises of three major agro-climatic sub-zones. The major part comes under Cauvery delta zone and the other two zones are Northeastern zone and North western zone. The district lies in the southern (flat land/stop getting better (or worse)) and Slope zone of agro-climate (identified with an expansive territory)planning with semi-dry climate. It is a dry sub humid coastal plain of Tamil Nadu including Cauvery delta zone with a growing period of days and moderately large moisture availability. The present system of essential store of garbage is through bins; about 500 dust containers are kept in neighborhoods for the hoard of squanders. The solid waste statistics are shown in table.1. Table 1 Solid waste particular in Perambalur Taluk Sl no Particulars Numbers 1 Total No of wards 21 2 Door to Door collection in No of wards with segregation 7 3 Balance 14 4 Total quantity of garbage generated in the ULB/Day(Tonne) 30 5 Quantity of garbage collected in the ULB / day % of garbage collection Quantity of garbage disposed in the ULB PER DAG(MT) 30 8 % of garbage disposal per day 30 9 Night Sweeping Total quantity of biodegradable waste per day (Organic) METHODOLOGY Methodology is a logical and methodical part of the study to evaluate scientific examination. In this study, appropriate site for a solid waste landfill area in the region of perambalur taluk are determined by integrating of spatial data and non-spatial data using Geographic Information Systems. For this purpose, different input map layers and attributes generated. By Comparison of the maps produced by these two distinct strategies demonstrates that both techniques yield similar results. Field checks additionally confirm that the candidate sites well with the chose criteria. A strategy includes a procedure or method in which different stages or steps of collecting information or data are explained editor@iaeme.com

3 R. Nallusamy, Mukesh Goel, Ashutosh Das, M. Rajamanickam 2.1. GIS Data Collection In this section involves collection of different (related to spatial data) data and non-spatial information collected from different ministries (ministry of town planning, ministry of housing and other (clearly connected or related) departments) Digitization & Geo Database Generation In this phase involves georeferencing of maps,map digitization and map data error correction are worked out for GIS database preparation 2.3. Attribute Generation After the GIS database generation, the different attribute information s are linked to the spatial data Fuzzy Overlay Analysis Overlay is help to identify areas that meet all the set criteria and to show areas that do not meet the criteria. A landfill site must be situated and composed in order to meet the essential conditions for forestalling contamination of the soil, groundwater or surface water and guaranteeing effective accumulation of leachate. Choosing suitable fuzzy function is essential for criteria standardization. In this section, a membership function was determined for each criterion. The standardization process is described as a relative grade of belonging to a fuzzy set. This allows the function to be asserted with the an integration of different spatial layers by using Boolean Operation and index overlay to be apply for select suitable or unsuitable place for land fill site selection. The suitability of map was made for every suitability paradigm and a last composite guide was at last delivered by straight forward overlaying of the individual maps. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The layers, buffer zones used, and rankings are summarized and the definition of the layer s weights is shown in Table.2.The weights were evaluated by considering the likelihood of altering the characteristic states of the destinations by fitting designing mediations, to expand their suitability. For sample, high weights were given to the urban settlements and rural area class. On the contrary, the streets, railroads, and irrigational waterways were viewed as less imperative, in light of the fact that it can be broadened and altered, if required by a given undertaking Geology Sadek etal.(2001) underscore that, in the determination of a site for metropolitan strong waste transfer landfill, uncommon consideration must be given to the fundamental establishment soil and bedrock attributes geologic structure, soil type, existing fractures, and so on. Bedrock in zones of potential landfill turns out to be extremely noteworthy part in minimizing the spread of leachate actually, both at the season of moving into ground water or while moving horizontally along the ground water, in this manner required landfill territory determination examines that don't have bedrock with the development of sandstone, limestone or empty rock. The above mentioned aspects affect the waste or leachate containment characteristics of a site. There are three Geological formation sort found in study zone. Biotite and hornblende thickness is considered to examine suitable for solid waste dumping site due to their 50 m to 350 m high thickness and also charnockite formation is also suitable for solid waste dumping. The Gondwana arrangement noticed close ayyalur town development thickness is 50m to 100 m so this formation is unacceptable because of the low thickness editor@iaeme.com

4 Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection of Perambalur Town of Southern India Using Fuzzy GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques, Tamilnadu, India Table 2 Landfill Suitability Index Parameters Suitability Fuzzy membership index Geology Biotite and hornblende Highly Suitable Charnockite Suitable Sedimentary Least Suitable Faults 0-100m Not Suitable m Least Suitable >200 m Hghly suitable River 0-200m Not suitable m Least suitable m Moderate suitable >1000m Highly suitable Streams 0-100m Not suitable m Least suitable >200m Highly suitable Elevation <130 m Highly Suitable m Least Suitable m Not Suitable 0 Slope deg 0-10deg Highly Suitable deg Moderate Suitable de Least suitable >20 deg Not suitable 0 Land Cover- Barren Highly suitable Grass Suitable For Moderate suitable Built Not suitable 0 Water bodies Not suitable 0 Roads 0-200m buffer Not suitable Least suitable Highly suitable >2000 m Moderate suitable Urban / Village 0-500m Not suitable m Highly suitable >1500m Moderate suitable Hydrologic Distance from River The hydrological feature is important criteria for selecting a suitable site, because the drainage areas are having much more infiltration capacity. During the flood time water spills over drainage and the whole plan will be submerged under water. So the buffer zones were made and in view of zone limits weightages were assigned. It has an immediate impact for area suitability for being utilized as landfill. In addition to that more distant terrains from streams editor@iaeme.com

5 R. Nallusamy, Mukesh Goel, Ashutosh Das, M. Rajamanickam and waterway banks will get more preferences for being selected. Accordingly, three distinct zones were specified considering relative distance from rivers. Zoning process is schematically shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Hydroligic distance Suitability ranking Figure 2 Canal buffer for Suitability ranking 3.3. Distances from Canals Canals layer digitized from the SOI topographical Southampton left bank trench and Mutha right bank waterway built inside of center part of the study area. Dumping site not situated close to the waterway is naturally hazardous. It is found suitable separation from channel. Multiple ring buffers were generated around the canal. Distance less than 200m is unsuitable and distance more than 750m from canal is highly suitable for urban solid waste dumping site (Fig.2) Slope Digital Elevation Model (DEM) layer is captured from topographic map in GIS environment Waste dumping site should not be situated with unstable slope. The region is judged better if situated in the inclining region with high topography. The slope layer is derived from DEM layer in GIS environment. The Slope layer is categorized to 4 classes, According to map 4.On the Slope map can be seen that most (0-10degree) highly suitable region, subsequently, moderate sloping area (slope of 10-15degree),least suitable area (slope 15-20degree),very steep slopy areas(slope>20 degree considered to have a smaller slope value it was feared could bring about a landslide particularly when there is downpour or high water seepage Humanistic Distance from City, Village and Population Land use Thanikal (2001) studied the selection of suitable site for transfer of solid waste by knowing the landuse/landcover of the city. Landfilling which receive organic waste, can attract the presence of birds that should not be placed within 300 m of city. The location of the city waste disposal should not have a contention with other area allotment, therefore at the last stage of the thematic map overlays the Land use maps of Perambalur. This is to prevent potential contamination and negative sides of the community around the landfill. Challenges in waste transfer site selection, usually on the grounds that not found adequate land in accordance with the allotment of private land or geological conditions of the area.(fig. 3 and 4) editor@iaeme.com

6 Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection of Perambalur Town of Southern India Using Fuzzy GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques, Tamilnadu, India 3.6. Proximity to Major and Minor Roads Landfills should have appropriate transport access, with power and water available. The waste disposal site should not be located within 200m distance from transportation network. Solid waste landfill site must be situated at suitable separation from street system to diminish the expense of transportation. Distance of 200m,500m,1000 m and more than 2000 m, multiple ring buffer were created round the road network and ranked were assigned of each buffer zone based on sitting criteria are shown in (Table.2).Distance less than 200 m from road is unsuitable for dumping site, distance from 200 m to 500 m is less suitable, distance from 500 m to 1000 m is highly suitable and distance more than 1000 m-2000 m is moderate suitable for urban solid waste landfill site (Fig.11).Landfill site should to meet the specialized necessities, conservative and ecologically feasible. One of best techniques for waste management is to place the landfill in territories with geographical conditions and proper safe. There are numerous proposed support zone distances. Minimum distance from the system is transported in keeping in mind the end goal to maintain a strategic distance from visual effect and different annoyances. Road 100 m buffer from both sides should be created. According to Cantwell,all roads including highway, secondary roads, regional and street roads should to be maintained a buffer distance from and have a buffer of no less than 30 m on both sides.it is possible that a buffer distance more than 1 km from national highways and state highways should to be avoided. Figure 3 Road buffer generation 3.7. Overlay Landfill Location Results After the query, eight (8) positive window are identified and shown in fig. 4 and fig. 5. Kilakarai,Kurumbalur,Arasanari(north),Thuraimangalam,Ammapalayam,Arasanari(south),Ka lpadi (north) and Chatramanai indentified and shown in figure 10 were identified as having more than hectares. The reason for choosing areas covering 858 hectares or above is to ensure continuity. More often than not, it is observed that when a sanitary landfill site is used up to its capacity it is abandoned and a new site is near PWA1- Melapuliyur(n) ha,pwa2 Arasanari(n) ha,pwa3-elambalur & Sengunam ha,pwa4- Kurumbalur (s) ha,pwa5-perambalur (n) & Thuraimangalam ha,pwa6- Kalpadi (n) ha,pwa7-kurumbalur (s) ha,pwa8-siruvachur & Ayyalur ha. identify the site with the most routes. It is pertinent to state here that accessibility is key to site selection, the site that would eventually be chosen as the most suitable site for the landfill must be very accessible; this would ensure that wastes collected would eventually be easily transported to its final destination editor@iaeme.com

7 R. Nallusamy, Mukesh Goel, Ashutosh Das, M. Rajamanickam 4. CONCLUSIONS GIS could efficaciously be utilized as a management and an analysis implement that facilitates planning process. In this research, GIS software was used to locate the best landfill site for perambalur taluk by creating maps according to scientific criteria and standards. The study demonstrated the capacity to use GIS and fuzy technology for the effective identification of suitable solid waste dumping sites will minimize the environmental risk and human health problems. The study is useful in planning for the city in future. It emphasizes on the importance of the requirement of solid waste management system. The use of multi criteria analysis is a new attempt to get the potential site. There is no limit to the scope of the innovations and technology use. With the given time and the limited knowledge with the data constraint this was an attempt to derive the site suitability analysis for urban solid waste disposal. Figure 4 Fuzzy Membership Ranking editor@iaeme.com

8 Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection of Perambalur Town of Southern India Using Fuzzy GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques, Tamilnadu, India Figure 5 Positive Window Area REFERENCES [1] Akbari V.2008.Landfill Site Selection by Combining GIS and Fuzzy MultiCriteria Decision Analysis, Case Study Bandar Abbas, Iran. Journal of Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering,University of Tehran, Iran [2] Gupta R.Kewalramaniz M.A.and Ralegaonkar R.V.(2003) Environmental impact analysis using fuzzy relation for landfill siting -Journal of Urban Planning and Development.Vol.129 No.3 pp [3] Hokkanen J.and Salminen P.(1997) Choosing a solid waste management system using multicriteria decision analysis European Journal of Operational Research.Vol.98 No.1,pp [4] Indian standard 9533 (1980) Guidelines for selection of methods of urban solid waste disposal.pp.4-5. [5] Kao J.J.and Lin H.U.(1996) Multifactor spatial analysis of landfill siting - Journal of Environmental Engineering.Vol.122, pp [6] Padmaja V.Asadf S.S.and Anji M.R.(2006) Solid waste disposal site selection using analytical hierarchy process and GIS Pollution Research. Vol.25 No.1 pp [7] Sadek S.,El-Fadel M.& El-Hougeiri.N.(2001).Optimizing Landfill Siting Through GIS Application, Seventeenth International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management,Philadelphia,October 21- [8] Thanikal J.V.(2001) Application of GIS for Land Use Planning for SWM, proceedings of Enviro 2001 National Conference on Control of Industrial Pollution and Environmental degradation.pp [9] M. Satish Kumar, M.V. Raju and Hepsibah Palivela, An Overview of Managing Municipal Solid Waste in Urban Areas -A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp [10] Basavaraj Itnal and Prof. S M Prakash, Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Different Municipal Solid Waste Management Options in Selected Wards of Bangalore. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com