Table of Contents. Foreword... xiii Michael F. GOODCHILD Introduction... xix Stéphane ROCHE and Claude CARON

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1 Table of Contents Foreword... xiii Michael F. GOODCHILD Introduction... xix Stéphane ROCHE and Claude CARON PART 1. ISSUES AND PROSPECTS OF GIS RELATIONSHIPS, ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIETY... 1 Chapter 1. GIS: A Historical Process. The Past as Support for the Future... 3 Nicholas CHRISMAN 1.1. Introduction The original concept Origins of GIS Raster origins? Vector origins? Geography discovers GISs The scientific debate ignores the main question Trying to find assistance: the study of sciences and technologies A few fundamental principles Closing the loop The software component The data component The results component A conclusion geared toward the future Bibliography... 29

2 vi Organizational Facets of GIS Chapter 2. The Space and Place Trades versus Geographic Information Technologies: Babel and Esperanto Grégoire FEYT 2.1. Introduction The historical mission of GISs GIS, first a machine raising questions Interface trades A complex system A system under pressure The long progress toward the culture of the digital GI GIT and trades: a culture of pioneers Temporary conclusion Bibliography Chapter 3. The Future of GIS from an IT Evolution Perspective.. 57 Lin GINGRAS and François BERGERON 3.1. Introduction Recent cases linking IT and GIS The recovery of Columbia Product management at Gillette Trailer management at Schneider National IT developments Integrated business applications: ERP, CRM Wireless networks Tablets and PDA Quick development technologies Ubiquitous information technology Consequences and impacts of IT developments on GIS Managing wireless Conscious context solutions Information push User personalized information Digital artifacts in embedded tools and objects The other dimensions: application structure and security applications Potential gains and risks with GIS Operational benefits Managerial benefits Strategic advantages The importance of strategic harmonization for project success. 73

3 Table of Contents vii Business strategy The GIS strategy Corporate structure GIS environmental structure Corporate performance and strategic harmonization An indicator of GIS application opportunity The UBIGIS grid to evaluate GIS application opportunities Conclusion Bibliography PART 2. GIS AND ITS PLACE WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS Chapter 4. The Role and Value of GIS in Organizations Claude CARON 4.1. Introduction Social context of GIS: images, symbols and rationalities GIS: a rational role GIS: a symbolic role The role of GIS: multiple rationalities Multiple GIS rationalities: a few typical roles Evolution of the GIS role Toward more diversified roles Toward higher decision levels A succession of different perspectives The value of GIS Value: philosophical or economical concept Philosophical perspective of value Economic perspective of value The measure of value for GIS Quantitative approaches Qualitative measure approaches Role and value of a GIS Relational terms of the concepts of role and value Possible consequences according to desired roles and anticipated value Conclusion Bibliography

4 viii Organizational Facets of GIS Chapter 5. Social Use and Adoption Models of GIS Stéphane ROCHE and Benoît RAVELEAU 5.1. Introduction From ICT to GIT GIT: a subset of ICT Characteristics of GIT compared with ICT For a social and technical approach dedicated to practices and uses The notion of use From technical to social commonality Three levels of understanding social uses Theoretical approaches of diffusion and innovation The diffusion approach The technical innovation approach The school of translation The appropriation approach Antagonisms between espousing technology and usage technology Appropriation or modes of usage structure Determining variables of appropriation Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 6. GIS Engineering: Its Place in Organizations Henri PORNON 6.1. Introduction GIS, project of the organization A shift between words and reality Observations from GIS specialists The analysis by sociologists of computerization processes GIS deployment: smooth sailing or chaotic process? A few useful concepts of organizational sociology Strategies of stakeholders, action and geomatic systems Computerization process: stakeholders searching for opportunities Differentiation GIS and integration GIS The development of geomatics in organizations Project or process? Projects from stakeholders or from the organization?

5 Table of Contents ix A model to identify the descriptive parameters of the methodologies Synthesis: the process of geomatic development Descriptive parameters of organizational contexts The usefulness of geomatics in organizations and on the field Favoring federating or sectoral GISs? Cooperation and information sharing: an optimistic objective? Changing points of view on the use of geomatics in organizations Changing points of view on the usefulness of GISs in the territory Measuring the organizational impact of GIS Conclusion: some questions under discussion What roles do geographic computer tools play? What roles do methods play? The paradoxical role of project managers (the champions) Conclusion: transposing to land planning? Bibliography Chapter 7. GIS, Cognition and Business Wladimir MAJOR and François GOLAY 7.1. Introduction Nature and challenges of territorial cooperation The territory, a challenge for stakeholders striving for power Rules of territorial cooperation Real challenges of territorial cooperation Territoriality: an emergence of the cognitive environments of the stakeholders The territorial object and territoriality The territorial object and its social representation Territory: an appropriate space Cognitive environment and territoriality Cognitive model diversity of territorial stakeholders (e.g. Switzerland) Lexical analysis of stakeholder views: methodology and results Symbolic history of territoriality and GIS Implications of cognitive model diversity on GIS

6 x Organizational Facets of GIS Role and limits of current GISs Suggestions for implementing GISs Conclusion Bibliography PART 3. EXAMPLES OF GIS USES IN ORGANIZATIONS Chapter 8. GIS and Territorial Governance: Examples in Quebec and Tunisia Jean-Jacques CHEVALLIER 8.1. Introduction Projects involved GIR project (integrated management of resources in forestry) AMILCAR project CBE project Territorial profile project Characteristics of the territorial decision Territorial information, of course, but why? Governments and civil society Possible and desirable participation Information for territorial decision making Management cycle and decision cycle Terminology used The different functions of information Effects on government information systems Consequences on required data Consequences on technologies Consequences on organizations Consequences on human resources GI for territorial decision: toward a new paradigm Bibliography Chapter 9. Digital Participation and Access in UK Local Government Robin SMITH 9.1. Introduction The Information Society in European and UK policy European policy UK e-government policy and research context

7 Table of Contents xi 9.3. Digital participation in UK local government Website survey and case study selection Rushcliffe Borough Council s interim local plan consultation The City of Edinburgh Council s first community plan consultation The London Borough of Lewisham s Dialogue Project Components of public participation Public participation in a local context Public participation in a strategic context Public participation in a mixed decision-making context Public participation GIS and components of access GIS and access Components of access Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 10. GIS and Citizen Participation: Urban Revitalization Projects in the USA Rina GHOSE Introduction The role of local contingencies in participatory GIS Production and use of spatial knowledge in participatory GIS Local variation of participatory GIS development Conclusion and directions for future research Bibliography Chapter 11. Geographic Information and Inter-Organizational Partnerships Henri PORNON, Zorica NEDOVIC-BUDIC and Jeffrey PINTO Introduction The context of partnerships Conceptual concepts Framework proposed by H. Pornon The framework proposed by Z. Nedovic-Budic and J. K. Pinto Other aspects involving GI sharing Legal aspects Standardization and interoperability questions Sociological and organizational aspects

8 xii Organizational Facets of GIS Key success factors of inter-organizational partnerships Aspects favoring or hindering the development of partnerships Advice to increase the chances of success in projects Lessons learned from the [JOH 01] study Conclusion Bibliography Conclusion Stéphane ROCHE, Claude CARON and Carine PÉRIBOIS List of Authors Index