The Science of Chemistry
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1 CHAPTER 1 The Science of Chemistry 1.1 What Chemistry Is About
2 Measurements Using clear standards of measurements, we can communicate more effectively in answering simple questions What Chemistry Is About
3 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
4 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
5 Mass The size (or volume) does not tell us how much matter there is What Chemistry Is About
6 Mass Remember: Size (volume) does not tell us how much matter there is. 1,000 g = 1 kg What Chemistry Is About
7 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
8 Volume Volume indicates an amount of space. The milliliter (ml) is a unit of volume What Chemistry Is About
9 You can measure the volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder. Volume 75 ml What Chemistry Is About
10 You can measure the volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder. Volume 1 ml = 1 cm What Chemistry Is About
11 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
12 Density 3 blocks of equal volume plastic glass iron 3 different mass values What Chemistry Is About
13 Relationship between mass and volume density: a property of a substance that describes how much matter the substance contains per unit volume; typical units are grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) What Chemistry Is About
14 If 45 g of titanium are added to a graduated cylinder containing 50 ml of water, what will the cylinder read after the titanium has been added? Density What Chemistry Is About
15 Density If 45 g of titanium are added to a graduated cylinder containing 50 ml of water, what will the cylinder read after the titanium has been added? Asked: Given: Relationships: Volume of graduated cylinder after adding 45 g of titanium 45 g of titanium, density of titanium d = 4.5 g/cm 3, 50 ml of water d m V What Chemistry Is About
16 Density If 45 g of titanium are added to a graduated cylinder containing 50 ml of water, what will the cylinder read after the titanium has been added? Asked: Given: Relationships: Solve: Answer: Discussion: Volume of graduated cylinder after adding 45 g of titanium 45 g of titanium, density of titanium d = 4.5 g/cm 3, 50 ml of water d m V m 45 g 1.0 ml V 10 ml 3 3 d 4.5 g cm cm The titanium adds 10 ml to the cylinder, which now reads 60 ml. 60 ml This is an example of measurement using the displacement method What Chemistry Is About
17 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
18 Is the mass exactly 10.0 g? Accuracy and precision Could it be 9.96 g? g? We don t know since any mass between 9.95 g and g would round off to 10.0 g What Chemistry Is About
19 Accuracy and precision Measurements that are not accurate could lead you to the wrong conclusion. If a measurement is not precise, you may not be able to tell the difference between agreement and disagreement What Chemistry Is About
20 Accuracy how close a measurement is to the true (correct) value. Precision, how close the measured values are to each other. These values may be incorrect or correct What Chemistry Is About
21 Significant figures Do you record 10 g or 10.0 g? Does it make a difference? What Chemistry Is About
22 Significant figures Do you record 10 g or 10.0 g? Does it make a difference? Yes, it makes a difference in precision What Chemistry Is About
23 If you record 10 g If you record 10.0 g What Chemistry Is About
24 What value should be recorded for the volume measurement in the picture? Precision and accuracy What Chemistry Is About
25 What value should be recorded for the volume measurement in the picture? Precision and accuracy Asked: Given: Relationships: The value with the correct number of significant figures You can estimate to a tenth of the graduation of a cylinder or ruler The last digit on the right is assumed to be plus or minus one-tenth What Chemistry Is About
26 What value should be recorded for the volume measurement in the picture? Precision and accuracy Asked: Given: Relationships: Solve: Answer: The value with the correct number of significant figures You can estimate to a tenth of the graduation of a cylinder or ruler The last digit on the right is assumed to be plus or minus one-tenth. The meniscus is right on 18, so estimate 18.0 ml ml Discussion: The real value is confidently known to be between 17.9 and 18.1 ml What Chemistry Is About
27 1 sigfig 3 sigfigs 1 sigfig What Chemistry Is About
28 What Chemistry Is About
29 What Chemistry Is About
30 What Chemistry Is About
31 Science encompasses very large and very small objects. Large Small The scientific notation is a shorthand system to write very large and very small numbers What Chemistry Is About
32 Scientific notation mantissa 1,500 = 15 x 100 power of What Chemistry Is About
33 Scientific notation mantissa 1,500 = 15 x 100 = = 10 x 10 = 10 2 exponent What Chemistry Is About
34 Scientific notation mantissa 1,500 = 15 x 100 mantissa = ,500 = 1.5 x 1,000 = What Chemistry Is About
35 Scientific notation 1,500 in scientific notation: 1.5 x 10 3 mantissa 1,500 = 1.5 x 1,000 = What Chemistry Is About
36 Scientific notation 40,000,000 = 4 x ,600 = 3.6 x ,100 = 8.31 x What Chemistry Is About
37 Scientific notation mantissa = 1.5 x power of What Chemistry Is About
38 Scientific notation mantissa = 1.5 x = 10 3 A negative exponent means: the number is smaller than 1 does not mean: the whole number is negative What Chemistry Is About
39 Scientific notation mantissa = 1.5 x = in scientific notation: 1.5 x What Chemistry Is About
40 Scientific notation = 4 x = 3.6 x = 8.31 x What Chemistry Is About
41 Scientific notation Convert to scientific notation. Asked: Given: 4 Relationships: The number in scientific notation as a decimal number What Chemistry Is About
42 Scientific notation Convert to scientific notation. Asked: Given: Relationships: Answer: The number in scientific notation as a decimal number What Chemistry Is About
43 Using scientific notation on a calculator Scientific notation What Chemistry Is About
44 Measuring physical properties Precision vs. accuracy Mass Volume Density Pressure grams liters grams per liter atmospheres, psi Scientific notation 40,000,000 = 4 x = 4 x What Chemistry Is About
The Science of Chemistry
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