Station 1: The Celsius Thermometer

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1 Station 1: The Celsius Thermometer Thermometers can be made with alcohol, or mercury. We will be using alcohol thermometers. Mercury is a dangerous substance that can be hazardous to your health if are in contact with it. Thermometers are very fragile and must be handled with care. Read the following rules for the proper use of a thermometer. Never "shake down" a thermometer to reset it. Never use a thermometer to stir a liquid. Never allow a thermometer to touch the bottom of a container that is being heated. Read the following directions for using and reading a thermometer. Place the bulb end of the thermometer into the object with an unknown temperature. Wait several minutes for the thermometer to adjust to the temperature of the object. Without removing the thermometer, note the number nearest the top of the column of liquid in the thermometer. Thermometers used in science courses measure in degrees Celsius. Measure the temperature to the nearest tenth of a degree.

2 Answer the following on your answer sheet. 1. What are the temperatures shown by these thermometers? They are all Celsius thermometers.

3 At this station you will notice two beakers that are labeled A and B. Properly use your thermometer to complete the following on your answer sheet: 7. What is the temperature of beaker A? Beaker B? 8. Why must you read the temperature without removing the thermometer from the solution? 9. Why should the thermometer never be used to stir a liquid? 10. Why should the thermometer never touch the bottom of a container that is being heated?

4 Station 2: The Graduated Cylinder Read the following directions for using and reading a graduated cylinder: Place the cylinder on a flat surface. Look at the cylinder from the side at eye level. The top of the liquid should be at eye level. The view of the surface of the liquid will be curved. This curved surface is called the meniscus. Read the graduated cylinder at the bottom (lower curved portion) of the meniscus. Record your answer to the nearest 10 th of a milliliter. Answer the following on your answer sheet. 11. How much liquid is contained in each of the following graduated cylinders (in milliliters)? a) b) c)

5 At this station you will notice three graduated cylinders that are labeled A, B and C. Using the appropriate units of measurement, complete the following: 12. What is the amount of water in cylinder A? Cylinder B? Cylinder C? 13.What is the largest volume of liquid graduated cylinder A can measure? 14. What is the smallest volume of liquid graduated cylinder B can measure?

6 Station 3: The Digital Balance Digital balances are sensitive equipment and must be handled with care. Read the following rules for the proper use of a balance. Never place a powder or liquid directly on the pan! o Powders should be placed on weighing paper and liquids should be in a container. Place all objects on the pan gently. The tare/zero button is used to zero the balance. Never press, or put heavy objects on the balance! Read the following directions for using and reading a balance. Turn the balance on by pressing the on/tare button. If the balance does not read 0, press the on/tare button to zero the balance. Place the weighing boat/paper on the balance. Again, press the on/tare button to zero the balance. This cancels out the mass of the weighing boat/paper. Remove the weighing boat/paper from the balance and place the item on the weighing boat/paper. Place the weighing boat/paper with the item onto the balance. The reading is the mass of the item in the unit of grams. Record the mass of the item to the number of decimal points provided by your balance. Answer the following on your answer sheet. 15. Use the balance on your table to determine the mass of these objects in grams: A. rubber stopper B. coin C. 50 ml beaker

7 Station 4: The Metric Ruler All of our measurements will be made using the metric system. The meter stick on this bench is (obviously) one meter long. Study your meter stick and metric ruler to observe the following: One meter consists of a 100 centimeters One meter consists of 1000 millimeters Rules for metric measurement: When measuring in millimeters, measure to the tenths place. When measuring in meters and centimeters, measure to the hundredths place. Answer the following on your answer sheet: 16. How long is 12 inches in centimeters? 17. How long is 24 inches in millimeters? 18. What is the length of the note card in meters, centimeters, and millimeters? 19. What is the width of the computer paper in meters, centimeters, and millimeters? 20. What is the width of a lab table in meters, centimeters, and millimeters?

8 Station 5: Making a data table When data is collected in an experiment, it is often presented in the form of a table. The data table must have labeled rows and columns and contain units of measure. A descriptive title is also included. Read the following paragraph and use the information contained within it to create a data table on your answer sheet. 21. An experiment was conducted to measure the amount of oxygen consumed during cellular respiration by germinating seeds at two different temperatures. Measurements were taken every two minutes for 10 minutes. The first set of seeds was kept in a cold environment in which the temperature was maintained at 10 C. The measurements (showing cumulative oxygen consumption) obtained at 2-minute intervals were: 1 ml, 1.8 ml, 2.7 ml, 3.6 ml, and 4.5 ml. The second set of seeds was kept in a warm environment in which the temperature was maintained at 24 C. The measurements (showing cumulative oxygen consumption) obtained at 2-minute intervals were: 2 ml, 3.1 ml, 4.3 ml, 5.6 ml, and 6.5 ml. Before the experiment was started, the amount of oxygen consumed was recorded as 0 ml for all seeds.

9 Station 6: Analyzing a graph Analyzing graphed data is an important component of drawing conclusions about scientific experiments. The following graph represents the cumulative percentages of seeds that germinated (sprouted) following various pregermination treatments over the course of 18 days. Each pre-germination treatment is represented by a different line on the graph. Study the graph below, figure 2, and use it to answer the following questions on your answer sheet.

10 22. How many TOTAL seeds were used in the experiment? 23. In the experiment, to how many different treatments were seeds subjected? 24. What was the maximum percentage of seeds that germinated? 25. What treatment produced the worst amount of seed germination? 26. Does mechanical scarification increase or decrease the rate of germination compared to a hot water control? 27. Suppose a scientist originally asked the question Does mechanical scarification cause the highest rate of seed germination? Using your knowledge of how to write a well-written conclusion (remember what you learned in the surveys lab), write a conclusion for the scientist s experiment.

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