The Science of Chemistry
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1 CHAPTER 1 The Science of Chemistry 1.1 What Chemistry Is About
2 How can a seedling become a tree? Where does the matter come from? If the matter came from the soil, why don t we see giant holes in the ground? What Chemistry Is About
3 Most of the matter in trees comes from air! What Chemistry Is About
4 Is fire a chemical, matter or energy? What Chemistry Is About
5 Is fire a chemical, matter or energy? Fire is produced when matter changes its form (carbon and oxygen to carbon dioxide and energy) heat and light What Chemistry Is About
6 Chemistry in the body Why are we encouraged to eat foods that are high in antioxidants? What Chemistry Is About
7 Chemistry in the body Why are we encouraged to eat foods that are high in antioxidants? Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, which are chemicals that are harmful to our body What Chemistry Is About
8 Chemistry in the body Too much of certain vitamins can be as harmful as too little. All vitamin supplements list the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for each vitamin What Chemistry Is About
9 Chemistry in the body Most of your body is water! Why is water so important? What Chemistry Is About
10 Molecules can move freely and chemical reactions can take place What Chemistry Is About
11 Measurements Using clear standards of measurements, we can communicate more effectively in answering simple questions What Chemistry Is About
12 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
13 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
14 Mass The size (or volume) does not tell us how much matter there is What Chemistry Is About
15 Mass Which of these has more mass? What are the standards of comparison? Mass of a 1-L bottle of water Mass of a single peanut What Chemistry Is About
16 Mass The gram is a unit of mass Mass of a 1-L bottle of water Mass of a single peanut 1,000 grams 1 gram What Chemistry Is About
17 Mass Remember: Size (volume) does not tell us how much matter there is. 1,000 g = 1 kg What Chemistry Is About
18 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
19 Volume Volume indicates an amount of space. The milliliter (ml) is a unit of volume What Chemistry Is About
20 You can measure the volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder. Volume 75 ml What Chemistry Is About
21 You can measure the volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder. Volume 1 ml = 1 cm What Chemistry Is About
22 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
23 Density 3 blocks of equal volume plastic glass iron 3 different mass values What Chemistry Is About
24 Relationship between mass and volume density: a property of a substance that describes how much matter the substance contains per unit volume; typical units are grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) What Chemistry Is About
25 If 45 g of titanium are added to a graduated cylinder containing 50 ml of water, what will the cylinder read after the titanium has been added? Density What Chemistry Is About
26 Density If 45 g of titanium are added to a graduated cylinder containing 50 ml of water, what will the cylinder read after the titanium has been added? Asked: Given: Relationships: Volume of graduated cylinder after adding 45 g of titanium 45 g of titanium, density of titanium d = 4.5 g/cm 3, 50 ml of water d m V What Chemistry Is About
27 Density If 45 g of titanium are added to a graduated cylinder containing 50 ml of water, what will the cylinder read after the titanium has been added? Asked: Given: Relationships: Solve: Answer: Discussion: Volume of graduated cylinder after adding 45 g of titanium 45 g of titanium, density of titanium d = 4.5 g/cm 3, 50 ml of water d m V m 45 g 1.0 ml V 10 ml 3 3 d 4.5 g cm cm The titanium adds 10 ml to the cylinder, which now reads 60 ml. 60 ml This is an example of measurement using the displacement method What Chemistry Is About
28 Measurements Mass How heavy is an egg? Volume How much space does an egg occupy? Density Does an egg size piece of steel or wood have the same mass? Pressure How hard is it to crush an egg by squeezing evenly from all sides? What Chemistry Is About
29 Pressure Pressure is a force per unit area What Chemistry Is About
30 force: an action, such as a push or a pull, that has the ability to change the motion of an object, such as to start it moving, stop it, or turn it. pressure: force per unit area with units of Pa (N/m 2 ) or psi (lb/in 2 ) or atm; acts equally in all directions within a liquid or a gas What Chemistry Is About
31 Is an empty bottle full of nothing? Can you squeeze a bottle that is tightly capped? What Chemistry Is About
32 Air is matter! Air has pressure Air has mass Air has volume What Chemistry Is About
33 Is the mass exactly 10.0 g? Accuracy and precision Could it be 9.96 g? g? We don t know since any mass between 9.95 g and g would round off to 10.0 g What Chemistry Is About
34 Accuracy and precision Measurements that are not accurate could lead you to the wrong conclusion. If a measurement is not precise, you may not be able to tell the difference between agreement and disagreement What Chemistry Is About
35 Significant figures Do you record 10 g or 10.0 g? Does it make a difference? What Chemistry Is About
36 Significant figures Do you record 10 g or 10.0 g? Does it make a difference? Yes, it makes a difference in precision What Chemistry Is About
37 If you record 10 g If you record 10.0 g What Chemistry Is About
38 What value should be recorded for the volume measurement in the picture? Precision and accuracy What Chemistry Is About
39 What value should be recorded for the volume measurement in the picture? Precision and accuracy Asked: Given: Relationships: The value with the correct number of significant figures You can estimate to a tenth of the graduation of a cylinder or ruler The last digit on the right is assumed to be plus or minus one-tenth What Chemistry Is About
40 What value should be recorded for the volume measurement in the picture? Precision and accuracy Asked: Given: Relationships: Solve: Answer: The value with the correct number of significant figures You can estimate to a tenth of the graduation of a cylinder or ruler The last digit on the right is assumed to be plus or minus one-tenth. The meniscus is right on 18, so estimate 18.0 ml ml Discussion: The real value is confidently known to be between 17.9 and 18.1 ml What Chemistry Is About
41 Science encompasses very large and very small objects. Large Small The scientific notation is a shorthand system to write very large and very small numbers What Chemistry Is About
42 Scientific notation mantissa 1,500 = 15 x 100 power of What Chemistry Is About
43 Scientific notation mantissa 1,500 = 15 x 100 = = 10 x 10 = 10 2 exponent What Chemistry Is About
44 Scientific notation mantissa 1,500 = 15 x 100 mantissa = ,500 = 1.5 x 1,000 = What Chemistry Is About
45 Scientific notation 1,500 in scientific notation: 1.5 x 10 3 mantissa 1,500 = 1.5 x 1,000 = What Chemistry Is About
46 Scientific notation 40,000,000 = 4 x ,600 = 3.6 x ,100 = 8.31 x What Chemistry Is About
47 Scientific notation mantissa = 1.5 x power of What Chemistry Is About
48 Scientific notation mantissa = 1.5 x = 10 3 A negative exponent means: the number is smaller than 1 does not mean: the whole number is negative What Chemistry Is About
49 Scientific notation mantissa = 1.5 x = in scientific notation: 1.5 x What Chemistry Is About
50 Scientific notation = 4 x = 3.6 x = 8.31 x What Chemistry Is About
51 Scientific notation Convert to scientific notation. Asked: Given: 4 Relationships: The number in scientific notation as a decimal number What Chemistry Is About
52 Scientific notation Convert to scientific notation. Asked: Given: Relationships: Answer: The number in scientific notation as a decimal number What Chemistry Is About
53 Using scientific notation on a calculator Scientific notation What Chemistry Is About
54 Unit conversions Convert $1.25 / L to dollar per gallon What Chemistry Is About
55 Unit conversions Convert $1.25 / L to dollar per gallon. Asked: Given: Relationships: A value in dollars per gallon $1.25/L 1 gallon = L What Chemistry Is About
56 Unit conversions Convert $1.25 / L to dollar per gallon. Asked: Given: Relationships: Solve: Answer: A value in dollars per gallon $1.25/L 1 gallon = L $ L $4.73 L 1gallon gallon $4.73/gallon What Chemistry Is About
57 Measuring physical properties Precision vs. accuracy Mass Volume Density Pressure grams liters grams per liter atmospheres, psi Scientific notation 40,000,000 = 4 x = 4 x What Chemistry Is About
The Science of Chemistry
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Chemistry 1.1 What Chemistry Is About Measurements Using clear standards of measurements, we can communicate more effectively in answering simple questions. 2 1.1 What Chemistry
1.1 What Chemistry Is About
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