General Chemistry Unit 7A ( )

Transcription

1 Organic Chemistry Allotropes Isomers Hydrocarbons o Alkanes o Alkenes o Alkynes o Aromatics Alkyl Halides General Chemistry Unit 7A ( ) 1

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5 Parent Chain: Methane Ethane CH4 C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10 Pentane C5H12 Hexane C6H14 Heptane C7H16 Octane C8H18 Nonane C9H20 Decane C10H22 Undecane C11H24 Dodecane C12H26 Branches (one less Hydrogen than Parent Chain): all prefixes can be made into branches Methyl Ethyl CH3 C2H5 5

6 Introduction of parent chain and branches 6

7 Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons contain Carbon and Hydrogen only If all bonds on the carbons are single bondsdrocarbon Alkanes Have form C n H 2n+2 (where n = # of carbons) Ending of the name is ane Name Molecular Structural Formula Model Formula C nh 2n+2 Methane Ethane Propane Butane 2-Methylpropane Example 1: 3-ethylheptane 7

8 Example 2: 2,7-dimethylnonane Example 3: 4-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctane Example 4: 3,3,4,4-tetraethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane Cycloalkanes All single bonds Have form C n H 2n Ends of chain bond together (lose 2 hydrogens) Examples: 8

9 More practice - Naming Alkanes Drawing Alkanes 9

10 Name Alkane Worksheet Based on the given IUPAC name, give the structural formula for each of the following molecules (number the carbons): 1. Name Structural Formula dodecane 2. 2-methylheptane 3. 2,3,4-trimethylhexane 4. 3-methylpentane 5. 3-ethyl,2,4,4-trimethylnonane 6. 1-butyl,2,4-diethyl,3-methyl cyclobutane 10

11 Give the IUPAC name for each of the following molecules (number the carbons): 1. Name Structural Formula CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 C C C C C C - C C - C 4. C - C C 5. C C C C C C C C C C C - C 6. C C C C C C C C C C C C C - C 11

12 Introduce Isomers 12

13 Name Octane: 1. Draw and name the 18 isomers of Octane Methyl heptane: Dimethyl hexane: Ethyl hexane: 1. 13

14 Trimethyl pentane: Ethyl methyl pentane: Tetramethyl butane: 1. 14

15 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons = not all carbons have 4 single bonds (double or triple bonds) Alkenes Structure contains double bonds Have form C n H 2n Name Molecular Structural Formula Model Formula C n H 2n Ethene Propene 2-Butene Drawing and naming Alkene structures: 15

16 More drawing and naming alkenes 16

17 Alkynes Structure contains triple bonds Have form C n H 2n-2 Name Molecular Formula Structural Formula Ethyne C n H 2n-2 1-Propyne 1-Butyne Naming and drawing Alkynes: 17

18 Name Alkene Alkyne Assignment Based on the given IUPAC name, give the structural formula for each of the following molecules (number the carbons): Name Structural Formula 1. 3-heptene 2. 3-methyl-butyne 3. 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene 4. 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 5. 5-methyl-1,3-hexadiyne 6. 1,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentene 7. 2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 18

19 Give the IUPAC name for each of the following molecules (number the carbons): Name Structural Formula 1. C C C = C - C C 2. C C = C C C - C 3. C C C - C - C - C - C = C 4. C C C - C 5. C C C C C - C = C C = C - C C 6. C C C C C C Ξ C - C - C - C - C C 19

20 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Mu st contain at least one benzene ring Naming Aromatics 20

21 Alkyl Halides: Organic compound with General Formula Naming: o o o o o Name as if the halogen is a branch Examples: 21

22 Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Cyclos and Aromatic Review Sheet Section 1: Draw the following structures: 1. 1-ethyl-2-methyl-cyclohexane 2. 2,3-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 3. 3-bromo-4,5-dichloro-6-iodo-undecane 4. 1-butyl-3-propyl-benzene trifluoro-1,6-octadiyne 6. 1-ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-cycloctadiene 7. 1-bromo-2,3-dichloro-5-fluoro-4,6-dimethyl-benzene 22

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24 Date Name Class Modern Chemistry Lab Practical Unit on "Organic Chemistry" I. Problem: What are some of the differences between various organic compounds? You will be given some notes and then asked to design a model of these organic compounds including: alkanes, isomers of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones and some nitrogen containing organic compounds. II. Background Information: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with a formula of CnH2n+2. Isomers of alkanes would have the same formula but different structures. Other information will be given at the beginning of each day of this lab practical. III. Hypothesis: IV. Test The Hypothesis: Materials: make certain your kit contains the following in the right location. If it does not, the previous user will be marked at least 1 point off their next assignment grade each day there is a problem. Each day you work with the kit, you are to sign the paper in the kit with your class numbers and date. 10 black spheres - carbon \ place these on the small side of your kit 2 blue spheres - nitrogen / 28 yellow spheres - hydrogen \ 6 red spheres - oxygen \ 4 green spheres - chlorine \ place these on the larger side 2 orange spheres - bromine / of your kit 2 white spheres- fluorine / (all colors are to be placed together) 2 purple spheres- iodine / 30 small wooden pegs - H bonds only \ 10 large wooden pegs - other single bonds \ place these in the 9 metal springs - double or triple bonds / center of your kit or stress bonds / V. Observations: The first student lab team that has the structure correct will be initialed by the instructor and receive a grade of 2 points out of 1 point. These students will then have their names placed on the board and will be teaching assistants for that organic structure. They will be responsible to grade and initial the structures of other lab teams. Each structure that is designed and named by you is worth 1 point. The following is the grading criteria: 2 points = graded by the instructor and perfect, this team assists in grading 1 point = other perfect scores 0 points = 1 or more mistakes in the structure and/or name 24

25 Information on Doing an I-Search Paper to Make-Up a Missed Organic Chem Modeling Lab: 1. An "I-Search paper is telling the story of what you did in your search, those happenings and facts crucial to your hunt for information on your assigned topic. You are to write 150 words (one page) for each modeling lab you miss. 2. The paper is to be typed and divided into three parts (each section is to be titled as below): a. What I knew before I started my search. b. The facts I found in my search and what I learned. c. What I found the most interesting with what I learned. 3. If your make-up paper does not answer these questions, the best score you can receive is half credit. 25

26 Assignment # Name Class Number Date Name Class Number Kit # General Chemistry Lab Practical "Organic Chemistry" Alkanes Straight and Branched (If absent - write an I-search paper describing the major uses of each of the first 10 alkanes. This must be written in the first person. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 using the criteria of an I-Search.) (2 points, ½ point each) Grade/Initials 1. hexane 2. 3-methylpentane 3. 2, 4-dimethylhexane 4. 2, 2-dimethylpentane 1 point lost for problems with your kit Total / 2 points for Straight and Branched Alkanes 26

27 Assignment # Name Class Number Date Name Class Number Kit # General Chemistry Lab Practical "Organic Chemistry" Isomerism (If absent - write an I-search paper on organic isomers. This must be written in the first person. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 concerning an I-Search.) (2 points, ½ point each) Grade/Initials: Do not use iso or neo. Use the naming system found in butane isomer #1 name (simple) (0.25 point) (0.25 point) 2. butane isomer #2 name (one branch) (0.25 point) (0.25 point) 3. pentane isomer #2 name (one branch) (0.25 point) (0.25 point) 4. pentane isomer #3 (two branches) (0.25 point) name (0.25 point) 1 point lost for problems with your kit / 2 Total points for Isomerism 27

28 Assignment # Name Class Number Date Name Class Number Kit # General Chemistry Lab Practical "Organic Chemistry" Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (If absent - write an I-search paper unsaturated hydrocarbons. This must be written in the first person. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 of your packet.) (3 points, ½ point each) Grade/Initials 1. 1-butene 2. 2-butyne 3. 2-methylpropene 4. 3-methylbutene 5. 1, 3-pentadiene 6. 4-methylpentyne 1 point lost for problems / 3 Total points for Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 28

29 Assignment # Name Class Number Date Name Class Number Kit # General Chemistry Lab Practical "Organic Chemistry" Mixed Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and Hydrocarbons (If absent - write an I-search paper unsaturated hydrocarbons. This must be written in the first person and be 150 words. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 of your packet concerning an I-Search.) (3 points, ½ point each) Grade/Initials 1. 2-chloropropane 2. 2-bromo-3,4 -dichloropentene 3. 5-bromo-1- chloro-4,4-diiodo-5-methyl-2- hexyne 4. ethylbenzene 5. 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene 6. 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 1 point lost for problems with your kit / 3 Total points for Aromatics and Alkyl Halides 29

30 Assignment # Date Kit # Name Class Number Name Class Number General Chemistry Lab Practical "Organic Chemistry" Mixed Hydrocarbons 1. 2, 3, 4-trimethylhexane 2. propylcyclobutane 3. Methylbenzene 4. 1,1-difluoro-2-butyne 5. 1-iodo-2-methylpropene 6. 1, 3-pentadiene 7. 3-bromo-1-chlorobutyne 8. 1-chloro-2-ethyl-3fluoro-cyclohexene / 8 Total points for Mixed Hydrocarbons 30