Organic Chemistry 17.1
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1 Organic Chemistry 17.1 Introduction to Organic Compounds Naming Alkanes Isomers of Alkanes Naming Cycloalkanes
2 What are Organic Compounds? (1807) The term organic compound originated Meant compounds derived from living organisms (1828) Urea, an organic compound, was synthesized: O NH 3 + HCNO H 2 N C NH 2 Inorganic Organic Urea, a component in animal urine
3 What are Organic Compounds? (Today) Organic Compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon. Except for the following: Carbonates, CO 2, CO, diamond, and graphite.
4 What are Organic Compounds? Rubber Latex Silk Nylon Methane Gas and Motor Oil Plastic Drugs
5 Most Compounds are Organic Of the ~20 million compounds that are know today, about 90% are organic! Why? Carbon bonds to itself in different ways. Forms long chains Forms rings Carbon bonds with many other elements. Especially - H, O, N, S, and halogens.
6 Hydrocarbons Contain only C and H 1) Alkanes (saturated) 2) Alkenes (unsaturated) 3) Alkynes (unsaturated) 4) Aromatic Hydrocarbons (unsaturated)
7 Alkanes C n H 2n+2 H H H H C H H C C H H H H Methane Ethane C 1 H 1(2)+2 C 2 H 2(2)+2 CH 4 C 2 H 6
8 Naming Alkanes Prefix = # of carbons in chain Suffix = -ane CH 4 methane natural gas C 2 H 6 ethane C 3 H 8 propane BBQ fuel C 4 H 10 butane lighter fluid C 5 H 12 pentane solvent C 6 H 14 hexane component of gasoline C 7 H 16 heptane solvent C 8 H 18 octane component of gasoline C 9 H 20 nonane C 10 H 22 decane
9 Structural Isomers Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms H H H H H H H C H H C C H H C C C H H H H H H H Methane Ethane Propane 1 Isomer 1 Isomer 1 Isomer There is only one possible arrangement for each of these compounds.
10 Structural Isomers of Butane H H C H H H H H H H H C C C C H H C C C H H H H H H H H normal butane isobutane (n-butane) Butane has two isomers.
11 n - butane H H C H H H H H H H H C C C C H H C C C H H H H H H H H normal butane and normal butane These two structures are the same. They are not isomers.
12 Pentane has 3 Isomers n-pentane Isopentane CH neopentane C
13 These are not different isomers CH CH CH CH They are all isopentane
14 Nomenclature after Pentane Step 1) Count the carbon atom in the longest continuous carbon chain. -CH carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain It s an Octane.
15 Nomenclature after Pentane (cont.) Step 2) Name the secondary alkane group according to the following chart. - methyl - ethyl - propyl - butyl - CH isopropyl
16 Nomenclature after Pentane (cont.) Step 3) Number the carbon chain so that the secondary alkane falls on the lowest possible number CH methyl methyloctane.
17 Ex 1) Naming Alkanes CH - - -CH - -
18 Ex 1) Naming Alkanes CH - - -CH - - Seven carbons in the longest chain. heptane
19 Ex 1) Naming Alkanes CH - - -CH - - Seven carbons in the longest chain. dimethylheptane
20 Ex 1) Naming Alkanes CH - - -CH - - Seven carbons in the longest chain. 3, 5-dimethylheptane
21 Ex 2) Naming Alkanes - CH - - -CH - - -
22 Ex 2) Naming Alkanes - CH - - -CH Eight carbons in the longest chain. octane
23 Ex 2) Naming Alkanes - CH - - -CH Eight carbons in the longest chain. -ethyl- -methyloctane
24 Ex 2) Naming Alkanes - CH - - -CH Eight carbons in the longest chain. 3-ethyl-5-methyloctane
25 Ex 3) Naming Alkanes CH - CH - - -CH - - -
26 Ex 3) Naming Alkanes CH - CH - - -CH Nine carbons in the longest chain. nonane
27 Ex 3) Naming Alkanes CH - CH - - -CH These prefixes are put in alphabetical order. 4-ethyl-3, 6-dimethylnonane Not these ones.
28 Ex 4) Naming Alkanes - - -C
29 Ex 4) Naming Alkanes - - -C heptane
30 Ex 4) Naming Alkanes - - -C , 3-diethylheptane
31 Cycloalkanes Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane General formula C n H 2n
32 Naming Cycloalkanes Step 1. Identify the Cycloalkane H 3 C cyclohexane
33 Naming Cycloalkanes Step 2. Number the carbons in the cycloalkane by starting with the group that has alphabetical priority, and move in the direction CH 1 3 that gives the 2 nd 2 group the lowest number. H 3 C cyclohexane
34 Naming Cycloalkanes Step 3. Add the group names with their associated carbon numbers. 2 1 H 3 C Isopropyl-3-methylcyclohexane
35 Ex) Name this Cycloalkane
36 Ex) Name this Cycloalkane
37 Ex) Name this Cycloalkane Butyl-2-methylcyclobutane
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