Organic Chemistry. A brief introduction
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1 Organic Chemistry A brief introduction
2 Organic Chemistry the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties excluding: CO, CO 2, CS 2, carbonates and cyanides eight million known organic compounds
3 ydrocarbons compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings (C 6 6 ) Aliphatic hydrocarbons have no benzene rings
4 Alkanes The simplest hydrocarbon
5 Alkanes a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds generic chemical formula C n 2n+2 where n = 1,2,3... Methane C 4 C sp 3 hybridization
6 Alkanes Methane C 4 C these molecules are said to be saturated Saturated: no more hydrogen atoms can be added to the molecule
7 Methane Ethane Propane Butane Alkanes C 4 C C 2 6 C C C 3 8 C C C C 4 10 Two possible schemes
8 n-butane C C C C C C C C Structural Isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different constitutions Structural Isomers exhibit different chemical and physical properties isobutane
9 Levels of Structure Elemental Composition Empirical Formula Molecular Formula Constitution Conformation Configuration the order in which the atoms are connected
10 Alkane Nomenclature the names of alkanes beyond butane are obtained by adding the suffix -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbon atoms C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 (C 2 ) 3 C 3 (C 2 ) 4 C 3 (C 2 ) 5 C 3 (C 2 ) 6 C 3 (C 2 ) 7 C 3 (C 2 ) 8 C 3 pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms determines the root name
11 Alkane Nomenclature When alkane groups appear as substitutents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. C 3 C 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 Methyl Ethyl Propyl C 3 C C 3 Isopropyl C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 Butyl
12 Alkane Nomenclature When alkane groups appear as substitutents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. C 3 C 2 C C 3 sec- Butyl C C 2 C 3 C 3 iso-butyl C C 3 C 3 C 3 tert-butyl
13 Alkane Nomenclature The position of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the substituent. C 3 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C methylpentane The location and name of each substituent is followed by the root alkane name.
14 Example C 3 C 2 C C 2 C 3 3-methylpentane C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C 2 3-methylhexane
15 Example C 3 C 2 C C 2 C 3 3-methylpentane C 3 C 3 C 2 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C 3 3-methylhexane
16 Alkane Nomenclature The substituents are listed in alphabetical order, and the prefixes di-, tri-, and so on are used to indicate multiple, identical substituents. C 3 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C 3 2,2-Dimethylpentane C 3
17 Example C 3 C 3 C 3 C C 2 C C 2 C 3 2,4-dimethylhexane C 3 C C 2 C 2 C C 3 C 3 2-methylhexane
18 Example C 3 C 2 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylheptane C 3 C 2 C C C C2 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 3-ethyl-3-methyloctane C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C C2 C 3 C 3
19 Example C 3 C 2 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylheptane C 3 C 2 C C C C2 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 3-ethyl-3-methyloctane C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C C2 C 3 C 3
20 Example 4-tert-butylheptane C 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C C 2 C 2 C 3 C C 3 C 3
21 Alkane Nomenclature If two chains of equal length are present, choose the one with the larger number of branch points as the parent. C 3 C 2 C 3 C C C 2 C 3 C 2 C 3 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane
22 Alkane Nomenclature If two chains of equal length are present, choose the one with the larger number of branch points as the parent. Not C 3 C 2 C 3 C C C 2 C 3 C 2 C 3 3-isopropyl-hexane
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