Common Elements in Organic Compounds

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1 Organic hemistry

2 ommon Elements in Organic ompounds

3 lassification of ydrocarbons

4 Alkanes Alkanes have the general formula n 2n+2 where n = 1,2,3, only single covalent bonds saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule methane ethane propane

5 Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

6 ow many structural isomers does pentane, 5 12, have? n-pentane ,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylbutane

7 Alkane Nomenclature 1. The parent name of the hydrocarbon is that given to the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule methylheptane 2. An alkane less one hydrogen atom is an alkyl group. 4 methane 3 methyl

8 Alkane Nomenclature

9 Alkane Nomenclature 3. When one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by other groups, the name of the compound must indicate the locations of carbon atoms where replacements are made. Number in the direction that gives the smaller numbers for the locations of the branches methylpentane methylpentane

10 Alkane Nomenclature 4. Use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, when there is more than one alkyl branch of the same kind ,3-dimethylhexane ,3-dimethylhexane

11 Alkane Nomenclature 5. Use previous rules for other types of substituents. Br NO bromo-3-nitrobutane Br NO bromo-3-nitrobutane

12 What is the IUPA name of the following compound? ethyl-2-methyloctane What is the structure of 2-propyl-4-methylhexane?

13 ombustion 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) alogenation 4 (g) + l 2 (g) light Alkane Reactions O 2 (g) O (l) D 0 = kj 3 l (g) + l (g) l 2 + energy l + l + l + l + l l l + l

14 achiral chiral

15 ycloalkanes Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings are called cycloalkanes. They have the general formula n 2n where n = 3,4,

16 ycloalkanes

17 Alkenes Alkenes have the general formula n 2n where n = 2,3, contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond also called olefins butene butene l l l l cis-dichloroethylene trans-dichloroethylene

18 racking Alkene Reactions 2 6 (g) 2 2 (g) + 2 (g) Pt catalyst Addition Reactions 2 2 (g) + Br (g) 3 2 Br (g) 2 2 (g) + Br 2 (g) 2 Br 2 Br (g)

19 Alkynes Alkynes have the general formula n 2n-2 where n = 2,3,4, contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond butyne 2-butyne Production of acetylene a 2 (s) O (l) 2 2 (g) + a(o) 2 (aq)

20 Alkyne Reactions ydrogenation (g) + 2 (g) 2 2 (g) Addition Reactions (g) + Br (g) 2 Br (g) (g) + Br 2 (g) Br Br (g) (g) + 2Br 2 (g) Br 2 Br 2 (g)

21 Aromatic ydrocarbons

22 Aromatic ompound Nomenclature ethylbenzene aminobenzene 2 3 l N 2 NO 2 chlorobenzene nitrobenzene Br Br Br ,2-dibromobenzene Br 1,3-dibromobenzene

23 Substitution reaction Aromatic ompound Reactions Br + Br 2 FeBr 3 catalyst + Br l All 3 catalyst + l

24 Polycyclic Aromatic ydrocarbons

25 Functional Group hemistry Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group and have the general formula R-O.

26 Biological production of ethanol 6 12 O 6 (aq) enzyme O (aq) + 2O 2 (g) ommercial production of ethanol 2 2 (g) + 2 O (g) 2 SO O (g) Metabolic oxidation of ethanol alcohol dehydrogenase 3 2 O 3 O + 2

27 Functional Group hemistry Ethers have the general formula R-O-R. ondensation Reaction 3 O + O 3 2 SO 4 catalyst 3 O O

28 Functional Group hemistry Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( ) functional group. O O aldehydes have the general formula R O ketones have the general formula R R O O O formaldehyde acetaldehyde acetone

29 Functional Group hemistry arboxylic acids contain the carboxyl ( -OO ) functional group.

30 Functional Group hemistry Esters have the general formula R OOR, where R is a hydrocarbon group. 3 OO + O 2 3 O 3 O O ethyl acetate

31 Functional Group hemistry Amines are organic bases with the general formula R 3 N. 3 N O RN O N 2 + l 3 2 N 3+ l -

32

Introduction to Organic Chemistry. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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