INTENSIFICATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A GASOLINE ISOMERIZATION UNIT
|
|
- Tamsyn Gordon
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 UDC INTENSIFICATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A GASOLINE ISOMERIZATION UNIT ИНТЕНСИФИКАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ УСТАНОВКИ ИЗОМЕРИЗАЦИИ БЕНЗИНА The objective of reducing the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline decide to participate in their structure oxygenates, alkylbenzene and isomerization and isomerization catalysts selection. Evaluation of selectivity and stability of catalysts carried out laboratory tests in a pilot plant. Development of methods of mathematical modeling to evaluate the effectiveness of the method of calculation of the catalysts. The object of this study is to compare IP 632 zeolite catalyst in mediumtemperature process conditions and C-2 zirconium catalyst in low-temperature process conditions. Systems of kinetic equations with the corresponding rate constants were selected for them. With the help of a mathematical model the component-wise isomerizate composition for the basic and design variants was obtained, with the increase in the product yield up to 98% and the decrease in the content of aromatic hydrocarbons down to minimum 0,02% with SI-2 catalyst. As a result, the expediency of zirconium catalyst application was proved. When selecting a formalized process diagrams taken into account the condition that the isomerization process proceeds with high selectivity, so hydrocracking side reactions are minimal. The octane number of the replacement of the catalyst is increased by 2.89 points. As a result, it was proved the usefulness of the zirconium catalyst. Thus, the possibility of solving the actual problem of reducing the aromatics isomerization catalyst to the selection method of mathematical modeling isomerization, zeolite, catalyst, mathematical model, aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, octane number. In connection with toughening of requirements to the content of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene) and sulfur compounds in commercial gasolines, gasoline stock arises, which can be solved through the modernization of the existing production, and mainly by the introduction of new processes and catalysts [1]. The main method to solve the problem of obtaining high-octane gasolines with a low content of aromatic hydrocarbons is the inclusion of oxygenates, alkylate and isomerizate in their composition. In the process of isomerization of pentane-hexane fractions, some isocomponents are produced with the octane characteristics allowing a noticeable reduction in the share of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline. Isomerizate is characterized by a research octane number of 83-86, low sensitivity, absence of aromatics and minimal sulfur content [2]. Currently, the choice of isomerization catalysts is limited by three types of processes: «low-temperature» isomerization with the use of chlorinated catalysts, «medium-temperature» isomerization based on zeolite catalysts and sulfated zirconium oxide - based isomerization [3] (Table 1). These methods are among the basic refining processes now. The level of technology, technical and economic efficiency of these processes largely predetermine the efficiency of commercial gasoline production in general, and the determining factor of the efficiency of isomerization process is the stability and activity of Pt-catalysts. For this reason, the attention paid by the economically developed countries to the improvement of isomerization technology and the development of more efficient catalysts is quite understandable. The introduction of the third generation polymetallic 165
2 Pentane and hexane isomer compositions produced by «per pass» variant on the basis of different types of catalysts No Name Index 1 Type of catalyst Pt/Al2O3 Pt/ZrO2-SO4 Pt/zeolite 2 Temperature range Composition of pentanes in isomerizate % wt: - isopentane - n-pentane Octane number of pentanes (by the research method), points ,0 Composition of hexanes in isomerizate, % wt: - 2,2-dimethylbutane - 2,3- dimethylbutane methylpentane methylpentane - n-hexane , Octane number of hexanes (by the research method), points catalysts has made it possible to produce high-octane gasolines and extend the cycle length by more than two times. However, up to the present, the comparable evaluation of activity, selectivity and stability of Pt contacts is carried out using laboratory kinetic methods with their subsequent testing at experimental and even industrial units. At the same time, the development of mathematical modeling methods while using the kinetic and technological analysis of the processes provides for the possibility to evaluate the kinetic parameters of different contacts by using a method of solving the inverse kinetic problem and predict the current and stationary activity indicators, selectivity and duration of the cycle in conditions of industrial operation with the specific design features of the reactor unit and raw material composition taken into account. Thus, it became possible to solve the actual problem of the reasonable selection and comparative evaluation of the efficiency of Pt catalysts on the basis of the nonstationary kinetic model of isomerization process developed, considering physico-chemical regularities of hydrocarbon transformation on the surface of the contact and technological features of the industrial unit, as well as the in-plant database on this process [4]. Temperature is the main factor affecting the process of isomerization. As temperature increases, the hydrocracking processes are accelerated, resulting in coke deposition on the catalyst. Also, a decrease in temperature makes hydrocarbons more branched and, correspondingly, leads to an increased octane number. The temperature influence on the research octane number is shown in Figure 1 [5]. Physicochemical properties of straight-run gasoline mixture fraction (IBP-75) Parameter Unit Value Content in oil % wt 7.4 kg/m Raw mixture composition Name Content Composition, %mass: isobutane - n-butane isopentane n-pentane cyclopentane ,2-dimethylbutane methylpentane methylpentane n-hexane methylcyclopentane cyclohexane Sulfur content, mg/kg 4.30 Density at 20, kg/ m Octane number (by the research method) 70 Temperature influence on the octane number of isomerizate Depending on the type of the catalyst used, hightemperature ( ), medium-temperature ( ) and low-temperature ( ) isomerization processes are distinguished. In accordance with the task, IBP-75 straight- 166
3 run gasoline fraction is used as a raw material for isomerization unit. Its physicochemical properties are given in Table 2. Raw mixture composition is given in Table 3. The process conditions are accepted based on the literature data. The process conditions are given in Table 4. Process conditions Parameter Unit Value 1 Inlet temperature º 250 Hydrogen concentration in circulating hydrogenation gas % vol. 80 Hydrogen containing gas circulation ratio in relation to raw material nm 3 / m Volumetric feed rate h Reactor pressure mpa Inlet temperature º 150 Hydrogen concentration in circulating hydrogenation gas % vol. 80 Hydrogen containing gas circulation ratio in relation to raw material nm 3 / m Volumetric feed rate h Reactor pressure mpa 2.8 Medium temperature IP 632 isomerization catalyst and new SI-2 hydroisomerization catalyst are used. The properties of the catalysts selected are given in Tables 5, 6. Properties of the IP-632 catalyst Parameter Value Platinum content, % wt 0.35±0,02 Bulk density, g/ m 3 0.7±0.1 Extrudate diameter, mm 2.1±0.3 Properties of SI-2 catalyst Parameter Value Platinum content, % wt 0.30±0.02 Bulk density, g/ m Extrudate diameter, mm 2.8±0.3 Modeling as a method for studying technological processes includes the following main stages: - modeling task determination - model building - the use of the model in order to study the properties and behavior of the object [6]. The stage of mathematical model building begins with the preparation of a formalized scheme of transformation of reactants on the active catalyst surface. It is necessary to formalize the mechanism of transformation of reactants and consider those reactions that have the greatest impact on product yield (overall reactions). The formalization process begins with an analysis of the mechanism and thermodynamic calculations of the reaction probability by the magnitude of the Gibbs free energy [7]. The target reactions that have the greatest impact on product yield and should be considered in the modeling process are presented in Table 7. where Target reactions for mathematical modeling of pentanehexane fraction isomerization Type of reaction Equations Primary reactions n- 4 = i- 4 n- 5 = i-c 5 6 = 2- MP 6 = 3- MP Isomerization reactions: 2-MP = 3- MP 2-MP = 2,3- DMB 2,3- DMB = 2,2- DMB n- 7 = i-c 7 CH = MCP. Secondary reactions Hydration reactions: CH + H 2 = n- 6 H 14 MCP + H 2 = 2-MP MCP + H 2 = 2,3- DMB MCP + H 2 = 2,2- DMB BZ + 3H 2 = CH BZ + 3H 2 = MCP. MP methylpentane, DMB dimethylbutane, CH cyclohexane, MCP methylcyclopentane, BZ benzene, MCH methylcyclohexane, i, n hydrocarbons with an iso- structure and those of normal structure. The Gibbs energy in dependence to temperature was calculated according to the formula [1] and Table 8 G 0 0 T = H T T S (1) where 0 H T, S are enthalpy and entropy changes at standard pressure. The Gibbs energy values for pentane-hexane fraction isomerization process reactions Reactions The Gibbs energy n n- 6 H n- 6 H , n , CH +H 2 6 H MCP +H , MCP +H 2 DMB MCP +H 2 DMB BZ+3H 2 MCP BZ+3H 2 CH
4 A transformation scheme was adopted based on the thermodynamic calculation (Figure 2). When choosing a formalized process scheme, the high selectivity of the isomerization process was considered, so side hydrocracking reactions are minimal [8,9]. In this scheme the C 5 -C 6 fraction components are presented individually and the C 7+ fraction components are presented in a formalized way due to their low concentration in raw materials. These constants were taken from the abstract of N.V. Chekantsev [10]. The mixture octane number is calculated in accordance with the additivity law by the formula RON mix = x i i, (12) where RON mix is the multicomponent mixture octane number by the research method, x i is the i-component mass fraction in the mixture, RON i is the i-component octane number by the research method (Table 10). n-c 4 n-c 5 k 19 k 20 k 21 k 22 i-c 4 i-c 5 BZ k 1 MCP k 12 k 2 k 4 k 5 3- P k 10 k 11 k 9 CH k 3 k 6 k 7 k 8 k 13 n-c 6 H P 2.3-DMB 2.2-DMB k 1 k 15 k 1 k 16 k 1 Formalized scheme of the process transformation mechanism The formalized scheme of the transformation mechanism is described by the following system of differential equations: At =0, C i =C i0, where is the hydrocarbon number according to the transformation scheme. Data on isomerization reaction rate constants for IPM-02 and SI-2 catalysts are presented in Table
5 Pentane-hexane fraction isomerization reaction rate constants Reaction Rate constant -1 on catalysts IPM-632 SI-2 n i 4 n-c n 5 i-c i-c 5 n n 6 H 14 MP MP n 6 H n 6 H H DMB DMB DMB H DMB Comparative evaluation of the results of the basic and design calculations obtained from the L-35-11/1000 unit in Table 11. Octane numbers of individual components Component RON Component RON n MP 75.5 i-c ,2- DMB 94.0 n ,3-DMB i-c 5 92 MCP 91.3 n- 6 H CH P 74.4 BZ 113 Thus, the possibility of solving the actual problem of reducing the aromatics isomerization catalyst with the selection of the method of mathematical modeling. Using a mathematical model obtained exploded isomerate composition for the base and project variants where yield when the catalyst SI-2 is increased to 98% and aromatics content is reduced to a minimum of 0.02%. The octane number of the replacement of the catalyst is increased by 2.89 points. The expediency of using a zirconium catalyst. Evaluation of the results of the basic and design calculations obtained from the L-35-11/1000 unit Hydrocarbons Raw material, % wt Design variant Isomerizate, % (calc.)wt. Basic variant Isomerizate, % (calc.) wt. RON i-c n- C i-c n-c n-c 6 H MP MP DMB DMB MCP CH C BZ Total [1]. 169
6 1 Pt/Al 2 O 3 Pt/ZrO 2 -SO 4 Pt , , , ,0-2,5 26,0-26,5 34,0-35,0 4,5-4,8 0,3-0,4 11,5-11,0 5,2-5,7 9,0-9,5 3,5-4,5 0,3-0,4 4, ) 170
7 ,3 2, ,7 2,8 0,35± 3 0,7± 2,1± 0,30 3 1,4 2,8 IP n- 4 = i- 4 n- 5 = i-c n- 7 = i-c 7 =. 2 6 H n-c 4 k19 k20 i-c 4 n-c 5 k21 k22 i-c 5 k1 k12 k2 k4 k5 3- k10 k11 k9 k6 k7 k8 k3 k13 n-c 6H ,3-2,2- k1 k15 k16 k1 k1 171
8 i, n G 0 0 T = H T T S (1) 0 H T S [8,9]. C 5 -C 6 C 7+ =0 C i =C i0 i, 4 4-3,75-2,18-0,61 0,89 n ,46-5,89-5,32-4,75 n- 6 H 14-4,75-4,01-3,29-2,6 n- 6 H 14-1,85-0,99-0,13 0,73-0,97-2,51-4,12-5,73-5,53-4,83-4,14-3, ,38-3,02-2,64-2,26-3,92-0,9 0,23 8, ,9-3,01-3,16-3,34 +H 2 6 H 14-71,19-83,6-96,7-110,8 2-79,86-87,38-95,73-104,7 2-78,9-84,9-91,6-98, ,4-89,7-95,8-102, ,2-227,4-244,6-263, ,9-227,2-240,1-254,2 =x i i, (12) x i i i i 172
9 -1 IPM-632 SI-2 n ,0139 0,0717 i ,0017 0,0249 n ,1339 0,2790 i-c 5 5 0,3003 0,2100 n- 6 H 14 0,5324 0, H 14 0,1470 0,5900 n- 6 H 14 0,3630 0, H 14 0,4430 0, MP 0,0101 0,0193 0,3680 0,0288 2,3-DMB Mp 0,0138 0,0581 P DMB 0,1156 0,1270 2,3-DMB DMB 0,0387 0,0407 2,2-DMB DMB 0,1130 0,0890 MCP CH 0,0017 0,0021 CH MCP 0,0003 0,0004 CH n- 6 H 14 0,0008 0,0010 BZ MCP 0,0198 0,0210 BZ CH 0,0198 0,0210 MCP DMB 0,0015 0,0020 MCP DMB 0,0015 0,0020 MCP MP 0,0008 0,0010 n ,5 i-c 4 100,2 94,0 n ,0 i-c ,3 n 6 H 14 25, , ,55 83,06 80,19 i-c 4 0,03 0,29 1,58 n- C 4 0,18 0,51 0,48 i-c 5 12,58 42,2 28,63 n-c 5 28,58 11,2 13,64 n-c 6 H 14 18,91 4,43 6,56 2-MP 15,85 11,08 13,87 3-MP 8,37 8,12 9,13 2,2-DMB 0,54 11,32 13,15 2,3- DMB 2,26 7,71 9,08 MCP 7,24 1,83 2,14 CH 2,89 1,05 1,25 C 7+ 1,11 0,23 0,47 BZ 1,46 0,03 0,02 Total REFERENCES 1 Cole A. L. Rizenfeld F.S. Gas from the English Cleaning process gases / T. A. Semenova, I. L. Leites et al. M.: Chemistry, p. [in Russian]. 3 Rakhmonov T.Z., Hurmamatov A. M. Research absorber desulphurization installation in industrial environments // [in Russian]. 4 Surge pressure in the joint motion of oil and gas horizontal inclined tubes / A. I. Guzhov, V. G. Titov, V. S. Semenyakin, V. A. Vasiliev // Math. Universities. Oil and gas. 5 Contamination of the amine solution in the gas cleaning installations from acid components / D. A. Chudievich, G. V. Tarakanov, V. P. Kovalenko, L.S. Shpeleva, Pp [in Russian]. 6 A physical absorption process for the capture of CO2 from CO2 rich natural gas streams / E. Keskes, C.S. Adjiman, A. Gralindo, G. Jackson // Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London. URL: ccs/publications/keskes.pdf. 7 Holmes A.S., Ryan J. M. Cryogenic distillation separation of acid gases from methane: US patent Valencia J. A. Mentzer B. K. Processing of High CO2 and H2S Gas witn controlled Freeze ZoneTM Technology // Exxon Mobil Upstream Research Company GASEX 2008 Conference. 9 Valencia J. A., Northorp P. S., Mart C. J. Controlled Freeze ZoneTM Technology for enabling processing of high CO2 and H2S gas reserves / J. A. Valencia // ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company IPTC 12708, Chekantsev N.V. Optimization of reactor equipment and industrial conditions of the isomerization of pentane-hexane fraction // Author. dis. Ph.D. Tomsk, [in Russian].. 6 Keskes E. A physical absorption 173
10 process for the capture of CO2 from CO2 rich natural gas streams / E. Keskes, C. S.Adjiman, A. Gralindo, G. Jackson // Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London. URL: ed.ac.uk/ccs/publications/keskes.pdf. 7 Holmes A. S. Cryogenic distillation separation of acid gases from methane / A. S. Holmes, J. M. Ryan // US patent Valencia J. A. Processing of High CO2 and H2S Gas witn controlled Freeze ZoneTM Technology / J. A. Valencia, B. K. Mentzer // Exxon Mobil Upstream Research Company GASEX 2008 Conference. 9 Valencia J. A. Controlled Freeze ZoneTM Technology for enabling processing of high CO2 and H2S gas reserves / J. A. Valencia, P. S. Northorp, C. J. Mart // ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company IPTC 12708,
Investigation of benzene and cycloparaffin containing hexane fractions skeletal isomerization on Pt/sulphated metal-oxide catalyst
Investigation of benzene and cycloparaffin containing hexane fractions skeletal isomerization on Pt/sulphated metal-oxide catalyst Zsolt Szoboszlai*, Jenő Hancsók* *University of Pannonia, Institute of
More informationChemical Technology Prof. Indra D. Mall Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Chemical Technology Prof. Indra D. Mall Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 6 Petroleum Refinery Lecture - 7 Alkylation Isomerisation and Polymerization
More informationCatalytic Aromatization of Methane
Catalytic Aromatization of Methane N.I.FAYZULLAYEV* 1, S.M.TUROBJONOV 2 1 Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 2 Tashkent chemistry-technology
More informationNomenclature. 133 minutes. 130 marks. Page 1 of 22
3.1.5.1 Nomenclature 133 minutes 130 marks Page 1 of 22 Q1. (a) Write an equation for the formation of epoxyethane from ethene, showing the structure of the product. Explain why the epoxyethane molecule
More informationBRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9
BRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9 Chapter 11 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes hydrocarbons compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen * 4 families: 1) alkanes only single bonds (includes cycloalkanes)
More informationPage 2. The hydrocarbon but-1-ene (C 4H 8) is a member of the homologous series of alkenes. But-1-ene has structural isomers.
Q1.(a) The hydrocarbon but-1-ene (C 4H 8) is a member of the homologous series of alkenes. But-1-ene has structural isomers. State the meaning of the term structural isomers. Give the IUPAC name of the
More informationCracking. 191 minutes. 186 marks. Page 1 of 27
3.1.6.2 Cracking 191 minutes 186 marks Page 1 of 27 Q1. (a) Gas oil (diesel), kerosine (paraffin), mineral oil (lubricating oil) and petrol (gasoline) are four of the five fractions obtained by the fractional
More informationAll organic compounds contain carbon, however, not all carbon containing compounds are classified as organic. Organic compounds covalently bonded
Chapter 20 All organic compounds contain carbon, however, not all carbon containing compounds are classified as organic. Organic compounds covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates
More informationThe Simplest Alkanes. Physical Properties 2/16/2012. Butanes are still gases. bp -160 C bp -89 C bp -42 C. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-pentane.
The Simplest Alkanes Butanes are still gases Methane (CH 4 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Propane (C 3 H 8 ) n-butane CH 2 CH 2 Isobutane ( ) 3 CH bp -160 C bp -89 C bp -42 C bp -0.4 C bp -10.2 C Branched isomer
More informationOrganic Chemistry 17.1
Organic Chemistry 17.1 Introduction to Organic Compounds Naming Alkanes Isomers of Alkanes Naming Cycloalkanes What are Organic Compounds? (1807) The term organic compound originated Meant compounds derived
More informationPETE 203: Properties of oil
PETE 203: Properties of oil Prepared by: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Koya University, Faculty of Engineering, Petroleum Engineering Department 2013 2014 Lecture no. (2): Crude oil chemistry and composition 5. Crude
More informationAlkylation process, Feedstocks, reactions, products, catalysts and effect of process variables.
Alkylation process, Feedstocks, reactions, products, catalysts and effect of process variables. Catalytic Alkylation [1 7] Catalytic alkylation process is used in refineries to upgrade light olefins (produced
More informationA. They all have a benzene ring structure in the molecule. B. They all have the same molecular formula. C. They all have carbon and hydrogen only
Ch 21 G12 CoreI- Choose the best answer, then transfer your answers to page (1) [32 marks; 2 each] 1. What characteristic do all aromatic hydrocarbons share? A. They all have a benzene ring structure in
More informationChapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
More informationStraight. C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized. Butane, C 4 H 10 H 3 C
Hydrocarbons Straight Chain Alkanes aren t Straight C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized Butane, C 4 H 10 Structural Shorthand Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon s valence) are usually left
More informationUnit 2, Lesson 01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Unit 2, Lesson 01: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry: is the branch of chemistry that deals with carbon-based covalent compounds. living organisms are made up of a huge
More informationImproved hydrogen yield in catalytic reforming
Improved hydrogen yield in catalytic reforming A process step that sends higher-boiling to light tops isomerisation delivers an increase in hydrogen from naphtha catalytic reforming ROBERTO AMADEI Chemical
More informationAppendix A Physical and Critical Properties
Appendix A Physical and Critical Properties Table A1 Physical properties of various organic and inorganic substances Compound Formula MW Sp Gr T m (K) T b (K) DH v (kj/kg) DH m (kj/kg) Air 28.97 Ammonia
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A brief introduction
Organic Chemistry A brief introduction Organic Chemistry the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties excluding: CO, CO 2, CS 2, carbonates and cyanides eight million known organic compounds
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationHydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23
Chapter 22-23 Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds All Carbon containing compounds Except carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates which are inorganic. CO & CO2 Na4C CaCO3 +8 oxidation change CH 4 + O 2 CO 2
More informationChapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons Classes of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons are either classed
More informationChemistry 20 Chapters 2 Alkanes
Chemistry 20 Chapters 2 Alkanes ydrocarbons: a large family of organic compounds and they contain only carbon and hydrogen. ydrocarbons are divided into two groups: 1. Saturated hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon
More information1. What is the letter of the alphabet in parentheses that follows EXAM I in the title above? a. a b. b c. c d. d e. e
HEM 102, EXAM I ( a ) 1. What is the letter of the alphabet in parentheses that follows EXAM I in the title above? a. a b. b c. c d. d e. e 2. Which compound has the most constitutional isomers? a. 2 H
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Chemistry 10 (2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Chemistry 10 (2014 ) 192 196 XV International Scientific Conference Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in XXI century dedicated to Professor
More informationQ1. Which one of the following is least likely to occur in the reaction between methane and chlorine?
Q1. Which one of the following is least likely to occur in the reaction between methane and chlorine? A B C D C 4 + Cl C 3 + Cl C 3 + Cl C 3 Cl + C 3 + Cl 2 C 3 Cl + Cl C 3 Cl + Cl C 2 Cl + Cl (Total 1
More informationSelective Hydrogenation of PyGas over Palladium Catalysts
Selective Hydrogenation of PyGas over Palladium Catalysts S David Jackson Centre for Catalysis Research, Dept of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Jean-Marc Bader and Gildas Rolland, (Axens),
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Chemistry 10 (2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Chemistry 10 (2014 ) 197 202 XV International Scientific Conference Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in XXI century dedicated to Professor
More informationCHAPTER 12: SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
CHAPTER 12: SATURATED HYDROCARBONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following statements concerning organic compounds is correct? Organic compounds are found only in non-living systems. b. Organic compounds
More informationH 8. ) is a member of the homologous series of alkenes. But-1-ene has structural isomers (2)... (1)...
Q1. (a) The hydrocarbon but-1-ene (C 4 H 8 ) is a member of the homologous series of alkenes. But-1-ene has structural isomers. (i) State the meaning of the term structural isomers. (ii) Give the IUPAC
More informationOrganic Chemistry - Introduction
It s All About Carbon! Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.1: Hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry - Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon. Animals, plants, and other forms
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3 Alkanes with Substituents 12.4 Properties of Alkanes 12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes 12.6 Cis-Trans
More informationOrganic Compounds. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons. also contain other nonmetals such as oxygen, nitrogen,
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds Identify properties characteristic of organic or inorganic compounds. Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3
More informationGeol Supplementary Notes 463-RWR-1,2 GEOL RWR-1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY: OUTLINE OF MATERIAL TO BE COVERED
GEOL 463.3 RWR-1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY: OUTLINE OF MATERIAL TO BE COVERED Recommended sections to read in the textbook: Chapters 1 and 2 (p. 2-22): Background to development of petroleum
More information2Fe 2 O 3 +3H 2 S FeS+FeS x +S+3H 2 O
Elemental analysis of hydrocarbon streams using Dry colorimetry analyzers, a catalyst saviour Bushra Dawood, Application Coordinator C.I. Analytics www.cianalytics.com The Petrochemical industry has refined
More informationName: Unit 11 Organic Chemistry
1. Which compound is a member of the same homologous series as C3H8? A) CH4 B) C4H8 C) C5H8 D) C5H10 2. Which formula represents an unsaturated hydrocarbon? 5. Which structural formula represents 2-pentyne?
More informationChapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction
More informationReport No. 46. by PARK L. MORSE. January A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM PARK, CALIFORNIA STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I
Report No. 46 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE by PARK L. MORSE January 1969 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.........................
More informationTABLE
ORGANIC CARBON RESULTS TABLE 1 5; TABLE 1677-013 1677-014 1677-015 1677-016 TABLE 1 ORGANIC CARBON RESULTS AND GROSS LJTHOLOGIC DESCRIPTIONS GEOCHEM G S A TOTAL ORGANIC SAMPLE NUMBER DEPTH GROSS LITHOLOG1C
More informationWINTER-15 EXAMINATION Model Answer
Subject code :(735) Page of 9 Important Instructions to examiners: ) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. ) The model answer and the
More informationOptimization of the Sulfolane Extraction Plant Based on Modeling and Simulation
Korean J. Chem. Eng., 17(6), 712-718 (2000) Optimization of the Sulfolane Extraction Plant Based on Modeling and Simulation Yu-Jung Choi, Tae-In Kwon and Yeong-Koo Yeo Department of Chemical Engineering,
More informationReport Abstract Benzene/Toluene PERP06/07-6 January 2009
PERP/PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 Report Abstract Benzene/Toluene PERP06/07-6 January 2009 Report Abstract Benzene/Toluene PERP06/07-6 January 2009 The ChemSystems Process Evaluation/Research Planning (PERP) program
More informationChapter Objectives. Chapter 9 Energy and Chemistry. Chapter Objectives. Energy Use and the World Economy. Energy Use and the World Economy
Chapter Objectives Larry Brown Tom Holme www.cengage.com/chemistry/brown Chapter 9 Energy and Chemistry Explain the economic importance of conversions between different forms of energy and the inevitability
More informationWednesday 16 January 2013 Morning
Wednesday 16 January 2013 Morning AS GCE CEMISTRY A F322/01 Chains, Energy and Resources *F314440113* Candidates answer on the Question Paper. OCR supplied materials: Data Sheet for Chemistry A (inserted)
More informationName: Unit 11 Organic Chemistry
1. Which compound is a member of the same homologous series as C3H8? A) CH4 B) C4H8 C) C5H8 D) C5H10 2. Which formula represents an unsaturated hydrocarbon? 5. Which structural formula represents 2-pentyne?
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A. Introduction
Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains
More informationChapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to ydrocarbons Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2.1 Classes of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons Aliphatic
More information8. Application Programs
582 I-PROPATH: Ideal Gases and Ideal Gas Mixtures 8. Application Programs 8.1 Single Shot Programs I-PROPATH offers the following five single shot programs. (1) IPROPAIR calculates properties of air as
More informationHydrate Formation: Considering the Effects of Pressure, Temperature, Composition and Water
Energy Science and Technology Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, pp. 60-67 DOI:10.3968/j.est.1923847920120401.397 ISSN 1923-8460[PRINT] ISSN 1923-8479[ONLINE] www.cscanada.net www.cscanada.org Hydrate Formation: Considering
More informationMethanol Usage in Toluene Methylation over Pt Modified ZSM-5 Catalyst: Effect of. Total Pressure and Carrier Gas. Supporting Information
Methanol Usage in Toluene Methylation over Pt Modified ZSM-5 Catalyst: Effect of Total Pressure and Carrier Gas Supporting Information Yiren Wang, a Min Liu, a Anfeng Zhang, a Yi Zuo, a Fanshu Ding, a
More informationPolymer plants continue to seek ways to increase production and efficiency without compromising safety.
Polyethylene Polypropylene APPLICATION NOTE NOTE Polymer plants continue to seek ways to increase production and efficiency without compromising safety. Process gas analysis is integral to the control
More informationOrganic Chemistry Worksheets
Highlight the single longest, continuous carbon-carbon chain. Note the alkyl branches that are connected to the root chain. Count the carbons in the root chain, starting from the end closest to the alkyl
More informationChemistry 101 Chapter 10 Energy
Chemistry 101 Chapter 10 Energy Energy: the ability to do work or produce heat. Kinetic energy (KE): is the energy of motion. Any object that is moving has kinetic energy. Several forms of kinetic energy
More information2. Hydrocarbons. 2.1 Composition of Petroleum
2. Hydrocarbons 2.1 Composition of Petroleum Naturally occurring petroleum is composed of organic chemicals: approximately 11 to 13% hydrogen and 84 to 87% carbon. Traces of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and
More informationworking with chemicals
ydrocarbons are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms arbon can connect to hydrogen like this: The chemical formula is: Two atoms of carbon. 2 6 Six atoms of hydrogen. These are called straight chain molecules.
More informationHydrocarbon Components and Physical Properties Core COPYRIGHT. Basic Terminology
3/7/2017 Learning Objectives Hydrocarbon Components and Physical Properties Core Basic Terminology By the end of this lesson, you you will will be be able able to: to: Describe the concept of atomic mass,
More informationImprovement of Process for Reducing the Benzene Content in Motor Gasoline Using an Emulsion Liquid Membrane and Distillation
[Note] Improvement of Process for Reducing the Benzene Content in Motor Gasoline Using an Emulsion Liquid Membrane and Distillation 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, JAPAN 2-12-1 O-okayama,
More informationAliphatic Hydrocarbones : Alkanes
Dr. Salam Ghafour Taher https://sites.google.com/a/koyauniversity.org/salam-taher/ Aliphatic Hydrocarbones : Alkanes Alkanes are fully saturated hydrocarbons, have only C s and H s. Contains single bonds
More information4) Interpret in words the equation: P4O10 (s) + 6 H2O (l) 4 H3PO4 (aq)
CHEM102 Chemistry II Spring 09-10 Mid-term Exam/Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies Student Registration No: Instructor: Prof.Dr.Hüseyin Oğuz Student Name-Surname: Dept. of Computer Information
More informationBadger Licensing LLC. Through Reformate Alkylation Catalytic Technology. Dr. El-Mekki El-Malki ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company (EMRE)
Gasoline Benzene Reduction Through Reformate Alkylation Catalytic Technology Dr. El-Mekki El-Malki ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company (EMRE) Ronald Birkhoff AIChE Regional Process Technology Conference
More informationCHAPTER HYDROCARBONS. Chapterwise Previous year Qs. (a) Na (b) HCl in H2O (c) KOH in C2H5OH (d) Zn in alcohol. Ans: (c)
122 CHAPTER HYDROCARBONS 1. Acetylenic hydrogens are acidic because [1989] Sigma electron density of C Hbond in acetylene is nearer to carbon, which has 50% s- character Acetylene has only open hydrogen
More informationHYDROCARBONS ALKANES
SCH4U1 OC01 HYDROCARBONS Name: Date: Certain organic compounds contain only two elements - hydrogen and carbon. These are known as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes - aliphatics
More informationModification of Alkanes by Cracking
Modification of Alkanes by Cracking Question Paper 3 Level A Level Subject Chemistry Exam Board AQA Module 3.3 Organic Chemistry Topic 3.3.2 Alkanes Sub-Topic 3.3.2.2 Modification of Alkanes by Cracking
More informationCHAPTER 2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
CHAPTER 2 Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes Chemical thermodynamics: Is concerned with the extent that
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alkanes molecules consisting of carbons and hydrogens in the following ratio: C n H 2n+2 Therefore, an alkane having 4 carbons would have 2(4) + 2 hydrogens, which equals 10 hydrogens.
More informationH 22. (a) Give the general formula of alkanes. (1) (b) Carbon monoxide, CO, is formed during the incomplete combustion of decane.
1 Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Initial separation is achieved by fractional distillation of the crude oil. The separate fractions are further refined to produce hydrocarbons such as
More informationCHM1 Review for Exam 15
Topics 1. Organic Compounds a. Hydrocarbons i. Saturated alkanes (all single bonds) ii. Unsaturated alkenes and alkynes b. Functional Groups i. Alcohols ii. Organic Acids iii. Esters iv. Ethers v. Aldehydes
More informationFarr High School. NATIONAL 5 CHEMISTRY Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry. Question Booklet (UPDATED MAY 2017)
Farr igh School NATIONAL 5 EMISTRY Unit 2 Nature s hemistry Question Booklet (UPDATED MAY 2017) 1 omologous Series 1. What is meant by a homologous series? 2. What is the general formula for the alkanes?
More informationORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY
Name this compound (IUPC required): 2,dimethylpropane or dimethylpropane (it is clear that both methyl groups are on second carbon atom as only 3 carbon atoms exist in longest chain propane). When asked
More informationChemCom Test Unit III A Petroleum Test # Choose the best answer for each of the questions below.
ChemCom Test Unit III A Petroleum Test # Choose the best answer for each of the questions below. 1. Which products are commonly made from petroleum or petroleum byproducts. a. fry pans b. plastic sandwich
More information3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!
More informationInvestigation of Hydrogen Influence on n-hexane Aromatization over Pt/Al O Catalyst
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8): 3835-3842, 2010 ISSN 1991-8178 Investigation of Hydrogen Influence on n-hexane Aromatization over Pt/Al O Catalyst D.O. Agbajelola and F. Aberuagba
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationGestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2017/2018
Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2017/2018 Exergy Analysis Prof. Tânia Sousa taniasousa@tecnico.ulisboa.pt Conceptualizing Chemical Exergy C a H b O c enters the control volume at T 0, p 0. O 2 and CO 2,
More informationSeparation Benzene and Toluene from BTX using Zeolite 13X
Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Vol.9 No.3 (September 27) 7-24 ISSN: 997-4884 University of Baghdad College of Engineering Separation
More informationThe concept of equilibrium
The concept of equilibrium Chemical reactions often involve a series of processes that may oppose each other. At some point the rate at which one process takes place will be equal to the rate at which
More informationORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Classification of organic compounds
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry is very important branch of chemistry and it study the compounds which contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), in general, and may contains other atoms such as oxygen (O),
More informationAlkanes are aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons (no C=C double bonds, C and H atoms only). They are identified by having a ane name ending.
Alkanes Alkanes are aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons (no = double bonds, and atoms only). They are identified by having a ane name ending. The alkanes have similar chemistry to one another because they
More informationChapter 8 Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy. Chemical Thermodynamics
Chapter 8 Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy Chapter 8 1 Chemical Thermodynamics Chemical Thermodynamics is the study of the energetics of a chemical reaction. Thermodynamics deals with the absorption or
More informationCHEMISTRY Matter and Change
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change CHAPTER 21 Table Of Contents Section Section Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Section Section 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Explainthe terms organic compound
More informationAP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter Six Notes - Thermochemistry
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter Six Notes - Thermochemistry 6.1 The Nature of Energy A. Definition 1. Energy is the capacity to do work (or to produce heat*) a. Work is a force acting over a distance (moving
More informationORGANIC CHEMISTRY: SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
19 09/16/2013 13:54:37 Page 283 APTER 19 ORGANI EMISTRY: SATURATED YDROARBONS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Two of the major reasons for the large number of organic compounds is the ability of carbon
More informationPHENOL PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. Report No. 22A. Supplement A. by YEN-CHEN. September A private report by the PARK, CALIFORNIA
Report No. 22A PHENOL Supplement A by YEN-CHEN YEN September 1972 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM.-. _ STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION....
More informationREGENERATION OF ALKANOLAMINES USED IN NATURAL GAS PURIFICATION
Journal of Chemical Ruslan Technology Khayitov, and Gulnara Metallurgy, Narmetova 51, 3, 2016, 281-286 REGENERATION OF ALKANOLAMINES USED IN NATURAL GAS PURIFICATION Ruslan Khayitov, Gulnara Narmetova
More informationCourse: Chemical Technology (Organic) Lecture 7. Aromatic Production
Course: Chemical Technology (Organic) Module VII Lecture 7 Aromatic Production LECTURE 7 AROMATIC PRODUCTION Aromatic hydrocarbons especially benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene are major feedstock
More informationChem 1120 Midterm points Dr. Luther Giddings
Chem 1120 Midterm 1 100 points Dr. Luther Giddings Name Instructions: This is a closed book, closed notebook test. You may not discuss this exam with anyone, either during or after the exam, until it has
More informationNational 4/5 Chemistry
National 4/5 hemistry omework Unit 2 Nature s hemistry Please do not write on these booklets questions should be answered in homework jotters. Part 1 Introduction to Unit 2 1. You are given three unlabelled
More information(g) + 2H 2. (g) CH [1] (g) H 2. Explain, with a calculation, whether this reaction is feasible at 25 C [3]
1 This question looks at two reactions involving sulfur compounds (a) Hydrogen reacts with carbon disulfide as shown below 4H 2 + CS 2 CH 4 + 2H 2 S For this reaction, ΔH = 234 kj mol 1 and ΔS = 164 J
More informationUnit 2 Nature s Chemistry Question Booklet
Farr igh School NATIONAL 5 EMISTRY Unit 2 Nature s hemistry Question Booklet 1 omologous Series 1. What is meant by a homologous series? 2. What is the general formula for the alkanes? 3. opy and complete
More informationC (s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) S (s) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g)
Combustion The rapid combination of oxygen with a substance. A major type of chemical reaction. When elemental carbon or carbon-containing compounds burn in air, oxygen combines with the carbon to form
More informationGeneral Chemistry Unit 7A ( )
Organic Chemistry Allotropes Isomers Hydrocarbons o Alkanes o Alkenes o Alkynes o Aromatics Alkyl Halides General Chemistry Unit 7A (2017-2018) 1 2 3 4 Parent Chain: Methane Ethane CH4 C2H6 Propane C3H8
More informationM01/420/H(3) Name CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 3. Number. Friday 11 May 2001 (morning) 1 hour 15 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
ITERATIOAL BACCALAUREATE BACCALAURÉAT ITERATIOAL BACILLERATO ITERACIOAL M01/420/(3) CEMISTRY IGER LEVEL PAPER 3 Friday 11 May 2001 (morning) ame umber 1 hour 15 minutes ISTRUCTIOS TO CADIDATES! Write your
More information12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules
12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules Organic chemistry: : The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always form four bonds. Prentice Hall 2003 Chapter One 2 Organic molecules have covalent
More informationSimulation of Methanol Production Process and Determination of Optimum Conditions
Est. 1984 ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal www.orientjchem.org ISSN: 0970-020 X CODEN: OJCHEG 2012, Vol. 28, No. (1): Pg. 145-151 Simulation
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 152 (2016 ) 81 86
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 152 (2016 ) 81 86 International Conference on Oil and Gas Engineering, OGE-2016 Mathematical modeling sulfuric acid catalyzed
More informationPage 2. Q1.Which of these substances does not contribute to the greenhouse effect? Unburned hydrocarbons. Carbon dioxide. Water vapour. Nitrogen.
Q1.Which of these substances does not contribute to the greenhouse effect? A B C D Unburned hydrocarbons. Carbon dioxide. Water vapour. Nitrogen. (Total 1 mark) Q2.(a) The hydrocarbon but-1-ene (C 4H 8)
More informationSINOPEC MTP and MTX technologies
COPYRIGHT@SUNJUNNAN COPYRIGHT@SUNJUNNAN 18-19 th, July, 2016, Parsian Azadi Hotel, Tehran, Iran Methanol+Toluene to Xylenes SINOPEC MTP and MTX technologies July 18 th, 2016 CONTENT MTP Introduction S-MTP
More informationSaturated Hydrocarbons
Interchapter F Saturated ydrocarbons FPO FPO aption TK f. saturated hydrocarbons F1 At one time chemists divided all compounds into two classes: inorganic and organic. Inorganic compounds were classified
More informationBalancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry)
Balancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry) This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit
More information