Appendix A Physical and Critical Properties
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1 Appendix A Physical and Critical Properties Table A1 Physical properties of various organic and inorganic substances Compound Formula MW Sp Gr T m (K) T b (K) DH v (kj/kg) DH m (kj/kg) Air Ammonia NH Benzene C 6 H Benzyl alcohol C 7 H 8 O Butane n-c 4 H Iso-Butane i-c 4 H Carbon dioxide CO Carbon disulfide CS Carbon monoxide CO Cyclohexane C 6 H Cyclopentane C 3 H Diethyl ether (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O Ethane C 2 H Ethanol C 2 H 6 O Ethylene glycol C 2 H 6 O Gycerol C 3 H 8 O Heptane C 7 H Hexane C 6 H Hydrogen H Hydrogen chloride HCI Hydrogen sulfide H 2 S Mercury Hg Methane CH Methanol CH 3 OH Nitric acid HNO Nitrogen N Nitrogen dioxide NO Nitrogen oxide NO Nitrogen pentoxide N 2 O Y. Demirel, Energy, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited
2 418 Appendix A: Physical and Critical Properties Table A1 Compound Formula MW Sp Gr T m (K) T b (K) DH v (kj/kg) DH m (kj/kg) Nitrous oxide N 2 O Oxygen O n-pentane C 5 H Iso-pentane i-c 5 H Propane C 3 H Propylene C 3 H n-propyl alcohol C 3 H 8 O Iso-Propyl alcohol C 3 H 8 O n-propyl benzene C 9 H Sodium hydroxide NaOH Sulfur dioxide SO Sulfur trioxide SO Sulfuric acid H 2 SO Toluene C 6 H 5 CH Water H 2 O Source: Çengel and Boles [1], Himmelblau and Riggs [2] Table A2 Critical properties Species MW x T c (K) P c (atm) V c (cm 3 /gmol) Air H Air N O CO CO NO N 2 O SO Cl CH C 2 H C 3 H C 3 H n-c 4 H i-c 4 H n-c 5 H n-c 6 H n-c 7 H n-c 8 H n-c 9 H Cyclohexane Benzene Source: Smith et al. [8]
3 Appendix B Heat Capacities Table B1 Heat capacities in the ideal-gas state: C ig p /R = A + BT + CT 2, T(K): T = 298 K to T max K Chemical species Formula T max (K) C ig p /R, 298 (K) A 10 3 B 10 6 C Methane CH 4 1, Ethane C 2 H 6 1, Propane C 3 H 8 1, Acetylene C 2 H Ethylene C 2 H n-butane C 4 H 10 1, n-pentane C 5 H 12 1, n-hexane C 6 H 14 1, n-heptane C 7 H 16 1, n-octane C 8 H 18 1, Benzene C 6 H 6 1, Cyclohexane C 6 H 12 1, Ethanol C 2 H 6 O 1, Methanol CH 4 O 1, Toluene C 7 H 8 1, Air 2, Ammonia NH 3 1, Carbon monoxide CO 2, Carbon dioxide CO 2 2, Chlorine Cl 2 3, Hydrogen H 2 3, Nitrogen N 2 2, Nitrogen dioxide NO 2 2, Oxygen O 2 2, Sulfur dioxide SO 2 2, Sulfur trioxide SO 3 2, Water H 2 O 2, Source: Smith et al. [8] Y. Demirel, Energy, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited
4 420 Appendix B: Heat Capacities Table B2 Heat capacities of liquids: C p /R = A + BT + CT 2,T(K): T = 298 K to T max K Chemical species C ig p /R, 298 (K) A 10 3 B 10 6 C Ammonia Aniline Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform Cyclohexane Ethanol Ethylene oxide Methanol n-propanol Toluene Water Source: Miller et al. [4] Table B3 Heat capacities of solids: C p /R = A? BT? CT -2, T(K): T =298KtoT max K Chemical species T max (K) C ig p /R, 298 (K) A 10 3 B 10-5 C CaO 2, CaCO 3 1, CaCl 2 1, C(graphite) 2, Cu 1, CuO 1, Fe 1, FeS NH 4 Cl NaOH SiO 2 (quartz) Source: Kelley and Bur [3], Pankratz and Bur [6]
5 Appendix B: Heat Capacities 421 Table B4 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases T (K) C p (kj/kg K) C v (kj/kg K) c C p (kj/kg K) C v (kj/kg K) c C p (kj/kg K) C v (kj/kg K) c Air Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrogen (H 2 ) Nitrogen (N 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Source: Çengel and Boles [1], Wark [10]
6 Appendix C Enthalpy and Gibbs Free Energy of Formations at K Table C1 Standard enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation at K Chemical species Formula State DH f298 (kj/mol) DG f298 (kj/mol) Methane CH 4 (g) Ethane C 2 H 6 (g) Propane C 3 H 8 (g) n-butane C 4 H 10 (g) n-pentane C 5 H 12 (g) Benzene C 6 H 6 (g) Benzene C 6 H 6 (l) Cyclohexane C 6 H 12 (g) Cyclohexane C 6 H 12 (l) Ethanol C 2 H 6 O (g) Ethanol C 2 H 6 O (l) Methanol CH 4 O (g) Methanol CH 4 O (l) Toluene C 7 H 8 (g) Toluene C 7 H 8 (l) Ammonia NH 3 (g) Calcium carbonate CaCO 3 (s) Calcium oxide CaO (s) Carbon dioxide CO 2 (g) Carbon monoxide CO (g) Hydrochloric acid HCI (g) Hydrogen sulfide H 2 S (g) Iron oxide FeO (s) Nitric acid HNO 3 (l) Nitrogen oxides NO (g) NO 2 (g) Sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 (s) Sodium chloride NaCl (s) Y. Demirel, Energy, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited
7 424 Appendix C: Enthalpy and Gibbs Free Energy of Formations at K Table C1 Chemical species Formula State DH f298 (kj/mol) DG f298 (kj/mol) Sodium hydroxide NaOH (s) Sulfur dioxide SO 2 (g) Sulfur trioxide SO 3 (g) Sulfur trioxide SO 3 (l) Water H 2 O (g) Water H 2 O (I) Source: Thermodynamic Research Center [9]
8 Appendix D Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases Table D1 Ideal-gas properties of air T (K) H (kj/kg) P r U (kj/kg) V r S (kj/kg K) Y. Demirel, Energy, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited
9 426 Appendix D: Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases Table D1 T (K) H (kj/kg) P r U (kj/kg) V r S (kj/kg K)
10 Appendix D: Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases 427 Table D1 T (K) H (kj/kg) P r U (kj/kg) V r S (kj/kg K) Source: Çengel and Boles [1], Wark [10]
11 428 Appendix D: Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases Table D2 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO 2 T (K) H (kj/kmol) U (kj/kmol) S (kj/kmol K) T (K) H (kj/kmol) U (kj/kmol) S (kj/kmol K) 0 0,000 0, ,280 17, ,601 4, ,754 17, ,938 5, ,231 18, ,280 5, ,709 18, ,627 5, ,190 18, ,979 5, ,674 19, ,335 6, ,160 19, ,697 6, ,648 20, ,063 6, ,138 20, ,364 6, ,631 20, ,431 6, ,125 21, ,807 7, ,622 21, ,186 7, ,121 22, ,570 7, ,622 22, ,959 8, ,124 22, ,351 8, ,629 23, ,748 8, ,135 23, ,148 9, ,644 24, ,552 9, ,154 24, ,960 9, ,665 25, ,372 10, ,179 25, ,787 10, ,694 25, ,206 10, ,212 26, ,628 11, ,730 26, ,054 11, ,251 27, ,483 11, ,773 27, ,916 12, ,296 28, ,351 12, ,821 28, ,791 12, ,347 29, ,232 13, ,876 29, ,678 13, ,405 29, ,126 13, ,935 30, ,576 14, ,467 30, ,029 14, ,000 31, ,485 14, ,535 31, ,945 15, ,070 32, ,407 15, ,607 32, ,870 16, ,145 33, ,337 16, ,685 33, ,807 16, ,226 33, Source: Çengel and Boles [1]
12 Appendix D: Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases 429 Table D3 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H 2 T (K) H (kj/kmol) U (kj/kmol) S (kj/kmol K) T (K) H (kj/kmol) U (kj/kmol) S (kj/kmol K) 0 0,000 0, ,440 42,808 30, ,370 5, ,480 44,091 31, ,657 5, ,520 45,384 32, ,945 5, ,560 46,683 33, ,233 5, ,600 47,990 34, ,468 5, ,640 49,303 35, ,522 6, ,680 50,622 36, ,100 6, ,720 51,947 37, ,680 6, ,760 53,279 38, ,262 7, ,800 54,618 39, ,843 7, ,840 55,962 40, ,426 8, ,880 57,311 41, ,010 8, ,920 58,668 42, ,594 8, ,960 60,031 43, ,179 9, ,000 61,400 44, ,764 9, ,050 63,119 46, ,350 10, ,100 64,847 47, ,935 10, ,150 66,584 48, ,107 11, ,200 68,328 50, ,280 12, ,250 70,080 51, ,453 13, ,300 71,839 52, ,630 13, ,350 73,608 54, ,807 14, ,400 75,383 55, ,988 15, ,450 77,168 56, ,171 16, ,500 78,960 58, ,359 17, ,550 80,755 59, ,551 18, ,600 82,558 60, ,747 19, ,650 84,368 62, ,948 19, ,700 86,186 63, ,154 20, ,750 88,008 65, ,364 21, ,800 89,838 66, ,580 22, ,850 91,671 67, ,802 23, ,900 93,512 69, ,028 24, ,950 95,358 70, ,262 25, ,000 97,211 72, ,502 26, ,050 99,065 73, ,749 27, , ,926 75, ,002 28, , ,793 76, ,263 28, , ,667 78, ,530 29, , ,545 79, Source: Çengel and Boles [1]
13 Appendix E Thermochemical Properties Table E1 Saturated refrigerant-134a T ( o F) P sat (psia) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V l V g U l U g H l H g S l S g Source: Çengel and Boles [1] Y. Demirel, Energy, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited
14 432 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties Table E2 Superheated refrigerant R-134a T V U H ( o F) (ft 3 /lb) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 10 psia (T sat = F) P = 15 psia (T sat = F) P = 20 psia (T sat = F) Sat P = 30 psia (T sat = F) P = 40 psia (T sat = F) P = 50 psia (T sat = 40.3 F) Sat
15 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties 433 Table E2 T V U ( o F) (ft 3 /lb) (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 60 psia (T sat = 49.9 F) P = 70 psia (T sat = 58.4 F) P = 80 psia (T sat = 65.9 F) Sat P = 90 psia (Tsat = 72.8 F) P = 100 psia (Tsat = 79.2 F) P = 120 psia (Tsat = 90.5 F) Sat
16 434 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties Table E2 T V U ( o F) (ft 3 /lb) (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 140 psia (T sat = F) P = 160 psia (T sat = F) P = 180 psia (T sat = F) Sat
17 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties 435 Table E2 T V U ( o F) (ft 3 /lb) (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 200 psia (T sat = F) P = 300 psia (T sat = F) P = 400 psia (T sat = F) Sat Source: Çengel and Boles [1]
18 436 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties Table E3 Saturated propane T o (F) P sat (psia) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V l V g U l U g H l H g S l S g Source: Moran and Shapiro [5]
19 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties 437 Table E4 Superheated propane T o (F) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 0.75 psia (T sat = F) P = 1.5 psia (T sat = F) Sat P = 5.0 psia (T sat = F) P = 10.0 psia (T sat = F) Sat
20 438 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties Table E4 T o (F) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 20.0 psia (T sat = F) P = 40.0 psia (T sat = 2.1 F) Sat P = 60.0 psia (T sat = 24.1 F) P = 80.0 psia (T sat = 41.1 F) Sat
21 Appendix E: Thermochemical Properties 439 Table E4 T o (F) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 100 psia (T sat = 55.1 F) P = 120 psia (T sat = 67.2 F) Sat P = 140 psia (T sat = 78.0 F) P = 160 psia (T sat = 87.6 F) Sat Source: Moran and Shapiro [5]
22 Appendix F Steam Tables Table F1 Saturated steam tables in English units T ( o F) P sat (psia) Spec. vol. V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) Enthalpy H (Btu/lb) Entropy S (Btu/lb R) V l V g U l U g H l H g S l S g Y. Demirel, Energy, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited
23 442 Appendix F: Steam Tables Table F1 T ( o F) P sat (psia) Spec. vol. V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) Enthalpy H (Btu/lb) Entropy S (Btu/lb R) V l V g U l U g H l H g S l S g
24 Appendix F: Steam Tables 443 Table F1 T ( o F) P sat (psia) Spec. vol. V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) Enthalpy H (Btu/lb) Entropy S (Btu/lb R) V l V g U l U g H l H g S l S g Source: Smith et al. [8]
25 444 Appendix F: Steam Tables Table F2 Superheated steam tables in English units T ( o F) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 1 psia, T sat = F P = 5 psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap P = 10 psia, T sat = F P = psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap P = 15 psia, T sat = F P = 20 psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap
26 Appendix F: Steam Tables 445 Table F2 T ( o F) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 25 psia, T sat = F P = 30 psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap P = 35 psia, T sat = F P = 40 psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap P = 45 psia, T sat = F P = 50 psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap
27 446 Appendix F: Steam Tables Table F2 T ( o F) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) V (ft 3 /lb) U (Btu/lb) H (Btu/lb) S (Btu/lb R) P = 55 psia, T sat = F P = 60 psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap P = 65 psia, T sat = F P = 70 psia, T sat = F Sat liq Sat. vap
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