High-Performance Solar Thermal Energy Conversion with Dry Cooling
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1 High-Performance Solar Thermal Energy Conversion with Dry Cooling Principal Investigator: Prof. TieJun (TJ) Zhang Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Masdar Institute, Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi, UAE ( In collaboration with 1
2 Picture of Earth NASA 2
3 Solar Power Generation: Optical Concentration Large-Scale CSP Light Absorption Vapor Generation Condensation & Dry Air Cooling Saving ~2 million gallons water/year 1-MW Shams-1 Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Abu Dhabi A. Almasabai, A. Alobaidli, T.J. Zhang, Transient Characterization of Multiple Parabolic Trough Collector Loops in a 1 MW CSP Plant for Solar Energy Harvesting, Energy Procedia: SolarPACES214, vol.69, pp.24-33, 215. W.L. Yang, J.W. Gao, G. Feng, T.J. Zhang, An Optimal Approach to Output-feedback Robust Model Predictive Control of LPV Systems with Disturbances, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, vol.26, pp ,
4 Temperature (C ) Solar Steam Generation: Thermal Concentration a solar flux 1 W/m 2 c blackbody absorber 2 C 2.5cm radiation 68 W/m 2 evaporation convection 8 W/m 2 conduction + radiation 1 C G. Chen (MIT) & T.J. Zhang (Masdar Inst.) b radiation 5 W/m 2 convection 37 W/m 2 bubblewrap selective foam conduction + radiation evaporation Floating solar receiver for steam 1 Sun H2O solar flux 8 W/m 2 absorber 1 C 2 C Transparent insulating bubblewrap 3 Wm -2 m -1 blackbody 2 1 selective Wavelength ( m) Spectrally-selective absorber Radiation Thermally-insulating floating foam Light Absorption Vapor Generation Condensation Water Cooling Temperature ( C) Solar Flux (W/m 2 ) Efficiency (%) a August 6th C thermal = 1x Absorber Temp ( C) Time (s) Distributed holes Layout b Temperature ( C) Solar Flux (W/m 2 ) Thermal Concentration Up to 85% solar-vapor efficiency 8 6 September 17 Absorber Temp ( C) Time (s) C thermal = 1x Distributed holes 12x concentration G. Ni,, T.J. Zhang, G. Chen, Steam Generation under One Sun Using a Floating Structure with Thermal Concentration, Nature Energy, vol.1, 16126, 216. (MIT News, Scientific American, Fox News, Science, IEEE/ASCE Magazine) 4
5 Light Absorption: Nanocomposite Morphology (a) AFM surface profile (b) FDTD Simulation Enhanced light absorption (1) Gap plasmon; (2) Destructive interference Magnetic field distributions ff=33% SEM TEM Surface particle 5 nm 2 nm Grain nanoparticle J.Y. Lu,, T.J. Zhang, Near Perfect Ultrathin Nanocomposite Absorber with Self Formed Topping Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Advanced Optical Materials, vol.5, 17222, 217 5
6 Light Absorption: Nanocomposite Absorbers Additional Ag deposition on cermet absorption (a) (b) 37 nm Ag-SiO 2 SiO 2 Ag 43 nm 3 nm 2 nm 1 nm Ag deposition on SiO 2 - coated Ag layer Ag SiO 2 Ag (c) (e) 1 nm (d) Ag-TiO 2 High FF~ 6%; Low FF ~ 3% 1nm Silver Nanoparticles 1 nm (Spectroscopic Ellipsometry) J.Y. Lu,, T.J. Zhang, Effective Dielectric Constants and Spectral Density Analysis of Plasmonic Nanocomposites, Journal of Applied Physics AIP, vol.12, 16313,
7 y(nm) Light Absorption: Nanoporous Ultrathin Film To combine the strong interference in ultrathin Ge film absorber with localized surface plasmons around Au nanopores Bilayer ultrathin film system (Ge 2nm onto Au 15nm) 3 15 Energy distribution x(nm) 15 3 T.J. Zhang (Masdar Inst.) & N. X. Fang (MIT) FDTD simulation results Visible absorption enhancement Radius of holes<=1nm Good option for solar evaporation 7
8 Light Absorption: Nanoporous Absorber Fab. [ Laser interference with Lloyd mirror ] 1 inch X 1 inch Film Nanoporous (Laser interference lithography + E-beam evaporation) Absorptance (%) Nanoporous UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer Film Averaged solar absorptance over 89.3% TiO 2 (34nm) Ge(26nm) Au(Substrate) Wavelength (nm) J.Y. Lu,, N.X. Fang, T.J. Zhang, Localized Surface Plasmon Enhanced Ultrathin Film Broad-Band Nanoporous Absorber, Advanced Optical Materials, vol.4, pp , 216 (AOM Top 5 most downloaded July 216, MIT News) 8
9 Vapor Generation: Microstructured Surfaces Solar q q Higher HTC/CHF Low Surface T Structured Surfaces P (kpa) Smooth surface S1 S2 Structured S3 Surfaces S4 Similar Flow Pressure Drop E.N. Wang (MIT) & T.J. Zhang (Masdar Inst.) Heat Flux q" (W/cm 2 ) Y.Y. Zhu, D.S. Antao, D.W. Bian, T.J. Zhang, E.N. Wang, Surface Structure Enhanced Microchannel Flow Boiling, Journal of Heat Transfer ASME, 138 (9), 9151, 216. Y.Y. Zhu, D.S Antao,, T.J. Zhang, E.N. Wang, Suppressing high-frequency temperature oscillations in microchannels with surface structures, Applied Physics Letters AIP, 11 (3), 3351,
10 Vapor Generation: Enhanced Liquid Propagation Development of a dry-out heat flux model for vapor generation Capture the meniscus along the wicking distance Capture the coupled fluid flow, pressure and interface Reservoir T.J. Zhang (Masdar Inst.) & E.N. Wang (MIT) Wick surface length M.H. Alhosani, T.J. Zhang, Dynamics of Microscale Liquid Propagation in Micropillar Arrays, Langmuir ACS, vol.33, pp , 217. Y.Y. Zhu, D.S. Antao, Z. Lu, S. Somasundaram, T.J. Zhang, E. N. Wang, "Prediction and Characterization of Dry-out Heat Flux in Micropillar Wick Structures," Langmuir ACS, vol.32, pp ,
11 Vapor Generation: Thin Liquid Film Evaporation Pore-Evaporation Transition E.N. Wang (MIT) & T.J. Zhang (Masdar Institute) K.L. Wilke,, T.J. Zhang, E.N. Wang, Parametric Study of Thin Film Evaporation from Nanoporous Membranes, Applied Physics Letters AIP, vol.111, 217. K.L. Wilke,, T.J. Zhang, E.N. Wang, Controlled Wetting in Nanoporous Membranes for Thin Film Evaporation, Journal of Heat Transfer ASME, vol.138, 216. W.L. Yang, H.X. Li,, T.J. Zhang, Prediction of Thin Liquid Film Evaporation Characteristics with a Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method, ITherm216, Las Vegas. Surface temperature Adsorbed Thick Meniscus Film Region region Evaporating Thin-Film Region Hydrophobic (137 o ) Density (left) Temperature (right) (TFE Profile from Thermal LBM) Thick Adsorbed Meniscus Film Region Region Hydrophilic (15 o ) LB Model Experiment Distance 1
12 Condensation: Nanostruc. Microporous Surface Superhydrophobic microporous surfaces for Jumping Droplet-enhanced Condensation Nanostructured micro-mesh surface morphologies G.Q. Li,, T.J. Zhang, Microscopic Droplet Formation and Energy Transport Analysis of Condensation on Scalable Superhydrophobic Nanostructured Copper Oxide Surfaces, Langmuir ACS, vol.3, 214. F. Xiao, S.J. Yuan,, S.O. Pehkonen, T.J. Zhang, Superhydrophobic CuO Nanoneedle-covered Copper Surfaces for Anticorrosion, Journal of Materials Chemistry A RSC, vol.3, pp , 215. A. Aili, Q. Ge, T.J. Zhang, "How Nanostructures Affect Water Droplet Nucleation on Superhydrophobic Surfaces", Journal of Heat Transfer ASME, vol.139, 11241, 217 Condensation on porous (left) & flat surfaces(right) 12
13 Condensation: Directional Droplet Jumping t=25s 1 t=35s 2 3 Jumping 4 Excess Surface Energy E s (J) 3.5 x Self-Jumping Conventional Jumping Mixed Jumping Droplet Volume V ( m 3 ) Faster growth of droplets on microporous surfaces: 1) Only in upward direction; 2) Larger solid contact area; 3) Lower temperature on base than on wire A. Aili, H.X. Li, M.H. Alhosani, T.J. Zhang, Unidirectional Fast Growth and Forced Jumping of Stretched Droplets on Nanostructured Microporous Surfaces, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol.8, pp , 216. H.X. Li, W. Yang, A. Aili, T.J. Zhang, "Insights into the Impact of Surface Hydrophobicity on Droplet Coalescence and Jumping Dynamics", Langmuir ACS, vol.33, ,
14 Quantum Simulation of Surface Wettability Cohesion between layers Ca U m ad U U U ( 1) ml S ml S m L n L Adhesion C O Charge Density Difference H Ag First-Principles Prediction of Contact Angle cos( ) U U / 2 SL LV U LV /2 J.Y. Lu, Q. Ge, H.X. Li, A. Raza, T.J. Zhang, Direct Prediction of Calcite Surface Wettability with First-Principles Quantum Simulation, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters ACS, vol.8, pp ,
15 Acknowledgments Earth s Energy Budget iac.ethz.ch High-Performance Compact Solar Thermal Power and Cooling Systems Profs. TieJun Zhang, Amal Al Ghaferi, Weidong Xiao (Masdar Institute of Science and Technology) Profs. Evelyn Wang, Gang Chen, Nicholas X. Fang (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT) Flagship Research Project, Funded by Cooperative Agreement between Masdar Institute UAE & MIT USA Transient Characterization and Energy Harvesting of Shams-1 Concentrating Solar Power Plant Prof. TieJun Zhang (Masdar Institute of Science and Technology) University-Industry Research Collaboration Award, Funded by UAE Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research National Research Foundation, in collaboration with the Shams Power Company in Abu Dhabi 16
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