Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
|
|
- Luke York
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry Table of Contents 1. What is Mass spectrometry 2. Mass Spectrometry History 3. Basic Components in a Mass Spectrometer 4. Sample Inlets 5. Ionization Technologies 6. Mass Analyzers 7. Mass Detectors 8. Mass Resolution, and Accuracy 9. Isotope Effect on Mass Spectra 10. Tandem Mass Spectrometry 11. Typical Mass Spectra Ying Ge, Ph.D. Human Proteomics Program School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin-Madison * This presentation is solely used for public education purpose.
2 What is Mass Spectrometry? Mass spectrometry is the art of measuring atoms and molecules to determine their molecular weight. Such mass or weight information is sometimes sufficient, frequently necessary, and always useful in determining the identity of a species. To practice this art one puts charge on the molecules of interest, i.e., the analyte, then measures how the trajectories of the resulting ions respond in vacuum to various combinations of electric and magnetic fields. Clearly, the sine qua non of such a method is the conversion of neutral analyte molecules into ions. For small and simple species the ionization is readily carried by gas-phase encounters between the neutral molecules and electrons, photons, or other ions. In recent years, the efforts of many investigators have led to new techniques for producing ions of species too large and complex to be vaporized without substantial, even catastrophic, decomposition. John B. Fenn, 2002 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry
3 Mass Spectrometry History In 1899, J.J. Thompson built the first mass spectrometer, a cathode ray tube In 1918, Dempster developed electron impact (EI) ionization and magnetic focusing MS In 1919, Aston weighed isotopes of inactive element using mass spectrometry In 1946, Stephens described the first time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer In 1952, Johnson and Nier designed the first double focusing mass spectrometer In 1953, Wolfgang Paul introduced quadrupole mass spectrometers and ion trap detectors In 1956, McLafferty proposed a mechanism for γ-h transfer (McLafferty Rearrangement) In 1966, Biemann, et. al. began peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry In 1966, Munson and Field developed chemical ionization (CI) In 1968, Dole introduced electrospray ionization (ESI) on macroions In 1969, Beckey developed field desorption (FD) MS for organic molecules In 1974, McFarlane and Torgerson developed plasma desorption (PD) MS In 1974, Comisarow and Marshall developed FT-ICR MS In 1978, Yost and Enke developed triple quadrupole MS In 1981, Barber developed fast atom bombardment (FAB) In 1983, Tanaka, Karas, and Hillenkamp developed matrix-assistant laser desorption/ ionization (MALDI) In 1984, Fenn et. al. developed electrospray ionization (ESI) on biomolecules
4 Nobel Prize History in Mass Spectrometry In 1899, J.J. Thompson built the first mass spectrometer awarded Physics Nobel Prize in 1906 In 1919, Francis Anston discovered isotopes using mass spectrometry, awarded Chemistry Nobel Prize in 1922 In 1953, Wolfgang Paul invented ion quadrupole and ion trap mass spectrometers, awarded Physics Nobel Prize in 1989 In , John Fenn and Koich Tanaka developed ESI for ionizing large molecules, awarded Chemistry Nobel Prize in 2002
5 Basic Components in a Mass Spectrometer High Vacuum ( Torr) Sample Inlet Ion transfer Ion Source Mass Analyzer Detector Recorder A mass spectrometer is composed of five essential parts: 1. Inlet: introducing samples from ambient room pressure into ion source 2. Ion source: converting sample molecules to ions 3. Mass analyzer: separating ions according to their mass 4. Detector: detecting ions and amplifying the signal 5. Recorder: receiving signal from detector, further amplifying, recording, creating mass spectrum
6 Sample Inlet Systems An inlet system is needed to transfer the sample from the atmospheric pressure (760 Torr) into the source as mass spectrometers are operated in vacuum (~ Torr). Common Inlet Systems: 1. Chromatography: gas chromatography (GC) liquid chromatography (LC) capillary electrophoresis (CE) 2. Syringe for direct infusion in ESI 3. MALDI probe or MALDI plate HPLC NanoLC CapLC
7 Ionization Sources Basic Type Name and Acronym Ionizing Agent Gas Phase (for Volatile compounds) Condensed Phase Desorption (for nonvolatile compounds) Electron Ionization (EI) Chemical Ionization (CI) Field ionization (FI) Field desorption (FD) Plasma desorption (PD) Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) Fast atom bombardment (FAB) Electrospray ionization (ESI) Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) Matrix-assisted desorption/ionization (MALDI) Energetic electrons Reagent gaseous ions High-potential electrode High-potential electrode Fission fragment from 252 Cf Energetic beam of ions Energetic atomic beam High electrical field High electric field Laser Laser Beam
8 Electron Ionization (EI) - Hard Ionization M + e - (60-70 ev) M + +2e - 1. The sample is thermally vaporized -> gas phase sample. 2. Electrons ejected from a heated filament are accelerated through an electric field at 70 V to form a continuous electron beam. 3. High energy electron beam passes through the gas phase sample molecules. 4. The electrons collide with the neutral sample molecules -> knock off electron in the sample molecule -> ionization, positively charged molecule ion M + 5. Excess internal energy in the molecule leads to some degree of fragmentation.
9 Electron Ionization (EI) - Hardest Ionization EI, also known as electron impact ionization, is routinely used for analysis of small, hydrophobic, thermally stable molecules. The sample must be delivered as a gas from a probe via thermal desorption, or by introduction of a gas through a capillary- the output of a capillary column from gas chromatography instrumentation (GC/MS). The utility of EI decreases significantly for compounds >400 Da as thermal desorption of the sample often leads to thermal decomposition before vaporization occurs. Advantages: Well-understood ( oldest method) Suitable for all volatile compounds Reproducible mass spectra Fragmentation provides structural information Libraries of mass spectra available for EI mass spectral "fingerprint" Disadvantages Sample must be thermally volatile and stable Molecular ion may be weak or absent for many compounds Low mass range (<1,000 Da)
10 Chemical Ionization (CI) CI - applied to samples similar to those analyzed by EI, primarily used to enhance the abundance of the molecular ion. CI uses gas phase ion-molecule reactions within the vacuum of MS to produce ions from the sample molecule. CI is initiated with a reagent gas such as methane, isobutane, or ammonia, ionized by electron impact (EI). High gas pressure in the ionization source results in ion-molecule reactions between the reagent gas ions and reagent gas neutrals. Some of the products of the ion-molecule reactions can react with the analyte molecules to produce ions. A possible mechanism for ionization in CI occurs as follows: Reagent (R) + e - R e - R + + RH RH + + R RH + + Analyte (A) AH + + R
11 Fast Atom/Ion Bombardment (FAB) Soft ionization Fast Atom/Ion Bombardment Gary Siuzdak,,Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry 1. The analyte is dissolved in a liquid matrix 2. Place a small amount (about 1 microliter) on a target/probe. 3. The target/probe is bombarded with a fast atom beam (e.g. 6 kev xenon atoms) that desorb molecular-like ions and fragments from the analyte. 4. Cluster ions from the liquid matrix are also desorbed and produce a chemical background that varies with the matrix used. Disadvantages: 1. High chemical background Advantages: 2. Difficult to distinguish low MW 1. Suitable for polar thermally labile compound compounds from chemical background 2. Rapid and simple sample preparation 3. Analyte must be soluble in liquid matrix 3. Relatively tolerant of sample variation 4. Not applicable for higher MW (>7 kda) 4. Mass range from ~ Da molecules 5. Strong ion currents good for high resolution mass measuremnt
12 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) UV or IR laser Matrix (M) Analyte (A) Desorption Desolvation + + H+ + Proton transfer + MH + + A M+ AH + MH - + A M+ AH - 1. Analyte is mixed with excess matrix acid 2. Laser pulses -> matrix molecules absorb photon energy -> excite stage, 4. Localized heating caused microexplosion of the matrix material, producing matrix neutral and matrix ions e.g. M +, MH +, (M-H) - 5. Collision with the neutral analytes facilitate charge transfer from matrix molecules Analyte molecules are ionized by gas phase proton transfer, AH +, (A+Na) +, (A-H) -
13 Common MALDI Matricies MALDI matrix -- A nonvolatile solid material facilitates the desorption and ionization process by absorbing the laser radiation. As a result, both the matrix and any sample embedded in the matrix are vaporized. The matrix also serves to minimize sample damage from laser radiation by absorbing most of the incident energy. MALDI plate for matrix/sample deposition Gary Siuzdak,,Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry
14 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) MALDI, good for higher MW compounds such as peptides, proteins, and oligonueotides. A MALDI mass spectrum mainly consists of singly charged ions, e.g. [M+H]+, [M+Na] +, [M+K]+ for each sample component. [M+H ]+ Cytochrome C (12.3 kda)
15 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Advantages: Practical mass range of up to 300 kda Soft ionization with little or no fragmentation Good sensitivity (picomole-femtomole) Tolerance of salts in millimolar concentration Suitable for analysis of complex mixture Disadvantages: Relatively low resolution Matrix interference, especially for low MW Requires a mass analyzer compatible with pulsed ionization techniques MS/MS difficult Not easily compatible with LC/MS
16 Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization (SELDI) SELDI, similar to MALDI, except the surface of SELDI protein chip contains arrays of chromatographic surfaces with different properties, e.g. hydrophobic, cation exchange, anion exchange & metal affinity. Samples goes directly onto the ProteinChip TM Array (Ciphergen) Protein captured and retained on the chip by affinity capture Energy absorbing molecules added to the chip Laser desorption/ionization of the molecules on the chip Advantages: 1. on-chip analysis of proteins, 2 high throughput Disadvantages: 1. low coverage (mainly most abundant proteins) 2. poor reproducibility
17 Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Softest Ionization ESI Process 1. Droplet formation -> 2. Droplet shrinkage -> 3. Gaseous ion formation A solution of the analyte passing through a capillary (needle) held at high potential. -> generate a mist of highly charged droplets -> traveling down a potential and pressure gradient towards MS analyzer -> the droplets reduced in size by evaporation of the solvent or by Coulomb explosion -> complete evaporation of the solvent results in fully desolvated gas phase ions.
18 Electrospray Ionization (Cont d) 2000 ESI, routinely used for analysis of proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids. oligonucleotides, and synthetic polymers, produces singly charged small 1500 molecules but well known for the formation of multiply-charged large molecules ESI/MS of Cytochrome C (12.3 kda) m/z Advantages: Good for charged, polar or basic compounds Practical mass range of up to 100 kda Soft ionization, capable of observing MI and non-covalent interactions Good sensitivity (femtomole-attomole) Excellent detection limits (low chemical background) Fragmentation controllable Compatible with LC/MS & MS/MS Disadvantages: Multiply charged species require interpretation No good for uncharged, non-basic, lowpolarity compounds (e.g.steroids) complementary to APCI. Very sensitive to contaminants Low salt tolerance Relatively low ion currents
19 Nano Electrospray Ionization (NanoESI) In nanoesi, the spray needle has been made very small and is positioned close to the entrance to the mass analyzer, resulting in the increased sensitivity and detection limit (up to attomole!). Flow rate: ESI (1-20 ul/min); NanoESI (1-50 nl/min) Commercially available nanospray sources: 1. The PicoView nanospray source from New Objective 2. Nanomate from Advion Biosciences 3. Nanospray sources by Thermo and others.
20 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) Similar interface to that used for ESI. In APCI, a corona discharge is used to ionize the analyte in the atmospheric pressure region. Advantages: Good for less-polar compounds Better for compounds w/o N Gentle vaporization of the analyte intense MH +, minimal fragmentation Enables coupling MS and LC with flow rate up to 1 ml/min, better for normal phase LC Compatible with MS/MS methods Disadvantages: Low mass range (<2000 Da), not good for proteins Sensitivity depends strongly upon analyte Increased fragmentation compared to ESI Complementary to ESI
21 Comparison of Sensitivity and Mass Ranges by Different Ionization Techniques NanoESI highest sensitivity EI, APCI for lower mass range ESI, MALDI for higher mass range the most common ionization sources for biomolecular mass spectrometry/proteomics Gary Siuzdak, Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry
22 General Comparison of Common Ionization Sources Ionization Source Typical Mass Range Matrix Interference Degradation LC/MS Amenable Sensitivity EI 500 none Thermal degradation CI 500 None Thermal degradation FAB 7,000 Yes, severe Matrix reaction & thermal degradation MALDI 300,000 yes Photo degradation APCI 1,200 none thermal degradation Very limited GC/MS Very limited Very limited possible excellent picomole picomole nanomole Low to high femtomole high femtomole ESI (nanoesi) ~70, 000 none none excellent femtomole -attomole
23 Mass Analyzer - Basic Types (a). Magnetic Sector Magnetic field affect radius of curvature of ions -> m/z (b). Time of Flight (TOF) Flight time - correlated directly with ion s m/z (c). Quadupole (d). Ion Trap (e). Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) Scan radio frequency field -> m/z Scan radio frequency field -> m/z Image current ion cyclotron frequency -> m/z
24 Mass Analyzer - Hybrid Instruments 1. Triple Quadrupole API 4000 from Sciex/Applied Biosystems TSQ Quantum from Thermo Micromass Quattro Premier from Waters Triple Quadrupole from Agilent 2. Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) Q-Tof Premier from Waters QSTAR from Sciex/Applied Biosystems Q-q-TOF from Bruker Q-TOF from Agilent 3. Time-of-Flight/Time-of-Flight (TOF/TOF) 4700 Proteomics Analyzer, 4800 TOF/TOF Analyzer from Sciex/ABI TOF/TOF from Bruker 4. Quadrupole Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer (Q-FTMS) Qq-FTMS from Bruker 5. Ion Trap Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer (IT-FTMS) LTQ FT and LTQ-orbitrap from Thermo?
25 Magnetic Sector - The Oldest Mass Analyzer In magnetic sector, ions were separated with a magnetic field. E k Lorentz force law Accelerating potential 1. Ions are accelerated into a magnetic field 2. The radius (r) of an ion depends on the velocity of the ion (v), the magnetic field strength (B), and the ion s m/e. 3. MS Spectrum were obtained by scanning the magnetic field and monitoring ions striking a fixed point detector.
26 Double Focusing Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer Magnetic sector 2005 Paul Gates, University of Bristol Electrostatic sector They consist of a large magnetic sector, and an electrostatic sector. The electric sector serves as a kinetic energy focusing point allowing only ions of a certain kinetic energy to pass through its field irrespective of m/z Advantages: 1. Classic mass spectrometer 2. Very high reproducibility 3. High resolution and sensitivity 4. High dynamic range 5. Reproducible high energy MS/MS Disadvantages: 1. Large size and high cost 2. Not well-suited for pulsed ionization method, i.e. MALDI 3. Poor resolution in MS/MS spectra
27 Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer Sample Ion beam Laser pulse Field-free region Flight Tube d m/z = 2Vt 2 /d 2 Advantages: Simplest/fastest MS analyzer Well suited for pulsed ionization methods (e.g. MALDI) High ion transmission MS/MS information from post-source decay Highest practical mass range of all analyzers Detector Time-of-flight m/z = 2Vt 2 /d 2 m/z determined from ion s time of arrival Smaller ions - higher V reach the detector earlier than larger ions Disadvantages: Requires pulsed ionization method or ion beam switching Limited dynamic range of fast digitizers Limited MS/MS experiments
28 Time of Flight Reflectron Mass Analyzer Gary Siuzdak,Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry The reflectron combines time-of-flight technology with an electrostatic mirror. The reflectron serves to increase the amount of time (t) ions need to reach the detector while reducing their kinetic energy distribution, thereby reducing the temporal distribution t. Since resolution is defined by the mass of a peak divided by the width of a peak or m/ m (or t/ t since m is related to t), increasing t and decreasing t results in higher resolution. Advantage: 1. Higher resolution (>5000); 2. MS/MS option - PSD (Post Source Decay) Disadvantage: Decreased sensitivity at higher masses (typically above 5000 m/z).
29 Quadrupole Time of Flight (Q-TOF) Mass Analyzer Gary Siuzdak,Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry Quadrupole-TOF combines the quadrupole s ability to select a particular ion and the ability of TOF-MS to achieve simultaneous and accurate measurements of ions across the full mass range. The quadrupole can act as any simple quadrupole analyzer to scan across a specified m/z range and also be used to selectively isolate a precursor ion and direct that ion into the collision cell. The resultant fragment ions are then analyzed by the TOF reflectron mass analyzer. Advantages: 1. high resolving power (~10,000); 2. high accuracy (10 ppm) 3. upper m/z limit in excess of 10, high sensitivity; 5 MS/MS options
30 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Resonant ions (detected) Nonresonant ions to detector Agilent MSD 2000, Paul Gates Source slits Quadrupole rods Analyte ions of different M/Z The quadrupole mass analyzer is a "mass filter". DC and RF potentials combination on the quadrupole rods set to only pass ions with selected mass-to-charge ratio -> focused on the detector. All other ions do not have a stable trajectory through the quadrupole mass analyzer, eventually collide with the quadrupole rods -> never reaching the detector. Varying strength and frequencies of the electric field (rf scan), different ions will be detected.
31 Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Ion Beam Collision Gas N 2 Ar 2 Detector Q1 Q2 Q3 (mass filter) Ion Selection (collision cell) Ion Fragmentation (mass filter) Ion detection Advantages: Classical mass spectra Good reproducibility Relatively small and low-cost systems Low-energy CID MS/MS available in triple-quadrupole Disadvantages: Limited resolution Peak heights variable as a function of mass (mass discrimination). Not well suited for pulsed ionization methods Low-energy MS/MS depend strongly on energy, collision gas, pressure, etc.
32 Quadrupole Ion Trap (QIT) Mass Analyzer Three hyperbolic electrodes: Ring electrode entrance end-cap electrode exit end-cap electrode QIT: Roughly the size of a tennis ball! The ions are trapped in a 3-D electrical field through entrance endcap electrode The RF (applied on ring electrodes to create 3D quadrupolar potential field) is scanned to resonantly excite and eject ions through small holes in the end-cap to a detector Advantages: 1. MS n capability 3. High sensitivity 2. Compatible with LC/MS/MS Disdvantages: 1. Low resolution 2. Limited dynamic range
33 Linear Ion Trap (LIT) Mass Analyzer The major difference between LIQ and 3D QIT: LIQ confines ions along the axis of a quadrupole mass analyzer using a two-dimensional radio frequency field with potentials applied to end electrodes. Gary Siuzdak, Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry The primary advantage to the linear trap over the 3D trap: Larger analyzer volume => improves dynamic ranges =>good for quantitative analysis.
34 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FTICR) Mass Spectrometer Advantages of FT-ICR MS: 1) High resolution (> 1,000,000) 2) High mass accuracy (< 1 ppm) 3) High sensitivity (attomole) 4) Simultaneous detection of all ions 5) Many MS/MS options Disadvantages: Limited dynamic range Subject to space charge effects Many parameters need to be tuned (excitation/trapping/detection) Labor intensive not yet automated! A mass analyzer and a detector Superconducting Magnet ESI source FTICR cell Ion guide Turbo/Cryo pumps skimmer Capillary
35 How Does FTICR Work? Detection Magnetic field Trapping B Excitation In FT MS, all the ions were trapped, excited and detected in the same ICR cell, therefore it is not only a mass analyzer but also a detector. The detected time-domain signal will be Fourier transform to frequency domain. ω = In the trapping mode, RF applied to excite all the ions to the coherent orbital. In the detection mode, RF stopped, ions of the same m/z form an ion packet and induce image current which can be detected by the diode plates and amplified, digitized and Fourier transformed to frequency domain. The frequency is in inverse proportional to m/z. The amplitude depends on the total number of charges. qb m
36 Magnetic Field Effect On FTMS Performance FTMS attribute Effect of Magnetic Field Strength B Which means: Resolution (m/ m) Directly proportional to B Improves mass accuracy and the ability to get isotopic resolution on large macromolecules. Kinetic energy Directly proportional to B 2 Increases the fragmentation and also ability to fragment larger macromolecules. Ion capacity Directly proportional to B 2 Can store more ions before spacecharge adversely affects performance
37 Bruker 7T FTMS FTMS Console 7T Superconducting Electromagnet NanoESI Source FT ICR Infinity Cell
38 Thermo LTQ/FT Ion Trap based Fourier Transform ICR Mass Spectrometer FTICR (FTMS) on LC timescale Accurate Mass High Sensitivity Ultra-high Resolution Above All -Easy to Operate
39 New Mass Analyzer - Orbitrap Orbitrap: a new type of mass analyzer employed trapping in an electric field 1. The field potential distribution is a combination of quadrupole and logarithmic potentials. 2. Ion stability is achieved only due to ions orbiting around an axial electrode in absence of magnetic or rf fields. 3. Orbiting ions also perform harmonic oscillations along the electrode with frequency in proportional to (m/z) -1/2 4. Oscillations are detected using image current detection similar to FT. LTQ/Orbitrap Alexander Makarov, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72,
40 Mass Detectors Mass detector detects a current signal generated from the incident ions. Different mass detectors are used to detect ions depending on the type of mass spectrometer. Most Commonly Used Detectors: Electron Multiplier Faraday Cup Photomultiplier Conversion Dynode High-Energy Dynode Detector (HED) Array Detector e.g. Microchannel Plate (MCP) Charge (or Inductive) Detector e.g. FTMS (detect image current)
41 Mass Detectors - Electron Multiplier Gary Siuzdak, Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry Electron multiplier - the most commonly used detector, made up of a series (12 to 24) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) dynodes maintained at ever increasing potentials. Ions strike the first dynode surface causing an emission of electrons => These electrons are attracted to the next dynode held at a higher potential and generate more secondary electrons => A series of dynodes at increasing potential produce a cascade of electrons an overall current gain on the order of one million or higher
42 Mass Detectors - Faraday Cup Gary Siuzdak, Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry Ions striking the dynode (BeO, GaP, or CsSb) surface causing secondary electrons to be ejected. This temporary electron emission induces a positive charge on the detector = > a current of electrons flowing toward the detector. Relatively high pressure tolerance Offering limited amplification of signal, not particularly sensitive
43 Mass Detectors - Array Detector An array detector - a group of individual detectors aligned in an array format, spatially detects ions according to m/z. Spatially differentiated ions can be detected simultaneously by an array detector. Microchannel Plate (MCP) MCP consist of an array of miniature electron multiplier channels (~10µm diameter, ~15 µm spacing between channels). The channels are parallel to each other and often enter the plate at a small angle to the surface (~8 from normal).
44 General Comparison of Mass Detectors Detector Advantages Disadvantages Faraday Cup Photomultiplier Conversion Dynode (Scintillation Counting) Electron Multiplier High Energy Dynodes with electron multiplier Table 2.3. General Good comparison for checking ion of detectors. Low amplification ( 10) transmission and low sensitivity measurements Robust Long lifetime (>5 years) Sensitive ( gains of 10 6 ) Robust Fast response Sensitive ( gains of 10 6 ) Increases high mass sensitivity Cannot be exposed to light while in operation Shorter lifetime than scintillation counting (~3 years) May shorten lifetime of electron multiplier Array Fast and sensitive Reduces resolution Expensive Charge Detection Detects ions independent of mass and velocity Limited compatibility with most existing instruments
45 Mass Resolution (Resolving Power) Mass Resolution: the ability to discriminate between adjacent ions in a spectrum. Greater resolution corresponds directly to the increased ability to differentiate/separate ions. Resolution = M/ M M: m/z M: the full width at half maximum (FWHM) Gary Siuzdak,Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry
46 Isotope Effect Natural Isotopic Abundances of Common Elements Isotope: are forms of an element containing same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the nucleus. Element M, % M+1, % M+2, % H 1, 100 2, C 12, , 1.1 N 14, , 0.37 O 16, , , 0.20 P 30, 100 S 32, , , 4.4 Cl 35, , 32 Br 79, , 97.3 I 127, 100
47 Theoretic Isotopic Distribution Myoglobin (C 769 H 1215 N 209 O 221 S 4 ) Resolution: 10k Resolution: 100k Resolution: 1M
48 Mass Accuracy Mass accuracy - the ability with which the analyzer can accurately provide m/z information; a function of an instrument s stability and resolution. The accuracy varies dramatically from analyzer to analyzer depending on the analyzer type and resolution. An instrument with 0.01% accuracy can provide information on a 1000 Da peptide to ±0.1 Da or a 10,000 Da protein to ±1.0 Da. An alternative means of describing accuracy is using part per million (ppm) terminology, where 1000 Da peptide to ±0.1 Da could also be described as Da peptide to ± 100 ppm. Gary Siuzdak,Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry
49 The Effect of Resolution on Mass Accuracy Mass Accuracy is reduced by the uncertainty associated with identifying the center of the peak with the lower resolution. Gary Siuzdak,Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry
50 Mass Range & Scan Speed Mass Range: the m/z range of the mass analyzer. Quadrupole analyzers typically scan up to m/z 3000 A magnetic sector analyzer typically scans up to m/z 10,000 Time-of-flight analyzers have virtually unlimited m/z range Scan Speed: the rate at which the analyzer scans over a particular mass range. Scan speed varies with different analyzers. Most instruments require seconds to perform a full scan. Time-of-flight analyzers, e.g. complete analyses in milliseconds or less.
51 Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS or MS n ) Tandem mass spectrometry is the ability to isolate different molecular ions in the analyzer, generate fragment ions from the selected ion (parent ion or precursor ion), and then analyze the fragmented ions (product ion or daughter ion) spectrum. Either tandem in space or tandem in time. The fragmented ions are used for structural determination of original molecular ions. Gas/Heat/Light/Electron Fragmentation chamber + + Product ion/ Daughter ion + MS1 + Ion Selection (parent ion/ precursor ion) + MS2
52 MS/MS Techniques in ESI/FTMS Electron Capture Dissociation (ECD) Laser IR multiphoton Dissociation (IRMPD) Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation (BIRD) Superconducting Magnet Collisionally activated Dissociation (CAD) Turbo pumps skimmer ESI source Capillary
53 Post-Source Decay (PSD) in MALDI-TOF MS/MS is possible with MALDI TOF reflectron mass analyzers. MALDI fragmentation occurs following ionization, or post-source decay (PSD).
54 Mass Spectrum - A Bar Graph Format Molecular ion: An ion formed by the removal of one or more electrons to form a positive ion or the addition off one or more electrons to form a negative ion, also called parent ion or precursor ion. Fragment ion: A product ion (or daughter ion) resulting from the dissociation of a precursor ion. Relative abundance fragment ion (or daughter ion) molecular ion (or parent ion) 13 C isotope peak 13 C 2 isotope peak 0 m/z (mass to charge ratio)
55 References 1.Grayson, M.A. Measuring mass, from positive rays to proteins, Chemical Heritage Press, Philadelphia, PA, Siuzdak, G Gates, P Makarov, A. Electrostatic Harmonic orbital Trapping: A high-performance Technique of Mass Analysis, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, Busch K.L., Glish G.L., McLuckey S.A. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry: Techniques and Applications of Tandem. John Wiley & Sons, Cotter R. Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Instrumentation and Applications in Biological Research. Washington, D.C.: ACS, McCloskey J.A. & Simon M.I. Methods in Enzymology: Mass Spectrometry. Academic Press, Kinter M. & Sherman NE. Protein Sequencing and Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Wiley-Interscience, Siuzdak, G. The Expanding Role of Mass Spectrometry in Biotechnology, MCC Press, Borman, S.; Russel, H.; Siuzdak, G. A Mass Spec Timeline, Today s Chemist at Work, 2003 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 12. Chiu C. M.; Muddiman, D. C. What is mass spectrometry, American Society for Mass Spectrometry: Education
56 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr. Gary Siuzdak for kindly granting the permission to use the materials from his website: Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry. The author thank Dr. Jeff Walker, Dr. Lingjun Li and Alice Puchalski for helpful discussions. The financial support was provided by Wisconsin Partnership Fund for a Healthy Future.
57
Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry. Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry. Learning Objective. Proteomics
Mass spectrometry (MS) is the technique for protein identification and analysis by production of charged molecular species in vacuum, and their separation by magnetic and electric fields based on mass
More informationLecture 8: Mass Spectrometry
intensity Lecture 8: Mass Spectrometry Relative abundance m/z 1 Ethylbenzene CH 2 CH 3 + m/z = 106 CH 2 + m/z = 91 C 8 H 10 MW = 106 CH + m/z = 77 + 2 2 What information can be obtained from a MS spectrum?
More informationLecture 8: Mass Spectrometry
intensity Lecture 8: Mass Spectrometry Relative abundance m/z 1 Ethylbenzene experiment CH 2 CH 3 + m/z = 106 CH 2 + m/z = 91 C 8 H 10 MW = 106 CH + m/z = 77 + 2 2 What information can we get from MS spectrum?
More informationTANDEM MASS SPECTROSCOPY
TANDEM MASS SPECTROSCOPY 1 MASS SPECTROMETER TYPES OF MASS SPECTROMETER PRINCIPLE TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETER INSTRUMENTATION QUADRAPOLE MASS ANALYZER TRIPLE QUADRAPOLE MASS ANALYZER TIME OF FLIGHT MASS ANALYSER
More informationMass Spectrometry and Proteomics - Lecture 2 - Matthias Trost Newcastle University
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics - Lecture 2 - Matthias Trost Newcastle University matthias.trost@ncl.ac.uk Previously: Resolution and other basics MALDI Electrospray 40 Lecture 2 Mass analysers Detectors
More informationIntroduction to Mass Spectrometry
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry Table of Contents What is mass spectrometry? Where can mass spectrometry be used? How did mass spectrometry originate? A history of mass spectrometry What is a mass spectrometer?
More informationMASS ANALYSER. Mass analysers - separate the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. sample. Vacuum pumps
ION ANALYZERS MASS ANALYSER sample Vacuum pumps Mass analysers - separate the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio MASS ANALYSER Separate the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio in space
More informationMS Goals and Applications. MS Goals and Applications
MS Goals and Applications 3 Several variations on a theme, three common steps Form gas-phase ions choice of ionization method depends on sample identity and information required Separate ions on basis
More information(Refer Slide Time 00:09) (Refer Slide Time 00:13)
(Refer Slide Time 00:09) Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomics Professor Sanjeeva Srivastava Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Mod 02 Lecture Number 09 (Refer
More informationChemistry 311: Topic 3 - Mass Spectrometry
Mass Spectroscopy: A technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules and atoms. Often characteristic ions produced by an induced unimolecular dissociation of a molecule are measured. These
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 34. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 34 From molecular to elemental analysis there are three major techniques used for elemental analysis: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray spectrometry
More informationMass Spectrometry. Hyphenated Techniques GC-MS LC-MS and MS-MS
Mass Spectrometry Hyphenated Techniques GC-MS LC-MS and MS-MS Reasons for Using Chromatography with MS Mixture analysis by MS alone is difficult Fragmentation from ionization (EI or CI) Fragments from
More informationLecture 15: Introduction to mass spectrometry-i
Lecture 15: Introduction to mass spectrometry-i Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass/charge ratio of charged particles in vacuum. Mass spectrometry can determine masse/charge
More informationMolecular Mass Spectrometry
Molecular Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry: capable of providing information about (1) Elemental composition of samples of matter: atomic mass (2) Structures of inorganic, organic, and biological molecules
More informationMass Spectrometry in MCAL
Mass Spectrometry in MCAL Two systems: GC-MS, LC-MS GC seperates small, volatile, non-polar material MS is detection devise (Agilent 320-MS TQ Mass Spectrometer) Full scan monitoring SIM single ion monitoring
More informationTranslational Biomarker Core
Translational Biomarker Core Instrumentation Thermo Scientific TSQ Quantum Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers. There are two TSQ Quantum Ultra AM instruments available in the TBC. The TSQ Quantum Ultra
More informationMass Spectrometry for Chemists and Biochemists
Erasmus Intensive Program SYNAPS Univ. of Crete - Summer 2007 Mass Spectrometry for Chemists and Biochemists Spiros A. Pergantis Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry Department of Chemistry University
More informationCEE 772 Lecture #27 12/10/2014. CEE 772: Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis
Updated: 10 December 2014 Print version CEE 772: Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis Lecture #21 Mass Spectrometry: Mass Filters & Spectrometers (Skoog, Chapt. 20, pp.511 524) (Harris, Chapt.
More informationHarris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition
Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 21: MASS SPECTROMETRY CHAPTER 21: Opener 21.0 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry provides information about 1) The elemental composition of
More informationCEE 772: Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis
Updated: 10 December 2014 Print version CEE 772: Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis Lecture #21 Mass Spectrometry: Mass Filters & Spectrometers (Skoog, Chapt. 20, pp.511-524) (Harris, Chapt.
More informationMS Goals and Applications. MS Goals and Applications
MS Goals and Applications 1 Several variations on a theme, three common steps Form gas-phase ions choice of ionization method depends on sample identity and information required Separate ions on basis
More informationMass Spectrometry. What is Mass Spectrometry?
Mass Spectrometry What is Mass Spectrometry? Mass Spectrometry (MS): The generation of gaseous ions from a sample, separation of these ions by mass-to-charge ratio, and measurement of relative abundance
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 37. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 37 Most analytes separated by HPLC are thermally stable and non-volatile (liquids) (unlike in GC) so not ionized easily by EI or CI techniques. MS must be at
More information20.2 Ion Sources. ions electrospray uses evaporation of a charged liquid stream to transfer high molecular mass compounds into the gas phase as MH n
20.2 Ion Sources electron ionization produces an M + ion and extensive fragmentation chemical ionization produces an M +, MH +, M +, or M - ion with minimal fragmentation MALDI uses laser ablation to transfer
More informationAuxiliary Techniques Soft ionization methods
Auxiliary Techniques The limitations of the structural information in the normal mass spectrum can be partly offset by special mass-spectral techniques. Although a complete description of these is beyond
More informationChem 550, Spring, 2012 Part I: OVERVIEW OF MASS SPECTROMETRY:
Chem 550, Spring, 2012 Part I: OVERVIEW OF MASS SPECTROMETRY: I. BASIC ELEMENTS OF A MASS SPECTROMETER Inlet System or Chromatograph Ion Source Mass Analyzer Detector Computer II. ION SOURCES A. Electron
More informationIonization Techniques Part IV
Ionization Techniques Part IV CU- Boulder CHEM 5181 Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography Presented by Prof. Jose L. Jimenez High Vacuum MS Interpretation Lectures Sample Inlet Ion Source Mass Analyzer Detector
More informationMolecular Mass Spectrometry
Molecular Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry: capable of providing information about (1) Elemental composition of samples of matter: atomic mass (2) Structures of inorganic, organic, and biological molecules
More informationMass Analyzers. mass measurement accuracy/reproducibility. % of ions allowed through the analyzer. Highest m/z that can be analyzed
Mass Analyzers Double Focusing Magnetic Sector Quadrupole Mass Filter Quadrupole Ion Trap Linear Time-of-Flight (TOF) Reflectron TOF Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR-MS) Mass Analyzers
More informationIonization Methods in Mass Spectrometry at the SCS Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
Ionization Methods in Mass Spectrometry at the SCS Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Steven L. Mullen, Ph.D. Associate Director SCS Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Contact Information 31 oyes Laboratory (8:00-5:00
More informationfor the Novice Mass Spectrometry (^>, John Greaves and John Roboz yc**' CRC Press J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York
Mass Spectrometry for the Novice John Greaves and John Roboz (^>, yc**' CRC Press J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business
More informationLC-MS Based Metabolomics
LC-MS Based Metabolomics Analysing the METABOLOME 1. Metabolite Extraction 2. Metabolite detection (with or without separation) 3. Data analysis Metabolite Detection GC-MS: Naturally volatile or made volatile
More informationMass spectrometry gas phase transfer and instrumentation
Objectives of the Lecture spectrometry gas phase transfer and instrumentation Matt Renfrow January 15, 2014 1. Make ions 2. Separate/Analyze 3. Detect ions 4. What is mass resolution and mass accuracy?
More informationWeek 5: Fourier Tranform-based Mass Analyzers: FT-ICR and Orbitrap
Week 5: Fourier Tranform-based Mass Analyzers: FT-ICR and Orbitrap 1 Last Time Mass Analyzers; CAD and TOF mass analyzers: 2 Fourier Transforms A transform is when you change your analytical space without
More informationM M e M M H M M H. Ion Sources
Ion Sources Overview of Various Ion Sources After introducing samples into a mass spectrometer, the next important step is the conversion of neutral molecules or compounds to gas phase ions. The ions could
More informationInstrumental Analysis. Mass Spectrometry. Lecturer:! Somsak Sirichai
303351 Instrumental Analysis Mass Spectrometry Lecturer:! Somsak Sirichai Mass Spectrometry What is Mass spectrometry (MS)? An analytic method that employs ionization and mass analysis of compounds in
More informationMass Spectrometry. Electron Ionization and Chemical Ionization
Mass Spectrometry Electron Ionization and Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer All Instruments Have: 1. Sample Inlet 2. Ion Source 3. Mass Analyzer 4. Detector 5. Data System http://www.asms.org Ionization
More informationTypes of Analyzers: Quadrupole: mass filter -part1
16 Types of Analyzers: Sector or double focusing: magnetic and electric Time-of-flight (TOF) Quadrupole (mass filter) Linear ion trap Quadrupole Ion Trap (3D trap) FTICR fourier transform ion cyclotron
More informationMass Spectrometry Course
Mass Spectrometry Course Árpád Somogyi Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Eötvös University, Budapest April 11-20, 2012 1 2 UA Chemistry
More informationAnalysis of Polar Metabolites using Mass Spectrometry
Analysis of Polar Metabolites using Mass Spectrometry TransMed Course: Basics in Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics. Oct 10-19, 2012 dd.mm.yyyy Vidya Velagapudi, Ph.D, Adjunct Professor Head of the Metabolomics
More informationAnalytical Technologies in Biotechnology Prof. Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Analytical Technologies in Biotechnology Prof. Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 6 Spectroscopic Techniques Lecture - 6 Atomic Spectroscopy
More informationMass spectrometry.
Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry provides qualitative and quantitative information about the atomic and molecular composition of inorganic and organic materials. The mass spectrometer produces charged
More informationMass Analyzers. Principles of the three most common types magnetic sector, quadrupole and time of flight - will be discussed herein.
Mass Analyzers After the production of ions in ion sources, the next critical step in mass spectrometry is to separate these gas phase ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Ions are extracted
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 35. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 35 Principle components: Inlet Ion source Mass analyzer Ion transducer Pumps Signal processor Mass analyzers Quadrupole Time of Flight Double Focusing Ion
More informationUniversità degli Studi di Bari CHIMICA ANALITICA STRUMENTALE
Università degli Studi di Bari Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze Chimiche Corso di CHIMICA ANALITICA STRUMENTALE II semestre, 5 + 1 crediti (40 + 15 ore) Prof. Ilario Losito E-mail: illosdid@hotmail.com
More informationIntroduction to the Q Trap LC/MS/MS System
www.ietltd.com Proudly serving laboratories worldwide since 1979 CALL +1.847.913.0777 for Refurbished & Certified Lab Equipment ABI Q Trap LC/MS/MS Introduction to the Q Trap LC/MS/MS System The Q Trap
More informationMass Spectroscopy. Base peak. Molecular Ion peak. The positively charged fragments produced are separated, based on their mass/charge (m/z) ratio. M+.
Mass spectrometry is the study of systems causing the formation of gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then characteried by their mass to charge ratios (m/) and relative abundances.
More informationProudly serving laboratories worldwide since 1979 CALL for Refurbished & Certified Lab Equipment
www.ietltd.com Proudly serving laboratories worldwide since 1979 CALL +1.847.913.0777 for Refurbished & Certified Lab Equipment Applied Biosystems QStar Pulsar i Features of the API QSTAR Pulsar i The
More informationMS/MS .LQGVRI0606([SHULPHQWV
0DVV6SHFWURPHWHUV Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) :KDWLV0606" Mass spectrometers are commonly combined with separation devices such as gas chromatographs (GC) and liquid chromatographs (LC). The GC or
More informationMass Spectrometry. General Principles
General Principles Mass Spectrometer: Converts molecules to ions Separates ions (usually positively charged) on the basis of their mass/charge (m/z) ratio Quantifies how many units of each ion are formed
More informationSelecting an LC/MS Interface Becky Wittrig, Ph.D.
Selecting an LC/MS Interface Becky Wittrig, Ph.D. RESTEK CORPORATION LC/MS Interfaces I. Background of LC/MS I. Historical Perspective II. Reasons for use II. Interfaces I. Transport devices II. Particle
More informationWhat is a mass spectrum?
EMBnet course 28.1.-1.2.28 Day 1 Mass spectrometry in proteomics Outline Mass spectrometry, general introduction What is a mass spectrum What are the constituents of a mass spectrometer How the instruments
More informationGRADUATE COURSE IN MASS SPECTROMETRY: LECTURE 2
DEPARTMENTS OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY GRADUATE COURSE IN MASS SPECTROMETRY: LECTURE 2 Mass Analysers Shabaz Mohammed October 20, 2015 High Vacuum System Turbo pumps Diffusion pumps Rough pumps Rotary
More informationIntroduction to GC/MS
Why Mass Spectrometry? Introduction to GC/MS A powerful analytical technique used to: 1.Identify unknown compounds 2. Quantify known materials down to trace levels 3. Elucidate the structure of molecules
More informationMass Analyzers. Ion Trap, FTICR, Orbitrap. CU- Boulder CHEM 5181: Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez
Mass Analyzers Ion Trap, FTICR, Orbitrap CU- Boulder CHEM 5181: Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Last Update: Oct. 014 Some slides from Dr. Joel Kimmel (007) MS Interpretation
More informationIntroduction to LC-MS
Wednesday April 5, 2017 10am Introduction to LC-MS Amy Patton, MS Laboratory Manager, Pinpoint Testing, LLC Little Rock, AR DESCRIPTION: Amy Patton, laboratory manager for Pinpoint Testing, will begin
More informationMass Spectrometry (MS)
Mass Spectrometry (MS) Alternative names: Mass spectrometric (selective) detector (MSD) Spectrometry - methods based on interaction of matter and radiation Mass spectrometry - method based on formation
More informationMass spectrometry: forming ions, to identifying proteins and their modifications Stephen Barnes, PhD
Mass spectrometry: forming ions, to identifying proteins and their modifications Stephen Barnes, PhD 4-7117 sbarnes@uab.edu Introduction to mass spectrometry Class 1 - Biology and mass spectrometry Why
More informationMass spectrometry of proteins, peptides and other analytes: principles and principal methods. Matt Renfrow January 11, 2008
Mass spectrometry of proteins, peptides and other analytes: principles and principal methods Matt Renfrow January 11, 2008 Objectives of the Lecture 1. Make ions 2. Separate/Analyze/Detect ions 3. What
More informationMass Spectrometry. A truly interdisciplinary and versatile analytical method
Mass Spectrometry A truly interdisciplinary and versatile analytical method MS is used for the characterization of molecules ranging from small inorganic and organic molecules to polymers and proteins.
More informationThermo Scientific LTQ Orbitrap Velos Hybrid FT Mass Spectrometer
IET International Equipment Trading Ltd. www.ietltd.com Proudly serving laboratories worldwide since 1979 CALL +847.913.0777 for Refurbished & Certified Lab Equipment Thermo Scientific LTQ Orbitrap Velos
More informationChoosing the metabolomics platform
GBS 748 Choosing the metabolomics platform Stephen Barnes, PhD 4 7117; sbarnes@uab.edu So, I have my samples what s next? You ve collected your samples and you may have extracted them Protein precipitation
More informationICPMS Doherty Lecture 1
ICPMS Doherty Lecture 1 Mass Spectrometry This material provides some background on how to measure isotope abundances by means of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometers create and separate ionized atoms
More informationLECTURE-11. Hybrid MS Configurations HANDOUT. As discussed in our previous lecture, mass spectrometry is by far the most versatile
LECTURE-11 Hybrid MS Configurations HANDOUT PREAMBLE As discussed in our previous lecture, mass spectrometry is by far the most versatile technique used in proteomics. We had also discussed some of the
More informationMASS SPECTROMETRY. Topics
MASS SPECTROMETRY MALDI-TOF AND ESI-MS Topics Principle of Mass Spectrometry MALDI-TOF Determination of Mw of Proteins Structural Information by MS: Primary Sequence of a Protein 1 A. Principles Ionization:
More informationMass spectrometry: forming ions, to identifying proteins and their modifications Stephen Barnes, PhD
Mass spectrometry: forming ions, to identifying proteins and their modifications Stephen Barnes, PhD 4-7117 sbarnes@uab.edu Introduction to mass spectrometry Class 1 - Biology and mass spectrometry Why
More informationLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC/MS) Presented by: Dr. T. Nageswara Rao M.Pharm PhD KTPC
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC/MS) Presented by: Dr. T. Nageswara Rao M.Pharm PhD KTPC INTRODUCTION Principle: LC/MS is a technique that combines physical separation capabilities of liquid
More informationMass Spectrometry: Introduction
Mass Spectrometry: Introduction Chem 8361/4361: Interpretation of Organic Spectra 2009 Andrew Harned & Regents of the University of Minnesota Varying More Mass Spectrometry NOT part of electromagnetic
More informationFourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)
Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) The first steps along the way to FT- ICR-MS date back to the 1930s, when Ernest Lawrence, at the University of California - Berkeley,
More information4. How can fragmentation be useful in identifying compounds? Permits identification of branching not observed in soft ionization.
Homework 9: Chapters 20-21 Assigned 12 April; Due 17 April 2006; Quiz on 19 April 2006 Chap. 20 (Molecular Mass Spectroscopy) Chap. 21 (Surface Analysis) 1. What are the types of ion sources in molecular
More informationMass spectrometry and elemental analysis
Mass spectrometry and elemental analysis A schematic representation of a single-focusing mass spectrometer with an electron-impact (EI) ionization source. M: + e _ M +. + 2e _ Ionization and fragmentation
More informationThermo Finnigan LTQ. Specifications
IET International Equipment Trading Ltd. www.ietltd.com Proudly serving laboratories worldwide since 1979 CALL +847.913.0777 for Refurbished & Certified Lab Equipment Thermo Finnigan LTQ Specifications
More informationFinnigan LCQ Advantage MAX
www.ietltd.com Proudly serving laboratories worldwide since 1979 CALL +847.913.0777 for Refurbished & Certified Lab Equipment Finnigan LCQ Advantage MAX The Finnigan LCQ Advantage MAX ion trap mass spectrometer
More informationInstrumentation development for coupling ion/ion reactions and ion mobility in biological mass spectrometry
Graduate Theses and Dissertations Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations 2008 Instrumentation development for coupling ion/ion reactions and ion mobility in biological mass spectrometry
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS USING FIELD DESORPTION IONIZATION ON THE GCT
IDETIFICATIO OF ORGAOMETALLIC COMPOUDS USIG FIELD DESORPTIO IOIZATIO O THE GCT David Douce 1, Michael Jackson 1, Robert Lewis 1, Peter Hancock 1, Martin Green 1 and Stuart Warriner 2 1 Waters Corporation,
More informationBasics of Mass Spectrometry
Handbook of instrumental techniques from CCiTUB Basics of Mass Spectrometry Lourdes Berdié 1, Isidre Casals 2, Irene Fernández 3, Olga Jáuregui 2, Rosa Maria Marimon 4, Joaquim Perona 4, and Pilar Teixidor
More information(Bio)chemical Proteomics. Alex Kentsis October, 2013
(Bio)chemical Proteomics Alex Kentsis October, 2013 http://alexkentsis.net A brief history of chemical proteomics 1907: Eduard Buchner, demonstration of cell-free alcohol fermentation (i.e. enzymes) 1946:
More informationIntroduction to Biological Mass Spectrometry (Mass Spectrometry 101)
Introduction to Biological Mass Spectrometry (Mass Spectrometry 101) Steven A. Hofstadler, Ph.D. Ibis Biosciences, Inc. Disclaimer This presentation covers the basic concepts of mass spectrometry The material
More information1) In what pressure range are mass spectrometers normally operated?
Exercises Ionization 1) In what pressure range are mass spectrometers normally operated? Mass spectrometers are usually operated in the high vacuum regime to ensure mean free paths significantly longer
More informationBIOINF 4399B Computational Proteomics and Metabolomics
BIOINF 4399B Computational Proteomics and Metabolomics Sven Nahnsen WS 13/14 3. Chromatography and mass spectrometry Overview Recall last lecture Basics of liquid chromatography Algorithms to predict and
More informationMass Spectrometry. Anders Malmendal. 1. Physical principles. Mass Spectrometry
1. Physical principles Mass spectrometry is based on the laws determining the motions of charged particles. In a mass spectrometer, the motions of these particles are determined by the particle mass and
More information1. The range of frequencies that a measurement is sensitive to is called the frequency
CHEM 3 Name Exam 1 Fall 014 Complete these problems on separate paper and staple it to this sheet when you are finished. Please initial each sheet as well. Clearly mark your answers. YOU MUST SHOW YOUR
More informationWelcome to Organic Chemistry II
Welcome to Organic Chemistry II Erika Bryant, Ph.D. erika.bryant@hccs.edu Class Syllabus 3 CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 4 What is this solution Soda Tea Coffee??? 5 What is this solution Soda Tea
More informationAtomic masses. Atomic masses of elements. Atomic masses of isotopes. Nominal and exact atomic masses. Example: CO, N 2 ja C 2 H 4
High-Resolution Mass spectrometry (HR-MS, HRAM-MS) (FT mass spectrometry) MS that enables identifying elemental compositions (empirical formulas) from accurate m/z data 9.05.2017 1 Atomic masses (atomic
More informationThis is the total charge on an ion divided by the elementary charge (e).
12.2 Fundamentals and general terms Accelerator mass spectrometry An ultra-sensitive technique using tandem accelerators employed mainly for the study of long-lived radioisotopes, and stable isotopes at
More informationCh 13. Basics of Mass Spectrometry (I) : Principles & Ionization Sources
Ch 13. Basics of Mass Spectrometry (I) : Principles & Ionization Sources Why should you be interested in mass spectrometry (MS)? - to identify unknown compounds - to quantify known materials - to elucidate
More informationIon sources. Ionization and desorption methods
Ion sources Ionization and desorption methods 1 2 Processes in ion sources 3 Ionization/ desorption Ionization Desorption methods Electron impact ionization Chemical ionization Electro-spray ionisation
More informationCHAPTER A2 LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION AND MALDI
Back to Basics Section A: Ionization Processes CHAPTER A2 LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION AND MALDI TABLE OF CONTENTS Quick Guide...27 Summary...29 The Ionization Process...31 Other Considerations on Laser
More information15.04.jpg. Mass spectrometry. Electron impact Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry Electron impact Mass spectrometry 70 ev = 1614 kcal/mol - contrast with energy from IR (1-10 kcal/mol) or NMR (0.2 cal/mol) - typical C-C bond = 100 kcal/mol Point: lots of energy in
More informationAnalytical Technologies and Compound Identification. Daniel L. Norwood, MSPH, PhD SCĪO Analytical Consulting, LLC.
Analytical Technologies and Compound Identification Daniel L. Norwood, MSPH, PhD SCĪ Analytical Consulting, LLC. Extractables/Leachables Characterization (USP) Characterization is the discovery,
More informationQuattro Micro - How does it work?
Quattro Micro - How does it work? 1 Introduction This document is designed to familiarise you with the principles behind how the Quattro Micro works. The level of this document is designed as Level One
More informationCHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETER
22 CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETER 22.1 INTRODUCTION We know that the biochemistry or biological chemistry deals with the study of molecules present in organisms. These molecules are called as biomolecules
More informationAccurate, High-Throughput Protein Identification Using the Q TRAP LC/MS/MS System and Pro ID Software
www.ietltd.com Proudly serving laboratories worldwide since 1979 CALL +1.847.913.0777 for Refurbished & Certified Lab Equipment ABI Q Trap Pro LC/MS/MS Accurate, High-Throughput Protein Identification
More informationTendenze nell innovazione della strumentazione in spettrometria di massa:
Tendenze nell innovazione della strumentazione in spettrometria di massa: Trappola lineare, orbitrap, ion mobility e nuova strumentazione René Magritte La Condition Humaine 1 Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
More informationPC 235: Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics
PC 235: Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Lecture 1 May 11 th, 2009 Shenheng Guan NIH NCRR Mass Spectrometry Facility, UCSF sguan@cgl.ucsf.edu Course Outline Lectures: 10hrs: 10am-12 in Genentech Hall Room
More informationInterazioni di ioni con elettroni (ECD, ETD) e fotoni (Ion spectroscopy) Gianluca Giorgi. via Aldo Moro Siena
Interazioni di ioni con elettroni (ECD, ETD) e fotoni (Ion spectroscopy) Gianluca Giorgi Università degli Studi di Siena Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena e-mail:
More informationQualitative Organic Analysis CH 351 Mass Spectrometry
Qualitative Organic Analysis CH 351 Mass Spectrometry Bela Torok Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, MA General Aspects Theoretical basis of mass spectrometry Basic Instrumentation
More informationIntroduction. Chapter 1. Learning Objectives
Chapter 1 Introduction Learning Objectives To understand the need to interface liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. To understand the requirements of an interface between liquid chromatography
More informationEEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation
More informationChapter 5 Basic Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 5 Basic Mass Spectrometry 5.1 Introduction and History The earliest forms of mass spectrometry go back to the observation of canal rays by Goldstein in 1886 and again by Wien in 1899. Thompson
More information