Modification of Coal Tar by Nitrous Oxide
|
|
- Lawrence Calvin McDowell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ISSN -X, Coke and Chemistry,, Vol., No., pp. 9. Allerton Press, Inc.,. Original Russian Text S.A. Semenova, D.P. Ivanov, O.M. Gavrilyuk, N.I. Federova, Z.R. Ismagilov,, published in Koks i Khimiya,, No., pp.. CHEMISTRY Modification of Coal Tar by Nitrous Oxide S. A. Semenova a, D. P. Ivanov b, O. M. Gavrilyuk a, N. I. Federova a, and Z. R. Ismagilov a a Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia semlight@mail.ru, icms.kemsc.ru b Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia divan@catalysis.ru Received August, Abstract The modification of coal tar by nitrous oxide is considered. Preliminary N O of the tar increases the yield of light distillate fractions and reduces the content of unsaturated indene compounds and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the oils. DOI:./SXX More stringent quality requirements on coal products call for research on the physicochemical modification of tar and pitch. Two basic types of physicochemical modification and inhibition methods may be distinguished: () methods of increasing the molecular interaction and polycondensation of tar and pitch hydrocarbons (thermooxidation []; and by mineral and organic acids [], Lewis acids [], and hydrolytic lignin []); () methods of reducing the molecular interaction of tar and pitch hydrocarbons and ensuring sharper separation of the components in tar distillation (cavitation []; and by a high-frequency electric field []). A promising method of oxidative modification of hydrocarbons is the use of nitrous oxide (N O). Nitrous oxide is active in the oxidative catalysis of hydrocarbons in the gas phase for example, the selective hydroxylation of paraffins and aromatic hydrocarbons []. Recently, nitrous oxide has been used in the noncatalytic liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes, cycloalkenes [], and polymers []. Noncatalytic oxidation by N O may be used for alkenes of different classes, including linear, cyclic, and heterocyclic alkenes and their derivatives []. In view of the reactivity of nitrous oxide and the presence of unsaturated compounds forming azeotropic mixtures in coal tar, researchers are interested in the change in composition and properties of coal tar on modification by nitrous oxide. In turn, the redistribution of unsaturated compounds may change the molecular interactions in the initial material and hence the separation of the tar components in thermochemical processing. We investigate coal tar from OAO Altai-Koks, with the following characteristics: density. kg/m ; moisture content.; and ash content.. Prior to modification, we remove benzene-insoluble components from the tar (free carbon). The tar is treated with nitrous oxide in a -cm stainless-steel reactor (Parr Instruments), equipped with a mixer. We introduce ml tar (dissolved in ml benzene) in the reactor. Helium is fed to the reactor to displace the air, and then medical-grade (99.) nitrous oxide is introduced (. mol), with mixing. At room temperature, the pressure in the reactor is atm. The reactor is heated at /min to and held for h. Analysis of the gas phase after the experiment indicates conversion of the nitrous oxide, with the formation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. After the experiment, the reactor is cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture is discharged, and the solvent is boiled off. Modification of coal tar by means of nitrous oxide reduces its content of carbon and hydrogen and increases the content of oxygen and nitrogen (Table ). Since there is little change in the identified forms of Table. Chemical composition of the initial and modified coal-tar samples Functional composition, Elementary composition, (daf) Atomic ratio mg-equ/g C H O N S COOH OH CO O/C N/C Before After N O
2 SEMENOVA et al.. Wave number. Wave number Absorption.. Absorption.. Fig.. IR spectra of tar before () and after () with nitrous oxide. Fig.. IR spectra of neutral tar fraction before () and after () with nitrous oxide. oxygen, we may attribute the increase in oxygen content in the tar to the formation of inactive heterocyclic forms. Redistribution of the forms of oxygen and nitrogen in the tar is indicated by IR spectroscopy (on an Infralyum-FT- instrument). Thus, a tar sample treated by N O is characterized by increased optical density of the C=O-group bands of aromatic ketones and aldehydes ( and cm ) and lactones ( cm ), as we see in Fig.. The nitrogen-bearing structures are identified by the appearance of new IR absorption bands and the intensification of existing bands: and cm for N H; ~ cm for C N; ~ cm for N O; and cm for N=N; and 9 cm for C N=O. For other hydrocarbon groupings, the most prominent change (reduction in absorption) is seen in the region cm, which characterizes the degree of hydrogen substitution in the aromatic rings. We know that the reaction of unsaturated compounds with nitrous oxide is based on a nonradical mechanism, through,-addition of N O molecule to the C=C bond of the alkene; an oxodiazoline complex is formed as an intermediate product [9] R CH CH R + + N N O N N O R CH CH R R CH C R +N. Table. Group composition of coal tar Before After N O organic bases O Yield of group fractions, (rel.) acids and phenols asphaltenes neutral oil neutral tar Probably, the appearance of bands corresponding to C N, N=N, and N O bonds in the IR spectrum of the tar, as well as its increased nitrogen content (Table ), indicates that some proportion of intermediate oxodiazoline structures may be retained in the tar. Separation of the tar into groups of components with common properties (organic bases, acids and phenols, asphaltenes, oil, neutral tars) indicates redistribution of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the fractions after modification. Thus, in the group composition of coal tar treated with nitrous oxide (Table ), there is a higher yield of products containing functional groups and heteroatoms based on nitrogen (organic bases) and oxygen (acids and phenols, neutral tars). The yield of the basic fractions (asphaltenes and neutral tars) is significantly reduced, evidently because of reaction with N O. All the fractions are studied by IR spectroscopy. The differences in the IR spectra of the initial and modified tar samples are more apparent in the IR spectra of the group fractions. The greatest changes are seen for oxygen- and nitrogen-based fractions: organic bases, the total phenol acid fraction, and the neutral tar. Besides the differences observed for the modified tar samples (Fig. ), we also observe for the neutral tar fraction, for example, increased intensity of the absorption bands of the CH ( cm ) and C=C ( cm ) aromatic groups, with change in the ring substitution (9 cm ), as we see in Fig.. The proportion of axial structures (9 and cm ) is reduced. The absorption of C O groups in the range cm is changed; the bands corresponding to simple cyclic esters ( and cm ) are more pronounced. Two intense bands appear at and cm, corresponding to lactones and anhydrides. Note that, in the absorption regions of the oxygen groups ( and cm ), strong bands corresponding to C N and N O bonds are usually recorded, as confirmed by the presence of intense absorption bands at cm (C N), cm (N O), and cm (N=N), and 9 cm (C N=O bonds). In other words, we may COKE AND CHEMISTRY Vol. No.
3 MODIFICATION OF COAL TAR BY NITROUS OXIDE Table. Composition of neutral oil Group Content in oil fraction, (rel.) before after N O Unsaturated hydrocarbons 9.. Biaromatic hydrocarbons 9.. Triaromatic hydrocarbons.. Tetraaromatic hydrocarbons.. Pentaaromatic.. hydrocarbons Hexaaromatic hydrocarbons. O,N,S-Heterocyclic.9 9. hydrocarbons Oxygen compounds (phenols, acids, ketones, aldehydes).. suppose that the neutral tar fraction consists of products of oxidative nitriding of the tar. The neutral tar fraction may be studied by chromatographic mass spectroscopy on an Agilent 99S- instrument (Table ). The chromatographic data reveal around compounds. The oil mainly consists of ( )-ring hydrocarbons: from naphthalene to benzo[g,h,i]perylene. The unsaturated compounds are indene, acenaphthylene, acepyrene, and indenopyrene. Heterocyclic compounds present in the oil include small quantities of benzofurans, benzothiophenes, carbazole, and acridine. In neutral oils, N O significantly reduces the content of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the indene series and polyaromatic compounds: pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene perylene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene. The proportion of bi- and triaromatic compounds is increased: specifically, alkyland cycloalkyl derivatives of naphthalene and phenanthrene. Aromatic ketones and aldehydes are identified among the oxygen compounds. The carbonyl groups in these compounds take the form of substituents in the aromatic ring (diphenyl carbaldehyde), in groups conjugate with the aromatic ring (tetrahydrophenanthrene), and in the crosslinking of benzene rings (diphenyl methanone). Among heterocyclic hydrocarbons, we observe compounds of complex structure with pyrazole rings, which have not previously been seen in oils. Since most industrial methods of coal-tar processing are based on high-temperature, we investigate the thermal stability of the tar in the present work by thermogravimetric analysis (on a Netzsch STA 9 instrument, with an Aeolos mass-spectrometric attachment, in helium). Tar pyrolysis is characterized by a wide gas-liberation range ( ), with a primary maximum of the mass-loss rate at and two secondary peaks at and (Table ), corresponding to the distillation of aromatic, alkyl aromatic, and heterocyclic hydrocarbons with similar boiling points: around (alkyl benzene, pyridine), (phenol, benzaldehyde, benzofuran, benzonitrile, indene, etc.), (benzothiophene, quinoline, indole, naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, acenaphthene, etc.) and also (tri- and tetracyclic hydrocarbons). The main stage in thermal destruction of the tar ends at, when of the product has been removed. The total mass loss of the tar samples is ; coke formation accounts for the remaining 9. The of coal tar with nitrous oxide leads to a more pronounced peak at on the differential thermogravimetric curve; the maximum gas liberation is shifted to significantly (by ) lower temperatures. The maximum gas-liberation rate V max and total mass loss on heating the product to are increased (Table ). The range of primary heat liberation T T is hardly changed. At higher temperatures (above ), the intensity of distillation and thermal destruction in the modified tar is reduced. The changes in tar pyrolysis are probably due to the formation of low-molecular neutral oxygen- and nitrogen compounds on tar modification, with greater volatilization at relatively low temperatures, as confirmed by mass-spectrometric analysis of the pyrolytic products (Fig. ). Thus, for tar after N O, in the temperature range where light fractions boil off (<), the liberation rate of volatile hydroaromatic, heterocyclic, Table. Thermogravimetric analysis of coal tar before and after with nitrous oxide* (T T ), T n, T max, V max, /min Δm ( ), Δm ( ), Δm ( ) Before After N O ; ; ; ; 9; * Here Δm is the mass loss in the corresponding interval; T T is the temperature interval of primary gas liberation; T n are the temperatures corresponding to the maximum gas liberation; T max is the temperature at the primary maximum of gas liberation; V max is the rate of maximum gas liberation. COKE AND CHEMISTRY Vol. No.
4 SEMENOVA et al. Ionic current, A Ionic current, A 9 m/z.... Temperature, Temperature, m/z 9 Ionic current, A Ionic current, A m/z m/z Temperature, Temperature, Fig.. Emission rate of volatile products with m/z = (nitro compounds), 9 (phenols, benzene homologs), (cycloalkanes), and (triarenes) in the pyrolysis of coal tar before () and after () with nitrous oxide. and slightly condensed aromatic products (m/z =,, 9,,, and ) is higher. No marked increase in liberation rate is observed for the oxygen compounds H O (m/z = ) and CO (m/z = ); that indicates that the compounds formed are neutral. For modified tar, the liberation rate of nitrogen-bearing structures (m/z = and ), phenol (m/z = and 9), cycloalkanes (m/z = 9 and ), benzene homologs (m/z =,,, and so on), and naphthalene (m/z =,,, and so on) is also greater. In the range corresponding to thermal destruction of the tar ( ), the peaks corresponding to the emission of volatile polyaromatic products (m/z =,,, and so on) are less intense and shifted to higher temperatures. That may be associated with the development of polymerization (Figs. and ). Thus, with nitrous oxide results in oxidative modification of the tar composition, with the formation of neutral oxygen compounds. Modification considerably increases the relative content of the neutral tar fraction in the tar s group composition, thanks to the reaction of neutral oils and asphaltenes with the nitrous oxide. Reaction products include alkylaromatic and naphthene-aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic ketones and aldehydes, and heterocyclic compounds of pyrazole type, formed by the reaction of nitrous oxide with unsaturated indene structures. Thermogravimetric data show that the of coal tar by nitrous oxide stimulates the liberation of volatile products on heat, with increase in the yield of light volatile fractions (boiling point <). The conversion of unsaturated indene structures involved in the formation of molecular complexes and azeotropic mixtures should result in sharper separation of the products in tar distillation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank A.S. Kharitonov of the Institute of Catalysis for assistance in formulating the experiments; and the following specialists from the Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemistry of Materials and the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, for assistance in deriving and interpreting the results of physicochemical analysis: COKE AND CHEMISTRY Vol. No.
5 MODIFICATION OF COAL TAR BY NITROUS OXIDE V.Yu. Mal sheva, L.M. Khitsova, and T.G. Vychikova (elementary analysis, IR spectroscopy); N.A. Korol (chemical analysis of O groups); A.A. Nefedov (thermogravimetric analysis); and A.A. Volgin (chromatographic mass spectroscopy). REFERENCES. Sidorov, O.F., Thermooxidation of Coal-Tar Pitch: Reaction of Oxygen with Hydrocarbon Pitch, Koks Khim.,, no. 9, pp... Sidorov, O.F. and Saul, O.P., Influence of Acids on the Yield and Quality of Coal-Tar Pitch, Koks Khim., 9, no., pp. 9.. Karpin, G.M. and Kondratov, V.K., Structure and Properties of Donor Acceptor Complexes of Aromatic Compounds Formed by γ, β, and α Fractions of Tar and Pitch with Lewis Acids: Development of Structural Models, Koks Khim.,, no., pp. 9.. Kovalev, E.T., Influence of Initiating Additives on the Processing of Coal Tar and Its Fractions, Koks Khim.,, no., pp. 9.. Baikenov, M.I., Omarbekov, T.B., Amerkhanova, Sh.K., et al., Influence of Cavitation on the Properties of Coal Tar: Gas Liquid Chromatographic Data, Khim. Tverd. Topl.,, no., p... Leont ev, A.V., Fomicheva, O.A., Proskurnina, M.V., and Zefirov, N.S., Chemistry of Nitrous Oxide, Usp. Khim.,, vol., no., p... Semikolenov, S.V., Dubkov, K.A., Starokon, E.V., et al., Liquid-Phase Noncatalytic Oxidation of Butenes by Nitrous Oxide, Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Khim.,, no., p. 9.. Semikolenov, S.V., Dubkov, K.A., Echevskaya, L.G., et al., Modification of Polyethylene by Selective Oxidation of Double Bonds in Carbonyl Groups, Vysokomol. Soed., Ser. B,, vol., no., p. 9. SPELL:. ok COKE AND CHEMISTRY Vol. No.
Improving the quality of coal is one of the factors in intensification of combustion processes in coal-based energy
Improving the quality of coal is one of the factors in intensification of combustion processes in coal-based energy Yuriy Patrakov 1, Svetlana Semenova 1, and Anna Usanina 1,2* 1 The Federal Research Center
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
03SEP 18:00 19:00 ORGANIC MOLECULES STUDY NOTES ORGANIC MOLECULES Important features of Carbon Carbon has a valency of 4 (can form 4 bonds), and has 4 valence electrons (outermost energy level). Carbon
More informationHydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23
Chapter 22-23 Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds All Carbon containing compounds Except carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates which are inorganic. CO & CO2 Na4C CaCO3 +8 oxidation change CH 4 + O 2 CO 2
More informationPETE 203: Properties of oil
PETE 203: Properties of oil Prepared by: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Koya University, Faculty of Engineering, Petroleum Engineering Department 2013 2014 Lecture no. (2): Crude oil chemistry and composition 5. Crude
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More informationMolecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.
Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that
More informationWorksheet Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary
Worksheet 10.1 Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary Addition elimination reaction A reaction in which two molecules combine with the release of a small molecule, often water. This type of reaction is
More informationAliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a Hard coal, which is high in carbon content any straight-chain or branched-chain
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationChapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
More informationOrganic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers
Chapter Organic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers Ch 1-Structure and bonding Ch 2-Polar covalent bonds: Acids and bases McMurry, J. (2004) Organic Chemistry 6 th Edition
More informationChapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols
Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols 45 -Alcohols have the general formula R-OH and are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group, -OH. -Phenols have a hydroxyl group attached directly to an
More informationChapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds,
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following
More informationBIOB111 - Tutorial activities for session 8
BIOB111 - Tutorial activities for session 8 General topics for week 4 Session 8 Physical and chemical properties and examples of these functional groups (methyl, ethyl in the alkyl family, alkenes and
More informationLecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties
Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: CO 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 O C 2.58Ǻ
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [ ] [Vol-3, Issue-11, November- 2017]
Preparation of Oligo (Hexene-1-So-Indenes) and Investigation of Its Products as Additives to Oils A.M.Hasanova 1, F.Y.Aliyev 2, S.B. Mammadli 3, D.R.Nurullayeva 4, B.A. Mammadov 5 1,2 Ganja Department
More informationNaming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides
Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)
More informationChemistry 343- Spring 2008
Chemistry 343- Spring 2008 27 Chapter 2- Representative Carbon Compounds: Functional Groups, Intermolecular Forces and IR Spectroscopy A. ydrocarbons: Compounds composed of only C and Four Basic Types:
More informationTable 8.2 Detailed Table of Characteristic Infrared Absorption Frequencies
Table 8.2 Detailed Table of Characteristic Infrared Absorption Frequencies The hydrogen stretch region (3600 2500 cm 1 ). Absorption in this region is associated with the stretching vibration of hydrogen
More informationChapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive
More informationACETONE. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CAS NO EINECS NO MOL WT H.S. CODE Oral rat LD50: 5800 mg/kg
ACETONE www.pawarchemicals.com PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CAS NO 67-64-1 EINECS NO. 200-662-2 FORMULA (CH3)2C=O MOL WT. 58.08 H.S. CODE 2914.11 TOXICITY SYNONYMS Oral rat LD50: 5800 mg/kg Dimethyl ketone;
More informationAppendix 1: Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Nomenclature and Analysis
Appendix 1: Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Nomenclature and Analysis This appendix provides an explanation for and definition of the terms that have been used to describe polycyclic aromatic compounds.
More informationEXPERIMENT 8 Reactions of Hydrocarbons
EXPERIMENT 8 Reactions of Hydrocarbons Properties and Identification of Hydrocarbons Purpose: a) To identify saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons using properties and reactions. b) Study substitution
More informationInfrared Characteristic Group Frequencies
Infrared Characteristic Group Frequencies Tables and Charts Second Edition GEORGE SOCRATES Brunei, The University of West London, Middlesex, United Kingdom JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester New York Brisbane
More informationQuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has
More information12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules
12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules Organic chemistry: : The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always form four bonds. Prentice Hall 2003 Chapter One 2 Organic molecules have covalent
More information2. Separate the ions based on their mass to charge (m/e) ratio. 3. Measure the relative abundance of the ions that are produced
I. Mass spectrometry: capable of providing both quantitative and qualitative information about samples as small as 100 pg (!) and with molar masses in the 10 4-10 5 kdalton range A. The mass spectrometer
More informationSPECTROSCOPY MEASURES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT AND MATTER
SPECTROSCOPY MEASURES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT AND MATTER c = c: speed of light 3.00 x 10 8 m/s (lamda): wavelength (m) (nu): frequency (Hz) Increasing E (J) Increasing (Hz) E = h h - Planck s constant
More informationAlkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone.
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes: Often called by their common names instead of IUPAC names. Ketones: Derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded
More informationGeol Supplementary Notes 463-RWR-1,2 GEOL RWR-1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY: OUTLINE OF MATERIAL TO BE COVERED
GEOL 463.3 RWR-1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY: OUTLINE OF MATERIAL TO BE COVERED Recommended sections to read in the textbook: Chapters 1 and 2 (p. 2-22): Background to development of petroleum
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 11 - Alkenes I
Learning Guide for Chapter 11 - Alkenes I I. Introduction to alkenes - p 1 bond structure, classifying alkenes, reactivity, physical properties, occurrences and uses, spectroscopy, stabilty II. Unsaturation
More informationCHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Text Sections (N0 1.9, 9-11) Homework: Chapter 1:
CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Atomic Structure - Valence Electrons Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule - Ionic bond - Covalent bond How to write Lewis
More informationORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 2 - COVALENT BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HYBRID ORBITAL THEORY The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. If carbon has only two unfilled orbitals, why does it like to
More informationChemistry 11. Unit 10 Organic Chemistry Part III Unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons
Chemistry 11 Unit 10 Organic Chemistry Part III Unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons 2 1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons So far, we have studied the hydrocarbons in which atoms are connected exclusively by
More informationChapter 24. Amines. Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition
Chapter 24. Amines Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition Amines Organic Nitrogen Compounds Organic derivatives of ammonia, NH 3, Nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons, making amines
More informationKUT 206/2 Chemistry Practical I - Organic
KUT 206/2 Chemistry Practical I - Organic Course Objective: 1) To become acquainted with the chemistry of functional groups and the principles of qualitative organic analysis. 2) To introduce the application
More informationOrganic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL
Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry Understandings: A homologous series is a series of compounds of the same family, with the same general formula, which differ
More informationOBTAINING OF LIQUID FUEL FROM COAL IN THE PRESENCE OF THE POLYMERS
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 14(1), 2016, 261-268 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com OBTAINING OF LIQUID FUEL FROM COAL IN THE PRESENCE OF THE POLYMERS D. A. BAISEITOV, SH. E. GABDRASHOVA, A. K. AKYLBAI,
More informationDr. Mohamed El-Newehy
By Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/melnewehy Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives 1 Structure of Carboxylic Acids -The functional
More informationHW #3: 14.26, 14.28, 14.30, 14.32, 14.36, 14.42, 14.46, 14.52, 14.56, Alcohols, Ethers and Thiols
Chemistry 131 Lecture 8: Alcohols, Ethers and Sulfur Analogs: Structure, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Chemical Reactivity Chapter 14 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition HW #3: 14.26,
More informationMore information can be found in Chapter 12 in your textbook for CHEM 3750/ 3770 and on pages in your laboratory manual.
CHEM 3780 rganic Chemistry II Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Review More information can be found in Chapter 12 in your textbook for CHEM 3750/ 3770 and on pages 13-28 in your laboratory manual.
More informationDEPARTMENT: Chemistry
CODE CHEM 204 TITLE: Organic Chemistry II INSTITUTE: STEM DEPARTMENT: Chemistry COURSE DESCRIPTION: A continuation of CHEM-203, students will extend their studies into topics including aromatic hydrocarbons,
More informationChemistry of organic compounds. Bridge course
Chemistry of organic compounds Bridge course Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, excluding oxides, carbonates &bicarbonates. Organic chemistry deals with hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
More informationAdvanced Pharmaceutical Analysis
Lecture 2 Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis IR spectroscopy Dr. Baraa Ramzi Infrared Spectroscopy It is a powerful tool for identifying pure organic and inorganic compounds. Every molecular compound has
More informationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons contain six-membered rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds. The ring is sometimes shown with a circle in the center instead
More informationORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different
More information11/26/ Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
9.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds The general concept of aromaticity can be extended to include polycyclic aromatic compounds Benzo[a]pyrene is one of the cancer-causing substances found in tobacco smoke
More informationMSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY
LECTURE 1 SYLLABUS FOR FIRST CLASS 2013-2014 MSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY MANDATORY CLASS: 1ST ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CH 122 Teaching scheme:
More informationAlkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons generally fall into 2 general groupings, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain chains and rings of hydrocarbons,
More informationCHAPTER 2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
CHAPTER 2 Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes Chemical thermodynamics: Is concerned with the extent that
More informationGeneral Infrared Absorption Ranges of Various Functional Groups
General Infrared Absorption Ranges of Various Functional Groups Frequency Range Bond Type of Compound cm -1 Intensity C Alkanes 2850-2970 Strong 1340-1470 Strong C Alkenes 3010-3095 Medium 675-995 Strong
More informationChapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,
More informationChapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones 9.1 Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e of the corresponding parent alkane with -al The aldehyde functional group is always carbon
More informationORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Classical Methods (Wet Chemistry): Chemists needed to run dozens of chemical reactions to determine the type of molecules in a compound.
More informationKinetics and Mechanism of the Liquid-Phase Oxidation of tert-butyl Phenylacetate
ISSN 00-58, Kinetics and atalysis, 006, Vol 7, No, pp 70 7 MAIK Nauka /Interperiodica (Russia, 006 riginal Russian Text SG Voronina, A Revkov, AL Perkel, 006, published in Kinetika i Kataliz, 006, Vol
More informationShale oil composition and production kinetics
Shale oil composition and production kinetics JWBA, Inc. Oil Shale Symposium Colorado School of Mines October 18-20, 2010 James W. Bunger, Ph.D. Christopher P. Russell, Ph.D. Donald E. Cogswell, M. S Red
More informationMOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
MOLEULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPETROSOPY A STUDENT SOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Given a Lewis (dash or dot), condensed, bond-line, or wedge formula of a compound draw the other representations. 2. Give
More informationGlendale Community College, AZ
Glendale Community College, AZ Mrs. Sandy Gruin n BS in chemistry from Bowling Green State University n MS in Biochemistry from Montana State University n NIH research grant University of Pennsylvania
More informationChapter 15: Benzene & Aromaticity
Chapter 15: Benzene & Aromaticity Learning Objective & Key Concepts 1. Sources and nomenclature of aromatic compounds. 2. Introduction to Huckel 4n+2 rule and aromaticity stability and reactivity, 3. Introduction
More information2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Isolated and Conjugated Dienes
2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Isolated and Conjugated Dienes 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Reactions of Isolated Dienes 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Mechanism Double Bonds can have Different Reactivities
More informationThe Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry By Ball, Hill and Scott Download PDF at https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=40 Page 5 Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement
More information18.8 Oxidation. Oxidation by silver ion requires an alkaline medium
18.8 Oxidation Oxidation by silver ion requires an alkaline medium Test for detecting aldehydes Tollens reagent to prevent precipitation of the insoluble silver oxide, a complexing agent is added: ammonia
More informationChapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives The back of the white willow tree (Salix alba) is a source of salicylic acid which is used to make aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) The functional group
More informationREACTIONS OF DECOMPOSITION AND OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC NITROCOMPOUNDS IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER
REACTIONS OF DECOMPOSITION AND OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC NITROCOMPOUNDS IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER V.I. Anikeev, A. Yermakova, M. Goto* Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia * Kumamoto
More informationSTEAM PYROLYSIS OF BULGARIAN OIL SHALE KEROGEN
Oil Shale, 2008, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 27 36 ISSN 0208-189X doi: 10.3176/oil.2008.1.04 2008 Estonian Academy Publishers STEAM PYROLYSIS OF BULGARIAN OIL SHALE KEROGEN M. RAZVIGOROVA (a), T. BUDINOVA *(a),
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3 Alkanes with Substituents 12.4 Properties of Alkanes 12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes 12.6 Cis-Trans
More informationOrganic Compounds. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons. also contain other nonmetals such as oxygen, nitrogen,
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds Identify properties characteristic of organic or inorganic compounds. Chapter 12 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Alkanes 12.3
More informationAmines and Heterocycles. McMurry: Chapter 24
Amines and Heterocycles McMurry: Chapter 24 Introduction to Amines and Heterocycles Amines and heterocycles (cyclic amines) are ammonia derivatives, many of whichare found widely in livingorganisms: 2
More informationElectronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H
Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double
More informationLook for absorption bands in decreasing order of importance:
1. Match the following to their IR spectra (30 points) Look for absorption bands in decreasing order of importance: a e a 2941 1716 d f b 3333 c b 1466 1.the - absorption(s) between 3100 and 2850 cm-1.
More informationBenzene and Aromatic Compounds. Chapter 15 Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition John McMurry
Benzene and Aromatic Compounds Chapter 15 Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition John McMurry 1 Background Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon (or arene). Four degrees of unsaturation. It
More informationChapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones I Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group
Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones I Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e of the corresponding parent alkane with -al
More informationOrganic Chemistry Review: Topic 10 & Topic 20
Organic Structure Alkanes C C σ bond Mechanism Substitution (Incoming atom or group will displace an existing atom or group in a molecule) Examples Occurs with exposure to ultraviolet light or sunlight,
More informationKeynotes in Organic Chemistry
Keynotes in Organic Chemistry Second Edition ANDREW F. PARSONS Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK Wiley Contents Preface xi 1 Structure and bonding 1 1.1 Ionic versus covalent bonds 1 1.2
More informationEXPT. 9 DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANIC COMPOUND USING UV, IR, NMR AND MASS SPECTRA
EXPT. 9 DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANIC COMPOUND USING UV, IR, NMR AND MASS SPECTRA Structure 9.1 Introduction Objectives 9.2 Principle 9.3 Requirements 9.4 Strategy for the Structure Elucidation
More informationCHEMISTRY 341. Final Exam Tuesday, December 16, Problem 1 15 pts Problem 9 8 pts. Problem 2 5 pts Problem pts
CEMISTRY 341 Final Exam Tuesday, December 16, 1997 Name NAID Problem 1 15 pts Problem 9 8 pts Problem 2 5 pts Problem 10 21 pts Problem 3 26 pts Problem 11 15 pts Problem 4 10 pts Problem 12 6 pts Problem
More informationEXPT. 7 CHARACTERISATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS USING IR SPECTROSCOPY
EXPT. 7 CHARACTERISATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS USING IR SPECTROSCOPY Structure 7.1 Introduction Objectives 7.2 Principle 7.3 Requirements 7.4 Strategy for the Interpretation of IR Spectra 7.5 Practice Problems
More informationCHEMICAL KINETICS C.H. BAMFORD C.F.H. TIPPER WSSSKUH EDITED BY
CHEMICAL KINETICS EDITED BY C.H. BAMFORD M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D. (Cantab.), F.R.I.C., F.R.S. Campbell-Brown Professor of Industrial Chemistry, Uniuersity of Liverpool AND C.F.H. TIPPER Ph.D. (Bristol), D.Sc.
More informationTar measurement by the Solid Phase Adsorption (SPA) method
Tar measurement by the Solid Phase Adsorption (SPA) method A.J. Grootjes Presented at the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition (EU BC&E), ICC Berlin, Germany (Conference 6-10 June 2011 - Exhibition
More informationSelection of a Capillary
Selection of a Capillary GC Column - Series 3 Mark Sinnott Application Engineer March 19, 2009 Page 1 Typical Gas Chromatographic System Mol-Sieve Traps Fixed Restrictors Regulators Injection Port Detector
More informationL.7. Mass Spectrum Interpretation
L.7. Mass Spectrum Interpretation Fragmentation reactions Spectrum interpretation Confirmation of ion structural assignment Biomolecule dissociation Fragmentation reactions 1. Fragmentation reactions of
More informationCarboxylic Acids and Nitriles
Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Why this Chapter? Carboxylic acids present in many industrial processes and most biological processes They are the starting materials from which other acyl derivatives are
More informationDownloaded from
1 Class XII Chemistry Chapter: Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers Top concepts: 1. Structure of alcohols, phenols and ethers: 2. Preparation of alcohols: 3. Preparation of phenols: 2 4. Physical properties of
More informationDrawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes
More informationI Write the reference number of the correct answer in the Answer Sheet below.
(2016) Nationality No. CHEMISTRY Name (Please print full name, underlining family name) Marks I Write the reference number of the correct answer in the Answer Sheet below. (1) Which of the atoms 1) to
More informationBenzene and Aromaticity
Benzene and Aromaticity Why this Chapter? Reactivity of substituted aromatic compounds is tied to their structure Aromatic compounds provide a sensitive probe for studying relationship between structure
More informationAn alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy Used to identify organic compounds IR spectroscopy provides a 100% identification if the spectrum is matched. If not, IR at least provides information about the types
More informationSynthesis Using Aromatic Materials
Chapter 10 Synthesis Using Aromatic Materials ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION AND DIRECTED ORTHO METALATION Copyright 2018 by Nelson Education Limited 1 10.2 p Bonds Acting as Nucleophiles Copyright
More information2. Hydrocarbons. 2.1 Composition of Petroleum
2. Hydrocarbons 2.1 Composition of Petroleum Naturally occurring petroleum is composed of organic chemicals: approximately 11 to 13% hydrogen and 84 to 87% carbon. Traces of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and
More informationHydrocarbons and their Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes
More informationChemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as.
1 Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. Why is organic chemistry so important? Many of the compounds that
More information1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) NH 2 B) NH 2
MULTIPLE CICE QUESTINS Topic: Intermolecular forces 1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) N 2 B) N 2 C) N D) E) N Ans: : N 2 D Topic: Molecular geometry, dipole moment
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More informationTime Allowed: 60 minutes MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMISTRY QUIZ 5 Time Allowed: 60 minutes MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is the IUPAC name
More informationLecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties
Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: C 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 C 2.58Ǻ?
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science
More informationProperties of Amines
Properties of Amines 1. Boiling Point and Water Solubility It is instructive to compare the boiling points and water solubility of amines with those of corresponding alcohols and ethers. The dominant factor
More information