Pyrolysis process for the treatment of food waste. Barbora Grycová VSB - Technical University of Ostrava Czech Republic

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1 Pyrolysis process for the treatment of food waste Barbora Grycová VSB - Technical University of Ostrava Czech Republic

INTRODUCTION Wastes from the food production are still mostly disposed of by landfilling, only a small part is used for a feed purposes or for the production of biogas, technical ethanol and compost.

2 INTRODUCTION Wastes from the food production are still mostly disposed of by landfilling, only a small part is used for a feed purposes or for the production of biogas, technical ethanol and compost. This waste has long been regarded only as a material for liquidation, and not as a potential high-quality secondary raw material. Disposal or rational use of food wastes represents today a major challenge in terms of environmental protection, but also from an economic perspective.

EXPERIMENTAL PART Selection of samples Preparation, proximate and ultimate analysis of samples Laboratory pyrolysis tests Evaluation of condensates (Determination of the proportion of water,

3 EXPERIMENTAL PART Selection of samples Preparation, proximate and ultimate analysis of samples Laboratory pyrolysis tests Evaluation of condensates (Determination of the proportion of water, elemental analysis) Evaluation of gaseous products (Gas chromatography) Evaluation of solid residues (Determination of the iodine adsorption number, true density, proximate and ultimate analysis) Multi-criteria analysis

1 Thermogravimetric curves of WaCe and WaPC Sample W r A r Ċ r C r H r N

5 MATERIALS The following sample of waste was chosen: WaCe waste cereals Tab. 1 Proximate and ultimate analysis Fig. 1 Thermogravimetric curves of WaCe and WaPC Sample W r A r Ċ r C r H r N r S r O r HHV d (MJ kg -1 ) LHV d (MJ kg -1 ) WaCe

6 EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE 1 tube furnace 2 retort 3 retort lid 4 aperture for inlet of reactive media 5 gas outlet 6 cork stopper 7 container to catch the liquid residue 8 ice cooling 9 cooler 10 inlet and outlet of cooling liquid 11 washing flask 12 gasometer 13 gas offtake Fig. 2 Pyrolysis apparatus

MASS BALANCE The mass balance of the pyrolysis tests was determined by weighing the particular products from the pyrolysis (solid residue, liquid residue).

7 MASS BALANCE The mass balance of the pyrolysis tests was determined by weighing the particular products from the pyrolysis (solid residue, liquid residue). The amount of resulting gas was calculated up to 100 %. Based on the mass balance of the experiments can be observed in sample significant proportion of liquid residue (see Figure below). Distribution of the individual products is primarily based on the reaction temperature. The elemental composition and the structure of the input material are key factors. The appreciable amount of the liquid residue is probably caused by higher content of oxygen in original material. Materials with a higher content of oxygen yield oxygenated products during the pyrolysis more. Fig. 3 Mass balance of pyrolysis process

ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUCT Analysis of the pyrolysis gas was performed with the use of the Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph with flame ionization

8 ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUCT Analysis of the pyrolysis gas was performed with the use of the Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector and thermal conductivity detector (see Fig.4 Analysis of gaseous product). Fig. 5 Amount of generated gas in relation to the temperature

9 EVALUATION OF SOLID RESIDUE IN TERMS OF ADSORPTION PROPERTIES To determine the iodine adsorption number I, which provides information about the microporous structure of the solid product, the standard DIN was used. The automatic pycnometer PYCNOMATIC ATC was used to analyze the true density ρ of the solid products (helium was used as a medium). The following table shows the results of ultimate and proximate analysis (moisture W, ash A, total combustible Ċ), iodine adsorption number I and true density ρ of samples after pyrolysis. Tab. 2 Proximate and ultimate analysis, iodine adsorption number and density Sample C r H r N r S r O r HHV d (MJ kg -1 ) WaCe W r A r Ċ r I (mg g -1 ) ρ (g cm -3 ) LHV d (MJ kg -1 ) WaCe

10 EVALUATION OF CONDENSATE Analyzes were performed externally in the laboratory Deza, Inc. The water content was determined by the Karl-Fischer method. The phases were separated by centrifugation. The organic phase was subjected to the determination as shown in the table below. The content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur was determined with the use of the unit NA 1500 (Fisons Instruments, Milan), operated in the CHNS mode and calibrated according to the commercial phenanthrene standard in compliance with Internal Regulation No. 312/1. The HHV and LHV were calculated according to the Dulong-Petit law. Tab. 3 Proximate and ultimate analysis of condensates Sample H 2 O r C d H d N d S d HHV d (MJ kg -1 ) LHV d (MJ kg -1 ) WaCe

11 CONCLUSION The resulting pyrolysis products (solid product, condensate and gas) are dependent on the composition of the treated waste and process conditions. Process conditions can be variously modified with respect to the quantity and quality of the products that we want primarily to obtain. The advantage of thermal reduction processes is the emergence of process gas containing combustible components such as methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide which can be used for energy production. The resulting iodine number of sample WaCe reaches value which indicates the possibility of using this waste to produce the so-called "disposable sorbents" in wastewater treatment. For a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of this material for potential production of adsorbents is necessary to provide additional basic parameters, such as for example surface area (S BET ) and pore volume. Due to the considerable amount of water energy recovery of the condensate is not expected.

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