Bio & Bio Classification

Transcription

1 Bio & Bio Classification 1. What is the current seven-level classification system? (hint: Remember your acronym!) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

2 2. What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example and label the two names correctly. Binomial nomenclature is the official twopart scientific naming system for species in Latin. Using humans as an example: Homo sapiens

3 3. How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms? Organisms used to only be classified based on how they look (morphology) Now, organisms are classified based on their DNA (biochemical), as well as embryological (babies), and morphology. For example: tigers and lions are grouped together because they have similar DNA and they look similar.

4 4. To the left is a phylogenic tree of some organisms. a. According to this tree, which 3 pairs of organisms are most closely related? Salamanders and frogs, lizards and snakes, crocodiles and birds b. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish? Lungfish (because they re close together on the chart) c. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? Birds and Crocodiles (because they re close together on the chart)

5 5. Use the dichotomous key to identify the following organisms: a. 1 cell, with a nucleus= Protista b. Dichotomous Key A. only 1 cell go to 2 B. more than 1 cell go to 3 A. no nucleus Monera B. Has a nucleus Protista A. Autotrophic..Plantae B. Heterotrophic go to 4 A. Mobile.Animalia B. Immobile..Fungi More than 1 cell, Heterotrophic, Immobile (can t move)= Fungi

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7 Bio & Bio Kingdoms and Adaptations 1. Label each description with the correct eukaryotic kingdom or kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista a. Contains autotrophs and heterotrophs: Protista b. Contains only heterotrophs: Animalia c. Contains gymnosperms and angiosperms: Plantae d. Contains annelid worms, insects, amphibians, and mammals: Animalia e. Contains organisms composed of only eukaryotic cells: Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae f. Contains organisms that can carry out photosynthesis: Plantae, and Protista g. Contains decomposers: Fungi h. Contains only multicellular organisms: Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae

8 Eukaryotic or prokaryotic 2. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms. Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Sexual or asexual reproduction Autotrophic or heterotrophic Aerobic or anaerobic Single Single Single or Multi- Asexual Asexual Asexual Auto- or hetero- Auto- or hetero- Multi- Multi- Asexual or Sexual Hetero- Multi- Sexual or Asexual Hetero- Auto- Multicellular or singlecelled Sexual Auto- or hetero- Anaerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Cell walls or no cell walls Cell wall Cell wall Cell wall or no cell wall Cell wall Cell wall No Cell wall

9 1. Fill in the blanks with one of the following groups of organisms: unicellular protists, annelid worms, amphibians, mammals, insects, non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms. a. Reproduces sexually, breathe using lungs, and have very well-developed kidneys: b. Transport materials through xylem and phloem, reproduce using covered seeds: c. Have a 3-chambered heart, a well-developed nervous system, and breathes through gills or through skin during early stages: d. Have a special organ called a nephridia which helps to filter wastes: e. Undergoes metamorphosis where the organism molts/sheds its exoskeleton: Don t worry about this partss f. Reproduces either asexually or sexually using spores: g. Has no true stems or roots: h. The wind helps to spread the reproductive materials for this group of organisms: i. Species display great variation of mouth parts due to eating different things. Reproduce using internal fertilization and internal development: j. Spend the first half of their life in water: k. Control their own internal body temperature: l. Species has coevolved with several species of insects and mammals that help the species spread the genetic material through pollination: m. Reproduce sexually and asexually, have a closed circulatory system: n. Perform photosynthesis to get nutrients, needs water to reproduce: o. Practice transpiration to get rid of waste and use a naked seed to reproduce: p. Use osmosis and diffusion for transport and regulation:

10 1. Compare and contrast viruses and bacteria. Bacteria are living cells that can live by themselves or inside another organism. Viruses are non-living things that require a host to multiply. Both can cause infections.

11 2. What is meant by co-evolution? Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and describe how co-evolution works? Coevolution is when two or more closely Don t worry about this part related/ interacting species evolve to become more dependent upon each other. For example, bees or other insects evolve to have specialized parts to feed on a plant while still pollinating the plants.

12 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: a) A group of finches were isolated on an island and over many generations, the beaks of the species changed from short and hooked to long and pointed. What caused this change to occur to create this new species? The finches evolved because of the food sources available to them. The birds that had long and pointed beaks were able to find more food and survive, and then reproduce, which means more finches were born with long and pointed beaks. This eventually lead to the evolution of the species.

13 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: b) Over time the hibiscus flower has developed a tubeshape and bright red coloring. Hummingbirds are the common pollinator of the hibiscus flower. Explain how these two organisms influenced each other during evolution (Why are they dependent on each other?) Hummingbirds have long, thin beaks to reach into hibiscus flowers. These two species co-evolved and became more specialized so that now hummingbirds fit the flowers and can pollinate them but other birds can t.

14 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: c) There are many different physical traits and behaviors that attract mates. Male peacocks have large, brightly colored feathers they show when attracting a mate. However, this could be a disadvantage to the peacock in a way that would make him unable to reproduce. How? (hint: think about who he might be attracting!) The peacocks bright feathers can attract a mate, but they can also draw the attention of predators. If feathers are too big or too bright then a predator might find and eat the peacock.

15 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: d) Non-vascular plants (mosses) lack actual stems and roots, live in moist areas, and obtain water through osmosis. How have plants, such as trees, changed in structure over time to adapt to a terrestrial (land) environment? Large plants have developed xylem and phloem to be able to grow that large and to live on land. Xylem transport water up to the leaves, and phloem transports sugars down to the rest of the plant so the plant can grow large and survive.

16 Bio Behavioral Adaptations 1. A rat learns to press a button to get food Conditioning 2. A dog always salivates that the ringing of a bell Conditioning 3. A bird stops responding to a repeated warning call when it is not followed by an attack Habituation 4. A baby mammal suckling milk Instinct 5. A worm moving away from bright light Phototaxis 6. A spider spinning a web Instinct 7. A baby learns who her parents are by recognizing their faces Imprinting

17 Bio Ecosystems and Relationships 1. List three Biotic factors: Biotic factors include living things such as plants, animals, fungi, etc. 2. List three Abiotic factors: Abiotic factors include living things such as sunlight, water, soil, air, etc.

18 Explain in your own words (and faces!) what the three types of symbiotic relationships are MUTUALISM Both species benefit and COMMENSALISM One species benefits and the other isn t affected and PARASITISM One species benefits and the other is harmed and

19 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 1. The clever Honey-Finder birds lead humans to beehives so that human hands will open the dangerous beehive and expose the precious honeycomb for the bird to access. Because both the human and the bird get honey, this is an example of mutualism.

20 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 2. Tapeworms are segmented flatworms that attach themselves to the insides of the intestines of animals such as cows, pigs, and humans. They get food by eating the host's partly digested food. Because the tapeworm gets food but takes it from the host (causing harm), this is an example of parasitism.

21 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 3. Mistletoe attaches to a tree and sends out roots that penetrate the tree and feeds off of some of the tree s nutrients and minerals. Because the mistletoe steals nutrients (a benefit) from the tree (which is harmed) this is an example of parasitism.

22 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 4. Clownfish dwell among the tentacles of tropical sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators (a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles). Because the fish gets a home (a benefit), and the anemone is protected from other fish (also a benefit), this is an example of mutualism.

23 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 5. A smaller tree in the rain forest receives less sunlight from an adjacent tree that is larger than it. Both of the trees need this sunlight in order to survive, reproduce and grow. Because both trees receive sunlight, but they don t try to steal the sunlight from each other, this is an example of commensalism.

24 Bio S curve Population Ecology J Curve Draw a Exponential or Logistic? Does it reach carrying capacity? Are there any limiting factors? Which one describes humans? Logistic Yes Yes This does NOT describe humans (at least, not yet) Exponential No No This does NOT describe humans (right now)

25 Ecosystem Hierarchy: Write the ecosystem hierarchy below, from smallest to largest: Organism Population Community Ecosystem

26 Making Predictions: Scenario High birth rate, high infant mortality rate High birth rate, low death rate Low birth rate, high death rate High birth rate, high emigration rates Population will: Increase, Decrease, Remain Stable Remain stable Increase Decrease Remain stable

27 Age-Structure Diagrams: Label the populations as: INCREASING or DECREASING or STABLE Stable Increase Increase

28 Bio Energy Transfer and Cycles 1. What are the producers in this food web? Oak tree (blossoms, nuts, leaves, etc.) 2. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? Bees, deer, mice, rabbits, and insects 3. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? Toad, birds, red fox, wolf

29 Bio Energy Transfer and Cycles 4. What are the tertiary consumers in this food web? Skunk, red fox, wolf, and bear 5. What would happen to the ecosystem if the insects were removed from the food web? Without insects, the toads, skunks, and birds would all immediately start starving and would need to find other things to eat.

30 6. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: Oak bark Rabbit Wolf Bear Bear Wolf Rabbit Oak bark Oak bark 7. Who has the most energy in this pyramid? Who has the least energy? Bear 8. Who has the highest biomass in this pyramid? Oak bark Who has the lowest biomass? Bear

31 9. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? The amount of energy shrinks as it moves up because organisms use the energy. 10. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? The Sun is the source of energy for all life on Earth. 11. What is the role of bacteria and fungi in an ecosystem? What are they called and what is their job? Bacteria and Fungi are decomposers, and help break down dead organisms and return those nutrients to the soil. 12. What is nitrification and what is its purpose? This is an important step in the nitrogen cycle to make nitrogen available for organisms to use.

32 13. What are two ways that Carbon Dioxide enters the atmosphere? Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide, and combustion (burning) releases carbon dioxide as well. 14. Water can enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in what process? Water evaporating from the leaves of plants is called transpiration. 15. In what ways does deforestation disrupt the carbon cycle? Deforestation releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but it also stops those trees from absorbing CO2 which also increases CO2 in the atmosphere.

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34 Bio & Bio Human Impact Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment. Factor Effect on Environment Human Population Size Acid Rain Introduced nonnative species (invasive species) Pesticide use (Bioaccumlation) As the human population increases, we use more resources and destroy habitats. When air pollution mixes with rain it becomes acidic and can destroy environments. When a species is introduced somewhere new, where it doesn t have any predators, it can spread and take over the new habitat. Chemicals like pesticides can t be digested in the body so they are stored. This pollution accumulates in the food chain, until top predators become poisoned. Deforestation Ozone Depletion Deforestation means to cut down trees and habitats. Because plants trap carbon dioxide, fewer trees adds to global warming. CFCs are a chemical that destroys the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Ozone protects us from UV radiation.

35 2. What processes ADD carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide, and combustion (burning) releases carbon dioxide as well. 3. What process REMOVES carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 4. What is the number one cause of ALL environmental problems? Human population growth and our use of resources and destruction of other habitats causes most problems. 5. Increasing CFC s lead to a decrease in the Ozone layer. Increasing CO2 leads to an increase in the global. Temperature, called global warming.

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