Identifying species and ecosystem sensitivities. Appendix 9. Species biology and sensitivity key information pro forma. (September 1999 onwards)

Existing modelling studies on shellfish

Existing modelling studies on shellfish Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques IFREMER Port-en-Bessin, France Worldwide production of cultured shellfish GENIMPACT February 2007 Main species and producers

5. Reproduction and Recruitment

5. Reproduction and Recruitment Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction Reproductive effort Developmental types Developmental trends What is recruitment Factors affecting recruitment Process of larval habitat selection

5. Reproduction and Recruitment

5. Reproduction and Recruitment Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction Reproductive effort Developmental types Trends in reproductive ecology What is recruitment? Factors affecting recruitment Process of larval

FEAST (Feature Activity Sensitivity Tool)

FEAST (Feature Activity Sensitivity Tool) Dr Suz Henderson Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Unit (CMEU), SNH, Inverness. http://www.marine.scotland.gov.uk/feast/ FEAST sensitivity assessment FEAST enables

Environmental Science. Teacher Copy

Environmental Science Teacher Copy Habitats! You are an organism!! Organisms obtain food, water, shelter and other things it needs to live, grow and reproduce from its environment.! A habitat is an environment

FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY OF MARINE SOFT BOTTOM POLYCHETES IN TWO MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL AREAS

1 Nasi F., 1 Auriemma R., 1 Cibic T., 1 Del Negro P., 2 Bonsdorff E., 2 Nordström M. C. 1 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Sezione Oceanografia, Trieste, Italy 2 Åbo Akademi

Ecosystems. 2. Ecosystem

1. Studying our living Planet The biosphere consist of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions

Why Erosion and Sedimention Control is Important: A Fish s Point of View

Why Erosion and Sedimention Control is Important: A Fish s Point of View Fisheries Protection Program Department of Fisheries and Oceans June 6, 2014 Basic definition: Sediment is defined as soil particles

Chapter 8. Sponges Phylum Porifera Basic characteristics: simple asymmetric sessile

Chapter 8 Key Concepts Sponges are asymmetric, sessile animals that filter food from the water circulating through their bodies. Sponges provide habitats for other animals. Cnidarians and ctenophores exhibit

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Published on Climate Change Sensitivity Database (http://climatechangesensitivity.org) Pelecanus erythrorhynchos This species is complete. March 17, 2010 by Jorge Tomasevic Author(s) Expertise: Print species

Setting Priorities for Eelgrass Conservation and Restoration. Robert Buchsbaum Massachusetts Audubon Society

Setting Priorities for Eelgrass Conservation and Restoration Robert Buchsbaum Massachusetts Audubon Society Eelgrass habitat values A rich, productive habitat for many marine organisms Nursery habitat

Ch.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection

Ch.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait Gene pool: All

4. Suspension Feeders. Benthic Boundary Layers

4. Suspension Feeders Benthic Boundary layers Feeding Types Active Passive Facultative Feeding Mechanisms and Structures Altering Flow Dr Rhian G. Waller 14 th April 2010 Reading: Wildish & Kristmanson,

Ecology +Biology. Baker-2015

Ecology +Biology Baker-2015 Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment. Eco meaning home, and ology meaning the study of. Thus

FACTORS FOR INSECTS ABUNDANCE. 1. More number of species: In the animal kingdom more than 85 per cent of the species

FACTORS FOR INSECTS ABUNDANCE Measures of dominance 1. More number of species: In the animal kingdom more than 85 per cent of the species belongs to insect group. Total number of insects described so far

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for Species

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for Species SPECIES: Specify whether you are assessing the entire species or particular populations: This tool assesses the vulnerability or resilience of species

Jeopardy. Final Jeopardy. Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400

Jeopardy Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 Final Jeopardy 1 - $100 n Although

Evolutionary Ecology. Evolutionary Ecology. Perspective on evolution. Individuals and their environment 8/31/15

Evolutionary Ecology In what ways do plants adapt to their environment? Evolutionary Ecology Natural selection is a constant Individuals are continuously challenged by their environment Populations are

FOSS California Environments Module Glossary 2007 Edition. Adult: The last stage in a life cycle when the organism is mature and can reproduce.

FOSS California Environments Module Glossary 2007 Edition Adult: The last stage in a life cycle when the organism is mature and can reproduce. Algae: A large group of water organisms. Amphibian: An organism,

Aggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation. Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks

Aggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks Metapopulation - interconnected group of subpopulations sink source McKillup and McKillup

The Prokaryotic World

The Prokaryotic World A. An overview of prokaryotic life There is no doubt that prokaryotes are everywhere. By everywhere, I mean living in every geographic region, in extremes of environmental conditions,

Trophic and community ecology

Trophic and community ecology Top carnivore Trophic levels Carnivore Herbivore Plant Trophic ecology Trophic related to feeding Autotrophs: synthesize their food Heterotrophs: eat other organisms Trophic

Community Structure. Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area

Community Structure Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area Community Ecology The ecological community is the set of plant and animal species that occupy an area Questions

GENERAL ECOLOGY STUDY NOTES

1.0 INTRODUCTION GENERAL ECOLOGY STUDY NOTES A community is made up of populations of different organisms living together in a unit environment. The manner in which these organisms relate together for

Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü. PM 317 Human and Environment Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salih GÜCEL

Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü PM 317 Human and Environment Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salih GÜCEL Ecology & Ecosystems Principles of Ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions

Biology 11 Unit 1: Fundamentals. Lesson 1: Ecology

Biology 11 Unit 1: Fundamentals Lesson 1: Ecology Objectives In this section you will be learning about: ecosystem structure energy flow through an ecosystem photosynthesis and cellular respiration factors

ENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 19, 2012)

ENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 19, 2012) Elif Soyer Biological Communities COMPETITION Occurs when 2 or more individuals attempt to use an essential common resource such as food, water,

Important: Write answers on your Scantron sheet, not on this page. Read carefully and do your best.

Biology 13- Exam 1 Multiple choice. Important: Write answers on your Scantron sheet, not on this page. Read carefully and do your best. 1. The area of the ocean floor directly above the continental shelf

Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology. Thursday, October 19, 17

Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Module 18 The Abundance and Distribution of After reading this module you should be able to explain how nature exists at several levels of complexity. discuss

Ch 4 Ecosystems and Communities. 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions

Ch 4 Ecosystems and Communities 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions The Niche The conditions in which an organisms lives, and how it interacts with its environment (in the trees, on the ground, inside

Living Things and the Environment

Unit 21.1 Living Things and the Environment Section 21.1 Organisms obtain food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from its environment. An environment that provides

Name: Characteristics of Life and Ecology Guided Notes (PAP)

Name: Characteristics of Life and Ecology Guided Notes (PAP) I. What is Biology? a. Biology is the study of II. The Eight Characteristics of Life a. Organization & the presence of or more cells b. Response

POPULATIONS and COMMUNITIES

POPULATIONS and COMMUNITIES Ecology is the study of organisms and the nonliving world they inhabit. Central to ecology is the complex set of interactions between organisms, both intraspecific (between

Types of Consumers. herbivores

no energy = no life Types of Consumers herbivores herbivore us vegetation to swallow or devour Types of Consumers herbivores the organisms that eat plants carnivores carnivore us flesh to swallow or devour

UNIT 5. ECOSYSTEMS. Biocenosis Biotope Biotic factors Abiotic factors

UNIT 5. ECOSYSTEMS 1. Define: ecosystem, biocenosis, biotope, abiotic factor, biotic factor 2. Complete using this word: ecosphere, biosphere, ecology, ecosystem a) The is all of the living thing on Earth.

SPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together

SPECIATION Origin of new species=speciation -Process by which one species splits into two or more species, accounts for both the unity and diversity of life SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups

IUCN Red List Process. Cormack Gates Keith Aune

IUCN Red List Process Cormack Gates Keith Aune The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria have several specific aims to provide a system that can be applied consistently by different people; to improve

Crustose algae communities on Baltic infralittoral rock and mixed substrata

European Red List of Habitats Marine: Baltic Habitat Group Crustose algae communities on Baltic infralittoral rock and mixed substrata Summary This benthic habitat is present throughout the Baltic where

Lecture 8 Insect ecology and balance of life

Lecture 8 Insect ecology and balance of life Ecology: The term ecology is derived from the Greek term oikos meaning house combined with logy meaning the science of or the study of. Thus literally ecology

Unit 8: Ecology: Ecosystems and Communities

Unit 8: Ecology: Ecosystems and Communities An ecosystem consists of all the plants and animals that interact with the nonliving things in an area. Biosphere = area on Earth where living things are found

Chapter 10. Marine Ecology

Chapter 10 Marine Ecology Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Marine Ecology Ecology is

Choose a category. You will be given the answer. You must give the correct question. Click to begin.

Choose a category. You will be given the answer. You must give the correct question. Click to begin. Click here for Final Jeopardy Classify This For Cell Gene Gene the Dancin Machine Cycles & Changes Feed

Animals contain specialized cells

What is an Animal? Kingdom Animalia Main Characteristics Members of the Animal Kingdom are: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Have cells with membranes BUT NO cell wall Animals contain specialized

Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor? A) Rocks B) Soil C) Mountains D) Decomposers

Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor? A) Rocks B) Soil C) Mountains D) Decomposers Which of the following leads to stability in an ecosystem A) Low amount of biodiversity B) Low amount of biotic

Lesson Overview. Niches and Community Interactions. Lesson Overview. 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions

Lesson Overview 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions The Niche What is a niche? A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what

Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology

Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board,

Ecology - the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Ecology Ecology - the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment Biotic Factors - the living parts of a habitat Abiotic Factors - the non-living parts of a habitat examples:

Evolution and Life in the Ocean

Characteristics of All Living Things Contain matter in a highly organized state Capture, store and transmit energy; all organisms require energy Capable of reproduction Change through time and adapt to

III Introduction to Populations III Introduction to Populations A. Definitions A population is (Krebs 2001:116) a group of organisms same species

III Introduction to s III Introduction to s A. Definitions B. characteristics, processes, and environment C. Uses of dynamics D. Limits of a A. Definitions What is a? A is (Krebs 2001:116) a group of organisms

Georgia Performance Standards for Urban Watch Restoration Field Trips

Georgia Performance Standards for Field Trips 6 th grade S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes. a. Explain that a large portion of the Earth s surface is water,

CHAPTER. Population Ecology

CHAPTER 4 Population Ecology Chapter 4 TOPIC POPULATION ECOLOGY Indicator Species Serve as Biological Smoke Alarms Indicator species Provide early warning of damage to a community Can monitor environmental

Observational Data Standard - List of Entities and Attributes

OBSERVATION An observation characterizes the occurrence, or documents the lack of occurrence, of an organism or set of organisms through a data collection event at a location. Individual observations are

biotic factors camouflage carnivore chloroplast

non-living parts of an organism's environment Eg air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil type special features about an organism that help it survive and reproduce living things that is different

Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University. Bhopal M.sc Zoology Final Year

Subject : Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Q.1 Describe the inter-relationship of Uro chords and cephalochordates and their relationship with other deuterostomes. Q.2 Describe origin, evolution and general

-The study of the interactions between the different species in an area

Community Ecology -The study of the interactions between the different species in an area Interspecific Interactions -Interaction between different species -May be positive, negative, or neutral and include

Porifera. Thomas M. Frost Trout Lake Station Center for Limnology University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin '"'. , ' I.

, ' Porifera Thomas M. Frost Trout Lake Station Center for Limnology University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 4 '"'. Chapter Outline I. INTRODUCTION II. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A. External Morphology

Ecology Symbiotic Relationships

Ecology Symbiotic Relationships Overview of the Co-evolution and Relationships Exhibited Among Community Members What does Symbiosis mean? How do we define Symbiosis? Symbiosis in the broadest sense is

Principles of Ecology

Principles of Ecology What is Ecology? Ecology is the study of interactions that occur between organisms and their environment Biosphere Recall that the biosphere includes all living things In order to

Types of intertidal communities

Between the tides Marine ecosystems 1 Intertidal Delimited by the highest high tide and the lowest low tides marks The best studied and best-understood by humans Relatively easy to sample compared to other

SWMS Science Department

Big Idea 17 Interdependence SC.7.L.17.1 Explain and illustrate the roles of and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web. SC.7.L.17.2 Compare

B2 Revision Questions Part 1

B2 Revision Questions Part 1 Higher only questions are underlined Question 1 What are the two different ways that things can be classified? Answer 1 Artificially and naturally Question 2 What is natural

Advanced Placement Biology Union City High School Summer Assignment 2011 Ecology Short Answer Questions

Summer Assignment 2011 Ecology Short Answer Questions 1. Each of the terrestrial biomes have very different characteristics that determine the niches of the organisms that live within that biome. (a) Select

Understanding Populations Section 1. Chapter 8 Understanding Populations Section1, How Populations Change in Size DAY ONE

Chapter 8 Understanding Populations Section1, How Populations Change in Size DAY ONE What Is a Population? A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical

Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7

Middle childhood: Science/Life and Living Students understand their own biology and that of other living things and recognise the interdependence of life. When using animals, refer to Guidelines for the

The mechanisms influencing the timing, success and failure of spawning in natural populations of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

The mechanisms influencing the timing, success and failure of spawning in natural populations of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius in the northwestern Sea of Japan P. M. Zhadan 1, M. A. Vaschenko

Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms

Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms I. Evolution A. The cumulative genetic changes that occur in a population of organisms over time 1. Current theories proposed by Charles Darwin, a 19 th century

All Living Things Share Common Characteristics 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells: Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient. In multicellular organisms, some cells do only

Ph. Porifera and Ph. Cnidaria

I. Phylum Porifera (sponges; pore bearer ) A. General characteristics 1. simplest animals 2. asymmetric 3. aquatic habitats a. typically marine 4. live alone or in colonies a. often members of reef habitats

Chapter 7. Marine Animals Without a Backbone

Chapter 7 Marine Animals Without a Backbone General Characteristics of Animals Multicellular, diploid organisms with tissues, organs or organ systems in most Heterotrophic Require oxygen for aerobic

ICRP & Alliance, Integrated Protection of People and the Environment

ICRP & Alliance, Integrated Protection of People and the Environment 4 th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection October 10-12, 2017, Paris, France Kathryn A. Higley ICRP Committee

Climate change, ocean acidification and individual-based models: Why the little things matter

Climate change, ocean acidification and individual-based models: Why the little things matter Author Richards, Russell, Meynecke, Olaf, Chaloupka, M, Tomlinson, Rodger Benson Published 2012 Conference

1. The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C.

1. The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C. Which row in the chart best identifies each event in the graph? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 2. A stable ecosystem is characterized

Treasure Coast Science Scope and Sequence

Course: Marine Science I Honors Course Code: 2002510 Quarter: 3 Topic(s) of Study: Marine Organisms and Ecosystems Bodies of Knowledge: Nature of Science and Life Science Standard(s): 1: The Practice of

Community Interactions. Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area

Community Interactions Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area Populations are affected by: Available living space habitat Resource Availability niche Species interactions

Life History Evolution

Life history evolution References Stearns (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories Roff (2002) Review Partridge & Harvey (1988) Science 241: 1449-1455 1 Overview Life history traits Life history : how individuals

Ecology. Bio Sphere. Feeding Relationships

Ecology Bio Sphere Feeding Relationships with a whole lot of other creatures Ecology Putting it all together study of interactions between creatures & their environment, because Everything is connected

Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.

Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check

Slide 1. Earth Science. Chapter 10 Ecosystems

Slide 1 Earth Science Chapter 10 Ecosystems 1 Slide 2 Section 1 Living Things & the Environment Habitats Organism a living thing: Plants, animals, fungi, etc. Habitat an area that provides the things an

Mrs. Fanek Ecology Date

Name Period Mrs. Fanek Ecology Date 1. The graph below represents a change in event A that leads to changes in events B and C. Which row in the chart best identifies each event in the graph? A) 1 B) 2

The Living World Continued: Populations and Communities

The Living World Continued: Populations and Communities Ecosystem Communities Populations Review: Parts of an Ecosystem 1) An individual in a species: One organism of a species. a species must be genetically

Physiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p.

Physiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p. 2 Mid-Ocean Ridge Province p. 3 Benthic and Pelagic Provinces

Population Ecology. Text Readings. Questions to Answer in the Chapter. Chapter Reading:

Population Ecology Text Readings Chapter Reading: Chapter # 26 in Audesirk, Audesirk and Byers: Population Growth and Regulation Pg. # 513-534. Questions to Answer in the Chapter How Does Population Size

Notes - Porifera and Cnideria

Notes - Porifera and Cnideria - Animals exist on every continent on the planet. Most people consider animals to be the most important kingdom as we are considered animals. But, what is an animal? What

Science Review- CBA #1- Life Science Test: Wednesday, October 12, 2016

Science Review- CBA #1- Life Science Test: Wednesday, October 12, 2016 Interactions within an Ecosystem: Organisms perform a variety of roles in an ecosystem. Populations of organisms can be categorized

Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control Chapter 5 Section 5-1 HOW DO SPECIES INTERACT? Most species compete with one another for certain resources There are five basic types of interaction

Study of Biology. copyright cmassengale

Study of Biology 1 What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals 2 All Living Things Share

What Shapes an Ecosystem? Section 4-2 pgs 90-97

What Shapes an Ecosystem? Section 4-2 pgs 90-97 What Shapes an Ecosystem? If you ask an ecologist where a particular organism lives, that person might say the organism lives on a Caribbean coral reef,

SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE BIOLOGY GENERAL YEAR 12

SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE BIOLOGY GENERAL YEAR 12 Copyright School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2015 This document apart from any third party copyright material contained in it may be freely copied,

Strategies for biodiversity conservation

Institute of Earth Systems University of Malta Strategies for biodiversity conservation Louis F. Cassar PhD Elisabeth Conrad PhD The conservation imperative: perspective Biodiversity hotspot High endemism

BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences

BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences D. POPULATION & COMMUNITY DYNAMICS Week 13. Herbivory, predation & parasitism: Lecture summary: Predation:

Success Criteria Life on Earth - National 5

Success Criteria Life on Earth - National 5 Colour the box at the side of each objective: RED I don t know much about this or am confused by it. AMBER I know a bit about this but do not feel I know it

A population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time

A population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time Population Growth As long as the birth rate exceeds the death rate a population will grow Immigration

Fish Conservation and Management

Fish Conservation and Management CONS 486 Life history: Reproduction Ross Chapter 3 Reproduction topics Reproduction Fecundity Life history strategies Reproductive Schedules Semelparity vs iteroparity

9 Week Review Biology. Magnolia High School 2015

9 Week Review Biology Magnolia High School 2015 What is the cellular process shown below? Phagocytosis The BEST choice to complete this concept map! Animal Cell or Plant Cell? PLANT Cell What is the function

Chapter 6 Lecture. Life History Strategies. Spring 2013

Chapter 6 Lecture Life History Strategies Spring 2013 6.1 Introduction: Diversity of Life History Strategies Variation in breeding strategies, fecundity, and probability of survival at different stages

CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN PALAEMONETES SHRIMP AND VARIOUS ALGAL SPECIES IN ROCKY TIDE POOLS IN NEW ENGLAND

CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN PALAEMONETES SHRIMP AND VARIOUS ALGAL SPECIES IN ROCKY TIDE POOLS IN NEW ENGLAND Douglas F., Department of Biology,, Worcester, MA 01610 USA (D@clarku.edu) Abstract Palamonetes

Marine biologists have identified over 250,000 marine species. This number is constantly increasing as new organisms are discovered.

A wide variety of organisms inhabit the marine environment. These organisms range in size from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest organisms alive today blue whales, which are as long as three

Population and Community Dynamics

Population and Community Dynamics Part 1. Genetic Diversity in Populations Pages 676 to 701 Part 2. Population Growth and Interactions Pages 702 to 745 I) Introduction I) Introduction to understand how

VI) Population and Community Stability

Proportional abundance VI) Population and Community Stability I. Background / questions - refer back to succession A) Do marine communities trend toward climax states? B) Is there a single climax state?

Creating an e-flora for South Africa

SANBI POLICY DOCUMENT DIVISION: Biosystematics Research and Biodiversity Collections EFFECTIVE DATE: 1 April 2014 Compiler: Marianne le Roux & Janine Victor POLICY NUMBER: LAST AMENDED: Creating an e-flora