BIOE 163: Ecology of Reefs, Mangroves and Seagrasses (2010) Lecture Final Exam Study Guide

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1 BIOE 163: Ecology of Reefs, Mangroves and Seagrasses (2010) Lecture Final Exam Study Guide Notes: Exam will cover lecture material and lecture readings for entire course (cumulative), but about 2/3 points will focus on lectures during and since the midterm. As in quizzes, questions will address the main points of the lectures, readings, and the class in general, plus some interprete the chart skill questions for charts you ve seen in lecture or readings. Lectures generally covered the most important points of the readings, so most questions on the readings can also be answered from lecture. That also means that the readings are good background and review for anything you don't understand. All fill-in-the-blank questions will be chosen from key terms listed below. Exam will only use scientific names (genus species) if we used that name in lecture AND there is no widely used common name. Main Topics L01: Introduction & Abiotic Factors (1/6/2010) Definitions of organisms & systems Monophyletic, polyphyletic, or paraphyletic groups Geographic patterns of distribution & diversity of RMS systems Relative numbers of species in coral, mangrove, seagrass groups Relative area of R,M,S systems (in comparison to each other) Vertical distribution of RMS systems Interactions with land & air Main limiting factors of R,M,S systems L02: Corals & Coral Reefs (1/11 & 13/2010) Taxonomic & word definition of corals Groups of cnidarians containing corals Which non-scleractinian corals are zooxanthellate? 2 types of polyps in Millepora Difference between soft corals and corals Ecosystem & economic importance of black corals 2 types of nutrition for corals Methods of acquiring zooxanthellae Benefits of coral-zooxanthellae symbiosis Methods of coral reproduction Signals & reasons for mass spawning (Polyp & corallite structure, budding, names of non-scleractinian corals, corallite arrangements & colony forms in Lab Final) Organisms that built reefs Process of atoll formation Evidence for Darwin s theory of atoll formation Stresses & pattern of diversity in reef zones Key Terms Coral Coral reef Mangrove Seagrass Mangal Ecosystem engineers Bleaching Scleractinia Zooxanthellae Gonochoric Hermaphroditic Brooding Broadcast spawning Mass spawning Stromatolite Fringing reef Barrier reef Atoll Patch reef Reef flat, crest, slope Spurs & grooves

2 L03: Mangroves & Seagrasses (1/13 & 20/2010) Differences between true mangroves and other mangal plants Defining characteristics of seagrasses Anatomy & unique functions of M & S Types of M aerial roots Adaptations of M & S for anoxic soil (gas exchange & transport) Adaptations of M & S for salinity & conserving water Sources of nutrients to M & S Adaptations of M & S for low nutrients Pollination methods & propagule types for M & S Methods of asexual reproduction of seagrasses Methods of propagule dispersal for M & S L04: Mangrove & Seagrass Communities (1/20 & 25/2010) Types & examples of direct & indirect interactions Comparison of NPP between mangrove & terrestrial forest 5 main types of mangal 6 hypotheses for mangrove zonation & final conclusion Factors affecting seagrass zonation Reasons for lack of understory in mangal Evidence of competition within M & S communities Effects of epiphytes, climbers, & animal epibionts on mangroves Effects of epiphytes & animal epibionts on seagrasses Comparisons of NPP, herbivory, & detrital production between M & S and other producer groups Important herbivores of M, S, & algae Adaptations of seagrass for grazing Role of mesograzers in seagrass communities Use of stable isotopes for identifying diet of consumers Possible roles of M & S as nurseries evidence for these Disturbances to M & S Methods & temporal scale of succession in mangal from hurricanes Methods & temporal scale of succession in seagrass communities L05: Coral Reef Communities (1/25/2010) Chemical equation for calcification Crystalline forms of calcium carbonate solubility, stability, organisms Reason for organisms use of specific calcium carbonate forms Categories of symbiosis be able to identify when described Important symbioses cleaners, anemonefishes & anemones Linkage between zooxanthellae photosynthesis & calcification Limiting factors for coral & algal growth/competition on a reef Mechanisms of coral-coral & coral-algae competition Important grazers & corallivores Disturbances on coral reef Methods & timescale of succession on coral reefs Application of Connell s intermediate disturbance hypothesis Rhizome Pneumatophores Lenticels Aerenchyma Vivipary (in plants) Cryptovivipary (in plants) Hydrophilous pollination 6 types of direct interactions Indirect interaction Trophic cascade Keystone species Succession (primary & secondary) Epiphytes Climbers Mesograzers Nursery Calcification Aragonite Calcite Symbiosis Aposymbiotic Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Corallivory 2 of 5

3 L05: Biogeography (2/1/2010) Comparison of biodiversity between coral reefs & tropical rain forests Reasons for high biodiversity on coral reefs Geographic pattern of biodiversity for corals, M, S, etc. Geologic events that separated Atlantic & Pacific Oceans and Indian & Atlantic Oceans Hypotheses for geographic pattern of diversity & reasons for which groups of organisms they best apply to L06: Microbial & Algal Ecology (1/27/2010) Taxonomical groups of microbes Comparison of biodiversity between microbes and other organisms Ecological roles of specific microbe groups Effect of nutrient enrichment on microbes Differences between algae & plants Taxonomic groups included in algae 3 groups of microalgae Relationship between productivity, successional stage, & resistance to herbivory (but not specific functional groups) Names of 3 groups of macroalgae Cause of different colors in groups of macroalgae Methods of reproduction of algae (fragmentation, spores, gametes) Which group of macroalgae is Predecessor of modern plants? Most important in tropics? 1 genus to know ecological roles & be able to identify Ecological roles of crustose coralline algae (CCA) L07: Tropical Marine Invertebrates (2/1 & 17/2010) Why is composition of organisms in mangal unique? Comparison of diversity & abundance of organisms with terrestrial forest Groups of filter-feeders & their ecological role Main groups & 2 types of bioeroders Equation for net reef growth/accretion Ecological roles of sponges (including symbiosis) Importance & deterrence of insect herbivory on mangroves Feeding, ecological roles, & adaptations to living in mangal of sesarmid & fiddler crabs Use of stable isotopes for identifying diet of consumers Ecological roles of crustaceans in reefs & seagrass Diet of Triton s trumpet gastropod Ecological roles of mollusks in RMS systems (especially what they eat) Ecological roles of echinoderms (urchins, sea cucumbers, sea stars) Names of 2 important invertebrate corallivores & why important L08: Midway s Coral Reef Communities Wendy Cover (2/3/2010) Unique characteristics of Hawaiian Archipelago & Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Most important herbivores at Midway Ecological roles of cyanobacteria (positive & negative to other organisms) Coral Triangle Terminal Tethyan Event Endolithic Endosymbiotic Benthic Cyanobacteria Plankton (mero/holo/zoo/phyto) Larvae Halimeda Coralline algae Geniculate Non-geniculate Crustose Rhodolith Filter-feeding Bioerosion Meiofauna Deposit-feeding Crown-of-thorns starfish Recruitment Phase shift Alternate stable states Resilience 3 of 5

4 Triggers for cyanobacteria blooms (3 chemical elements & 1 physical variable) Why cyanobacteria blooms are associated with iron debris particularly in Pacific atolls (hint: think geology) Effects of cyanobacteria bloom on coral recruitment Direct & indirect effects of urchins on coral Basics (not dates or extensive details) of Jamaica/Caribbean phase shift Differences between algal-dominated & coral-dominated communities General methods for studying abundance/distribution of organisms, coral recruitment, importance of herbivory, direct effects of urchins on coral L09: Land-Based Threats to Coral Reefs Curt Storlazzi (2/8/2010) Limits to coral growth & reef distribution Process of atoll formation Impact of wave energy on coral cover, diversity, morphology Names of anthropogenic & natural stressors of coral reefs Sources & impacts of sedimentation (how vary with amount of sediment in water) Things you can do to help protect coral reefs (mostly common sense!) Hysteresis Spur & groove Sedimentation L09: Sediment Production & Distribution at Midway Atoll - Anne Warner (2/8/2010) Processes producing sediment Linkages between sediment size patterns & hydrodynamic environments 4 types of sediment General methods for studying sediment 7 components of carbonate 2 main components and most important source of sediments at Midway sediments (Anne only finished PPT to 1st slide titled Results on pg. 6 of PDF) L10: Tropical Marine Fish & Fisheries Jimmy O Donnell (2/10/2010) Geographic pattern of fish biodiversity Ecological roles of reef fishes in general Most speciose reef fish families Ecological roles of sharks & rays Ecological roles of 7 main reef fish families (common names only) (Remember: parrotfishes & wrasses are same family now) Methods of reproduction (+ examples in 7 main reef families) Adaptations of mudskippers for living in mangal (more in Hogarth Ch.6) L11: Marine Vertebrates (2/17 3/1/2010) Table for Section 6 on adaptations for living in the sea How groups interact with RMS systems Threats to groups Animals best & least adapted to living in the sea Differences between seabirds & terrestrial birds Life history Feeding Sea snake venom how snakes use it Hermaphroditism Simultaneous Sequential Protandrous Protogynous Geminate species Planktivorous Ectotherm/endotherm Homeotherm/poikilotherm Bradycardia Breathing tachycardia Ovipary/vivipary Ovovivipary Fouling Temperature-dependent sex determination Regional endothermy Peripheral vasodilation/ vasoconstriction Thermal neutral zone (TNZ) 4 of 5

5 L12: Ecological Modeling & Seagrasses Ole Shelton (2/24/2010) Interpreting r & λ Assumptions of exponential models Uses of modeling in conservation Importance of intertidal surfgrasses Main conclusion of Ole s research L13 & 15: Anthropogenic Impacts to R,M,S Systems (3/1, 3/8, & 3/10/2010) Main ecosystem goods & services of each system Linkages among R,M,S systems & with other ecosystems (e.g., deep sea, open ocean, land) Most important impacts for each system For all impacts Sources How? Specific impacts on organisms, community, ecosystem Disease Trends Anthropogenic causes Present in which groups 2 coral diseases & impacts, location Crown-of-thorns sea star Why so destructive? Possible causes of outbreaks Restoration Benefits & costs in each system & in general Reasons for doing restoration in each system Methods in each system L14: Atoll Ecology & Ocean Acidification Daria Siciliano (3/3/2010) How plate tectonics & hot spots contribute to formation of archipelagoes & atolls How do you test whether Kure is the? Limits to coral growth (especially in NWHI) (Note: ocean acidification included in L16) L16: Global Changes (3/10 & 3/15/2010) Direction & linkages of global changes Effects of global changes on R,M,S organisms, communities Which global changes are most important to each system? Chemical equations of calcification & ocean acidification Direction of changes in dissolved carbon compounds in the ocean Effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers & on most organisms Difference between coral [reef] bleaching & mass bleaching Progression of a mass bleaching event Temporal and geographic trends in mass bleaching Using remote sensing to predict, detect, and evaluate bleaching Interaction of rising global sea level & local land movement Management tools to increase resilience against global changes Finite rate of increase (λ) Stable stage distribution Elasticity Population viability analysis Phase shift Pathogen Disease Eutrophication Land reclamation Remote sensing Hot spot Plate tectonics Drowned reef Ocean acidification Aragonite saturation state (Ω) Coral reef bleaching Geologic subsidence Geologic uplifting Relative sea level Mass bleaching 5 of 5