1. Photosynthesis is the process of making a simple organic molecule from inorganic compounds (molecules) utilizing light energy.

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1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS A. INTRODUCTION 1. Photosynthesis is the process of making a simple organic molecule from inorganic compounds (molecules) utilizing light energy. a. It takes energy input for synthesis. b. Light energy is funneled into the living world largely by the process of photosynthesis. 1) Two major sources of energy we as humans use are the results of photosynthesis past and present. a) Food fuels are bodily activities which comes from the results or products of recent photosynthesis. b) Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) provide energy for most of our needs and these are the results or products of photosynthesis that occurred millions of years ago. 2) And to have accomplished this the green plants only capture something less than 1% of the total solar energy reaching the earth and its atmosphere. 2. The process occurs in green tissue in plants and in algae and certain bacteria. a. Usually this is the leaf in higher plants although some stems also carry on photosynthesis. b. Chlorophyll, which give the green color to the plant, is located within chloroplasts in all plants in the kingdom Plantae. c. Within the chloroplast the pigment chlorophyll along with other pigments is embedded in the membranes of the thylakoid. 3. Raw materials used in the process are CO 2, H 2 O, and Energy (fig. 8.1, p. 146) a. CO 2 enters the leaf by way of the stomates. b. Water enters the plant by way of root hairs, moves into the xylem and is carried to the leaf. c. The mesophyll tissue consisting of the palisade cells and the spongy layer cells is where photosynthesis takes place. d. Light energy is trapped by a pi electron in the chlorophyll molecule. 1) A photon of light activates an electron in the molecule. 2) Only wave lengths of the proper energy can do this. 3) Figure 8.6, p. 149 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a.

2 4) Wave lengths are in the blue-violet and reds. 5) The fact that chlorophyll appears green indicates it does not absorb but instead reflects green light. 6) The electron absorbs so much energy that it leaves the chlorophyll molecule and can be accepted by another molecule (fig. 8.4, p. 148) 7) Fluorescence is the process in which an electron is excited, spins, and then returns to the chlorophyll molecule giving up the extra energy as light energy. -e- light energy photon --- -e- chlorophyll Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of fluorescence 4. Photosynthesis results in light energy being transformed to chemical or bond energy. 5. Photosynthesis can be separated into two phases. a. Light phase, which occurs in the thylakoids. 1) Energy-rich molecules, ATP and NADPH + H +, are produced. 2) H 2 O is split by the process of photolysis. b. Dark phase that occurs in the stroma. 1) CO 2 is fixed. 2) CO 2 is reduced. O=C=O --- H-C-OH part of carbohydrate molecule B. LIGHT PHASE 1. The antenna complex consists of a closely connected web of chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane (fig. 8.9, p. 151) a. Each photosystem includes an assembly of about 250 to 400 pigment molecules consisting of two closely linked components. 1) A reaction center protein-pigment complex. 2) An antenna protein complex. b. The antenna complex molecules can trap light photons of a particular wave length (energy) and pass the energy to a reaction center chlorophyll a molecule. c. When the reaction center chlorophyll molecule absorbs the energy from an antenna molecule, one of its electrons is activated, boosted to a higher energy level, and this activated electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule to initiate electron flow.

3 d. The chlorophyll a molecule is now oxidized and has an electron hole. 2. Cyclic photophosphorylation (fig. fig. 8.10, p. 152.) a. Photon hits electron in chlorophyll a 700. b. Electron is activated and is accepted by a primary acceptor. c. The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors back to chlorophyll a 700. d. The energy from the electron is used to synthesize ATP. 3. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation (fig. 8.9, p. 151) a. 2 electrons from chlorophyll molecules end up in NADPH. b. Involves both photosystems II and I. c. Both ATP and NADPH are synthesized. d. Two electrons from H 2 O are passed to P 680 to P 700 to NADP + (fig. 8.9, p. 151) e. Takes 2 photons of light to raise electron from level in water to level in NADPH. 4. Remember that a reduced molecule contains more energy than an oxidized molecule; therefore, NADP + contains less energy than NADPH 5. Chemiosmosis is similar in the chloroplast and the mitochondrion (fig. 8.11, p. 153) a. In both H +, photons, are pumped through the membrane, thylakoid in the case of the chloroplast, creating a H + gradient. b. The thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons. c. The protons must pass through the ATP synthase channel. d. This results in ADP being phosphorylated to ATP. Probably 1 ATP is synthesized for each 2 protons that pass through ATP synthase channel. ATPs formed in stroma. C. DARK PHASE OR LIGHT-INDEPENDENT PHASE. 1. Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. 2. Involves the Calvin cycle (fig. 8.13, p. 155)

4 a. C 5 molecule, ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (RuBP) combines with CO 2 and H 2 O to form a C 6. Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase, (RuBisCo), is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction; may the most abundant protein on earth. b. C 6 molecule is split into 2 C 3 molecules, 3-phosphoglycerate, PGA. c. Use ATP and NADPH to reduce PGA to PGAL. 1) ATP used to make 2 molecules of 1,3 bisphosphoglyerate. 2) NADPH used to convert these molecules to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, PGAL 3. For every 6 molecules of PGAL produced, 5 go back into the cycle. There is a net gain of 1 PGAL for each 6 produced. a. Some of the net PGAL molecules can be used for energy. b. Some can be converted to glucose and other sugars. 4. C 4 pathway (fig. 8.17, p. 158) a. Is a method of concentrating CO 2 in one type of cell utilizing ATP energy. b. The fixed CO 2 is then pumped into another cell where it is fixed in the Calvin cycle. c. C 4 plants are good for hot, dry areas. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS OVER PHOTOSYNTHESIS I 1. What are the raw materials required for photosynthesis and what is their source? 2. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis and how is this role accomplished? 3. Chlorophyll cannot absorb photons of which energies (wavelengths)? How do you know this? 4. Overall what type of chemical reaction occurs in converting CO 2 to its form in a carbohydrate H-C-OH? What type of energy exchange occurs? 5. What does the term photolysis mean? 6. How does what occurs in the dark phase of photosynthesis relate to what occurs in the light phase of photosynthesis? 7. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transferred or transformed. What occurs to energy during the process of photosynthesis?

5 CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Guard cells are the only cells in the plant's leaf epidermis that have chloroplasts. Explain the reason for this. (Not what is accomplished by this.) 2. The ribosomes in mitochondria are smaller than ribosomes in the cyotplasm of the cell. Attempt to explain the reason for this. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Photosynthesis occurs in (A) plants (B) algae (C) some bacteria (D) some fungi (E) some of the preceding (F) three of the preceding (G) all the preceding. 2. Chloroplasts are located in the (A) thylakoids (B) stroma (C) both A and B. 3. Chlorophyll absorbs light in the (A) violet (B) yellow (C) red (D) two of the preceding (E) all the preceding. 4. Red light contains photons with (A) more (B) less (C) the same amount of energy as/than violet light. 5. In order for photosynthesis to occur (A) a pi electron must be activated in the chlorophyll molecule (B) an electron must escape from the chlorophyll molecule (C) an acceptor molecule must receive a high energy electron (D) two of the preceding (E) all the preceding. 6. The oxygen given off in the process of photosynthesis come from (A) CO 2 (B) H 2 O (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 7. The conversion of the carbon in CO 2 to its form in CH 2 O is (A) a reduction (B) an oxidation. 8. Photosynthesis is a process in which (A) organic molecules are converted into organic molecules (B) organic molecules are converted into inorganic molecules (C) inorganic molecules are converted into inorganic molecules (D) inorganic molecules are converted to organic molecules. 9. Chlorophyll serves the role of (A) trapping light energy (B) converting photon energy to electron energy (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 10. Fluorescence is the process in which (A) absorbed light is passed to an organic acceptor (B) light is reflected from the chlorophyll (C) absorbed light is reemitted (D) none of the preceding. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS OVER PHOTOSYNTHESIS II 1. ATP is produced during both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. What is the necessity for non-cyclic? 2. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation it takes 2 photons to raise an electron from water to NADP+. Explain the reason it takes two?

6 3. What does the term chemiosmosis mean? 4. We often refer to glucose as being produced during photosynthesis. Is glucose the actual end product of photosynthesis? Explain. 5. The net gain of PGAL molecules is 1 for every 6 produced. What happens to the other 5? 6. Can the dark phase of photosynthesis occur in the light? Explain. 7. What is the reason(s) that C 4 plants grow better in arid regions than C 3 plants do? CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. NADPH contains more energy per molecule than ATP. What in the non-cyclic photophosporylation would suggest this to you? 2. Explain the reason that reducing carbon dioxide to its form in a carbohydrate results in a more energy-rich molecule. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. ATP is produced during (A) cyclic photophosphorylation (B) non-cyclic photophosphorylation (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 2. NADPH is produced during (A) cyclic photophosphorylation (B) non-cyclic photophosphorylation (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 3. The light phase of photosynthesis occurs in the (A) thylakoids (B) stroma (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 4. The dark phase of photosynthesis occurs in the (A) thylakoids (B) stroma (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 5. It takes the energy of (A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four photons to raise an electron from its level in water to its level in NADPH. 6. In the light phase of photosynthesis, (A) energy rich molecules are produced (B) water is split (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 7. In the dark phase of photosynthesis, (A) carbon dioxide is fixed (B) carbon dioxide is oxidized (C) both A and B (D) neither A or B. 8. In order to change NADP+ to NADPH, (A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four electrons is/are required. 9. For every six molecules of PGAL produced (A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four (E) five (F) six go/goes back into the Calvin cycle. 10. Protons must pass through the ATP synthase channel from (A) stroma to disc (B) disc to stroma (C) either A or R.

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