PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAPTER 7. Where It Starts - Photosynthesis
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1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAPTER 7 Where It Starts - Photosynthesis
2 IMPACTS, ISSUES: SUNLIGHT AND SURVIVAL Plants are autotrophs, or self-nourishing organisms The first autotrophs filled Earth s atmosphere with oxygen, creating an ozone (O3) layer The ozone layer became a shield against deadly UV rays from the sun, allowing life to move out of the ocean
3 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Shortest wavelength Longest wavelength Gamma rays X-rays UV radiation Visible light Infrared radiation Microwaves Radio waves
4 PHOTONS Packets of light energy Each type of photon has fixed amount of energy Photons having most energy travel as shortest wavelength (blue-violet light)
5 VISIBLE LIGHT Wavelengths humans perceive as different colors Violet (380 nm) to red (750 nm) Longer wavelengths, lower energy Figure 7-2 Page 108
6 VISIBLE LIGHT shortest wavelengths (most energetic) gamma rays x rays range of most radiation reaching Earth s ultraviole surface nearinfrared t radiation radiation VISIBLE LIGHT range of heat escaping from Earth s surface infrared radiation microwaves longest wavelengths (lowest energy) radio waves Wavelengths of light (nanometers) Fig. 7-2, p.108
7 PIGMENTS Color you see is the wavelengths not absorbed Light-catching part of molecule often has alternating single and double bonds These bonds contain electrons that are capable of being moved to higher energy levels by absorbing light
8 VARIETY OF PIGMENTS Chlorophylls a and b Carotenoids Anthocyanins Phycobilins
9 Wavelength absorption (%) CHLOROPHYLLS Main pigments in most photoautotrophs chlorophyll a chlorophyll b Wavelength (nanometers)
10 percent of wavelengths absorbed ACCESSORY PIGMENTS Carotenoids, Phycobilins, Anthocyanins beta-carotene phycoerythr in (a phycobilin) wavelengths (nanometers)
11 PIGMENTS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS Bacteria Pigments in plasma membranes Plants Pigments and proteins organized into photosystems that are embedded in thylakoid membrane system
12 T.E. ENGLEMANN S EXPERIMENT Background Certain bacterial cells will move toward places where oxygen concentration is high Photosynthesis produces oxygen
13 T.E. ENGLEMANN S EXPERIMENT
14 T.E. Englemann s Experiment Fig. 7-4c, p.110
15 LINKED PROCESSES Photosynthesis Energy-storing pathway Releases oxygen Requires carbon dioxide Aerobic Respiration Energy-releasing pathway Requires oxygen Releases carbon dioxide
16 CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE two outer membranes strom a inner membrane system (thylakoids connected by channels) Fig. 7-6, p.111
17 PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 Water Carbon Dioxide LIGHT ENERGY 6O 2 + C 2 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O Oxygen Glucose Wate r In-text figure Page 111
18 Photosynthesis Fig. 7-6a, p.111
19 Photosynthesis SUNLIGHT H 2 O O 2 CO 2 lightdependan t reactions NADPH, ATP NADP +, ADP sugars lightindependa nt reactions CHLOROPLAST Fig. 7-6c, p.111
20 WHERE ATOMS END UP Reactants 12H 2 O 6CO 2 Products 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 6H 2 O
21 TWO STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS sunlight water uptake carbon dioxide uptake ATP LIGHT- DEPENDENT REACTIONS ADP + P i NADPH NADP + LIGHT- INDEPENDEN T REACTIONS P glucose oxygen release new water
22 ARRANGEMENT OF PHOTOSYSTEMS water-splitting complex H 2 O 2H + 1/2O 2 thylakoid compartment P680 P700 acceptor acceptor PHOTOSYSTEM II pool of electron carriers stroma PHOTOSYSTEM I
23 LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS Pigments absorb light energy, give up e -, which enter electron transfer chains Water molecules split, ATP and NADH form, and oxygen is released Pigments that gave up electrons get replacements
24 LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS photon Photosystem Light-Harvesting Complex Fig. 7-7, p.112
25 LIGHT- HARVESTIN G COMPLEX sunlight PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I H + NADPH e - e - e - e - e - e - H 2 O e - O 2 H + H + H + H+ H + H + H + H + H + H + H + NADP + + H + thylakoid compartment thylakoid membrane stroma cross-section through a disk-shaped fold in the thylakoid membrane ADP + P i H + ATP Fig. 7-8, p.113
26 PIGMENTS IN A PHOTOSYSTEM reaction center
27 PHOTOSYSTEM FUNCTION: REACTION CENTER Energy is reduced to level that can be captured by molecule of chlorophyll a This molecule (P700 or P680) is the reaction center of a photosystem Reaction center accepts energy and donates electron to acceptor molecule
28 ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN Adjacent to photosystem Acceptor molecule donates electrons from reaction center As electrons pass along chain, energy they release is used to produce ATP
29 CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW Electrons are donated by P700 in photosystem I to acceptor molecule flow through electron transfer chain and back to P700 Electron flow drives ATP formation No NADPH is formed
30 CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW electron acceptor e e electron transfer chain e Electron flow through transfer chain sets up conditions for ATP formation at other membrane sites. ATP e
31 NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW Two-step pathway for light absorption and electron excitation Uses two photosystems: type I and type II Produces ATP and NADPH Involves photolysis - splitting of water
32 MACHINERY OF NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW photolysis H 2 O e second electron transfer chain PHOTOSYSTEM II first electron transfer chain NADP + NADPH PHOTOSYSTEM I e ADP + P i ATP SYNTHASE ATP
33 Potential to transfer energy (volts) ENERGY CHANGES second transfer chain e e first transfer chain e e NADPH (Photosystem I) (Photosystem II) H 2 O 1/2O 2 + 2H +
34 Higher energy PHOTOSYSTEM I p700* photon e- H+ p700 Cyclic Pathway of ATP Formation Fig. 7-9a, p.114
35 PHOTOSYSTEM II p680* PHOTOSYSTEM I p700* e - NADPH NADH + photon p700 p680 2H 2 O 4H + + O 2 Noncyclic Pathway of ATP and NADPH Formation Fig. 7-9b, p.114
36 CHEMIOSMOTIC MODEL OF ATP FORMATION Electrical and H + concentration gradients are created between thylakoid compartment and stroma H + flows down gradients into stroma through ATP synthesis Flow of ions drives formation of ATP
37 CHEMIOSMOTIC MODEL FOR ATP FORMATION Photolysis in the thylakoid compartment splits water H + is shunted across membrane by some components of the first electron transfer chain Gradients propel H + through ATP synthases; ATP forms by phosphate-group transfer H 2 O e acceptor PHOTOSYSTEM II ADP + P i ATP SYNTHASE ATP
38 PHOTOSYNTHESIS QUIZ 1 1. Give the equation for photosynthesis. 2. Give the 2 major reactions occurring in photosynthesis. 3. What reactant goes into the light reactions? What product? 4. What reactant goes into the Calvin cycle? What product? 5. Within the chloroplast, where do the light reactions occur? 6. Within the chloroplast, where does the Calvin cycle occur? 7. What does noncyclic electron flow produce (besides ATP) that that cyclic electron flow does not produce? 8. Why doesn t the overall action spectrum of photosynthesis exactly match the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll? 9. Which photosystem acts first in noncyclic electron flow? ****BONUS**** 1. What are Pq, Pc, and Fd? 2. EXPLAIN WHAT CHEMIOSMOSIS IS.
39 LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS Synthesis part of photosynthesis Can proceed in the dark Take place in the stroma Calvin-Benson cycle
40 CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE Overall reactants Carbon dioxide ATP NADPH Overall products Glucose ADP NADP + Reaction pathway is cyclic and RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) is regenerated
41 6 CO 2 (from the air) CALVIN- BENSON CYCLE CARBON FIXATIO N 6 6 RuBP unstable intermediate 12 PGA 6 6 ADP ATP 4 P i 2 PGAL 10 PGAL 12 PGAL 12 ATP 12 NADPH 12 ADP 12 P i 12 NADP + P i P glucose
42 Calvin- Benson Cycle THESE REACTIONS PROCEED IN THE CHLOROPLAST S STROMA Fig. 7-10a, p.115
43 6CO 2 Calvin- ATP Benson 6 RuBP 12 PGA 12 Cycle 6 ADP ATP Calvin-Benson cycle 12 ADP + 12 P i 12 NADPH 4 P i 12 NADP + 10 PGAL 12 PGAL 1 P i 1 phosphorylated glucose Fig. 7-10b, p.115
44 THE C3 PATHWAY In Calvin-Benson cycle, the first stable intermediate is a three-carbon PGA Because the first intermediate has three carbons, the pathway is called the C3 pathway
45 PHOTORESPIRATION IN C3 PLANTS On hot, dry days stomata close Inside leaf Oxygen levels rise Carbon dioxide levels drop Rubisco attaches RuBP to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide Only one PGAL forms instead of two
46 C3 Plants Fig. 7-11a1, p.116
47 C3 Plants upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll lower epidermis stoma leaf vein air space Basswood leaf, cross-section. Fig. 7-11a2, p.116
48 Stomata closed: CO 2 can t get in; O 2 can t get out C3 Plants Rubisco fixes oxygen, not carbon, in mesophyll cells in leaf RuBP 5 PGAL Calvin-Benson Cycle 6 PGA + 6 glycolate 6 PGAL 1 PGAL CO 2 + wate r Twelve turns of the cycle, not just six, to make one 6-carbon sugar Fig. 7-11a3, p.117
49 C4 PLANTS Carbon dioxide is fixed twice In mesophyll cells, carbon dioxide is fixed to form four-carbon oxaloacetate Oxaloacetate is transferred to bundle-sheath cells Carbon dioxide is released and fixed again in Calvin- Benson cycle
50 C4 Plants Fig. 7-11b1, p.117
51 C4 Plants upper epidermis mesophyll cell bundlesheath cell lower epidermis Basswood leaf, cross-section. Fig. 7-11b2, p.117
52 Stomata closed: CO 2 can t get in; O 2 can t get out Carbon fixed in the mesophyll cell, malate diffuses into adjacent bundle-sheath cell In bundlesheath cell, malate gets converted to pyruvate with release of CO 2, which enters Calvin-Benson cycle pyruvate C4 cycle oxaloacetate malate CO 2 RuBP Calvin- 12 PGAL Benson Cycle 10 PGAL 2 PGAL PEP 12 PGAL C4 Plants 1 sugar Fig. 7-11b3, p.117
53 CAM PLANTS Carbon is fixed twice (in same cells) Night Carbon dioxide is fixed to form organic acids Day Carbon dioxide is released and fixed in Calvin- Benson cycle
54 CAM Plants Fig. 7-11c1, p.117
55 stoma epidermis with thick cuticle mesophyll cell air space CAM Plants Fig. 7-11c2, p.117
56 C4 cycle operates at night when CO 2 from aerobic respiration fixed Stomata stay closed during day, open for CO 2 uptake at night only. CAM Plants C4 CYCLE CO 2 that accumulated overnight used in C3 cycle during the day Calvin- Benson Cycle 1 sugar Fig. 7-11c3, p.117
57 SUMMARY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS light 12H 2 O LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS 6O 2 ADP + P i ATP NADP + NADPH LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS 6CO 2 PGA RuBP CALVIN- BENSON CYCLE PGAL 6H 2 O P C 6 H 12 O 6 (phosphorylated glucose) end product (e.g., sucrose, starch, cellulose) Figure 7-14 Page 120
58 CARBON AND ENERGY SOURCES Photoautotrophs Carbon source is carbon dioxide Energy source is sunlight Heterotrophs Get carbon and energy by eating autotrophs or one another
59 Carbon and Energy Sources sunligh t energy Photosynthesi 1. H 2 O is split by s light energy. Its oxygen diffuses away; its electrons, hydrogen enter transfer chains with roles in ATP formation. Coenzymes pick up the electrons and hydrogen 2. ATP energy drives the synthesis of glucose from hydrogen and electrons (delivered by coenzymes), plus carbon and oxygen (from carbon dioxide). glucose (stored energy, buildin g blocks) oxygen carbon dioxide, water Aerobic Respiration 1. Glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water. Coenzymes pick up the electrons, hydrogens. 2. The coenzymes give up the electrons and hydrogen atoms to oxygen-requiring transfer chains that have roles in forming many ATP molecules. ATP available to drive nearly all cellular tasks Fig. 7-12, p.118
60 PHOTOAUTOTROPHS Capture sunlight energy and use it to carry out photosynthesis Plants Some bacteria Many protistans
61 SATELLITE IMAGES SHOW PHOTOSYNTHESIS Atlantic Ocean Photosynthetic activity in spring Figure 7-13 Page 119
62 sunlight Light- Dependent Reactions 12H 2 O 6O 2 ADP + P i ATP NADPH NADP + Light- Independent Reactions 6CO 2 6 RuBP Calvin- Benson cycle 12 PGAL 6H 2 O phosphorylated glucose end products (e.g., sucrose, starch, cellulose) Fig. 7-14, p.120
63 LAYER_DETAILPAGE&V=0IJMRSTCWCG&LIST= PLFCE4D99C4124A27A
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