Located in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll have Mg + in the center. Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain

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2 Located in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll have Mg + in the center. Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-660 nm are most important). Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

3 Excitation of chlorophyll in a chloroplast e 2 Excited state Loss of energy due to heat causes the photons of light to be less energetic. Light Heat Less energy translates into longer wavelength. Photon Chlorophyll molecule Light (fluorescence) Ground state Energy = (Planck s constant) x (velocity of light)/(wavelength of light) Transition toward the red end of the visible spectrum. (a) Absorption of a photon

4 Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen gas PHOTOSYNTHESIS

5 Need to produce all organic molecules necessary for growth carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Need to store chemical energy (ATP) produced from light reactions in a more stable form that can be moved around plant saved for a rainy day carbon + water + energy glucose + oxygen dioxide 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 6O energy + 2

6 Photosynthesis is summarized as 6 CO H 2 O + Light energy C 6 H 12 O O H 2 O CO 2 from atmosphere (gas) H 2 O from soil, travels from roots to the leaves

7 An overview of photosynthesis Light In-dependent reaction H 2 O CO 2 Light Dependent reaction Light photon LIGHT REACTIONS NADP ADP + P CALVIN CYCLE ATP NADPH Chloroplast Figure 10.5 O 2 [CH 2 O] n (sugar)

8 Chloroplasts split water into Hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules Reactants: 6 CO 2 12 H 2 O Products: C 6 H 12 O 6 6 H 2 O 6 O 2 Figure , Ruben & Kamen, showed the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis came from water not carbon dioxide

9 Photosynthesis is a redox process Water is oxidized to oxygen, carbon dioxide is reduced to form glucose

10 The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. Two types: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction

11 The gain of electrons to a substance. Or the loss of oxygen. Reduction 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 glucose Oxidation The loss of electrons from a substance. Or the gain of oxygen.

12 Photosynthesis consists of two processes the light reaction converts light ATP NADPH (energy in the bank) the light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle): Carbon fixation carbon dioxide is reduce to carbohydrates including glucose

13

14 Both reactions STOP in the dark because the light reactions require light to produce ATP and NADPH

15 H 2 O + light ATP + NADPH + O energy 2 sunlight H 2 O Energy Building Reactions NADPH ATP produces ATP produces NADPH releases O 2 as a waste product O 2

16 Occur in the thylacoid membrane

17 Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow. A. Cyclic Electron Flow B. Noncyclic Electron Flow

18 Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Uses PS II and PS I P680 rxn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a P700 rxn center (PS I) - chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates O 2, ATP and NADPH

19 ADP + ATP (Reduced) P NADP + + H NADPH (Reduced) Oxygen comes from the splitting of H 2 O, not CO 2 H 2 O 1/2 O 2 + 2H + (Oxidized)

20 Powers ATP synthesis. Located in the thylakoid membranes. Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) to make ATP. Photophosphorylation: addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

21 SUN H + H + (Proton Pumping) Thylakoid PS II E T C PS I H + H + H+ H + H + H + high H+ concentration H + ATP Synthase Thylakoid Space ADP + P H + ATP low H + concentration

22 Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Uses Photosystem I only P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates ATP only ADP + P ATP

23 Molecular Game of Hot Potato Primary electron acceptor Photon Reaction center PHOTOSYSTEM Pigment molecules of antenna

24 Two connected photosystems collect photons of light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll electrons The excited electrons are passed through the electron transport chains Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH

25 light reactions Energy from sunlight excites electrons to higher energy levels in pigment molecules. The electrons then fall back to the ground level and releases energy. This energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane. The proton gradient created across the membrane drives the phosphorylation of ATP. Excited electrons are also passed onto NADP+ to generate NADPH as reducing power.

26

27 And the Electron Transport Chain

28 Thylakoid membrane A photosystem Photon Photosystem STROMA Is composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of lightharvesting complexes Light-harvesting complexes Reaction center e Primary election acceptor Transfer of energy Special chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Figure 10.12

29 When a pigment absorbs light It goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable e excited state Heat Photon Chlorophyll molecule Ground state Photon (fluorescence) Figure A

30 The pigment molecules (antenna pigment molecules) absorb and relay light energy to the reaction center. Antenna pigment molecules only transfer the energy of the excited state to the reaction center. The reaction centers (two special types of chlorophyll molecules) release the excited electron itself to nearby molecules.

31 when the electron is excited to the higher level, it rapidly returns to the more stable lower level; this releases photosynthetically-useful energy. The energy of the excited state is transferred to neighboring molecules, and used to translocate protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane.

32 electrons cannot move alone in cells electrons move as part of H atom move H = move electrons

33 ETC e-

34 Two different photosystems cooperate in the light reaction to make electrons available for E use. ATP mill Water-splitting photosystem NADPH-producing photosystem

35 2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane Photosystem II Photosystem I chlorophyll a chlorophyll b P P 680 = absorbs 680nm 700 = absorbs 700nm wavelength red light wavelength red light

36 the flow of electrons in photosystem II draws an electron from a water molecule. excited electron passes from chlorophyll to primary electron acceptor (in the reaction center) need to replace electron in chlorophyll An enzyme extracts electrons from H 2 O (H+) & supplies them to chlorophyll O 2 released to atmosphere

37

38 electron transfer reactions are downhill. Energy from the flow of electrons is converted to a proton gradient, while the final electron forms NADPH for reducing power.

39 H+ moves by diffusion out of thylakoid inner space providing the energy to produce ATP

40 The production of ATP by chemiosmosis in photosynthesis Thylakoid compartment (high H + ) Light Thylakoid membrane Antenna molecules PHOTOSYSTEM II Stroma (low H + ) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP SYNTHASE

41 energy from the photon has been used to transfer electrons (H+) the Photosystems have returned to their ground states water has been oxidized to produce oxygen NADP+ has been reduced to NADPH (reducing power) Proton gradient has been produced Primary electron acceptor Primary electron acceptor Photons PHOTOSYSTEM II Energy for synthesis of PHOTOSYSTEM I by chemiosmosis

42 Light reactions elevate electrons in 2 steps (PS II & PS I) PS II generates energy as ATP PS I generates reducing power NADPH as ATP

43 Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting water, leaving O 2 gas as a by-product Primary electron acceptor Primary electron acceptor Photons Energy for synthesis of PHOTOSYSTEM I PHOTOSYSTEM II by chemiosmosis

44 Cyclic photophosphorylation AN EXCEPTION --- Under certain conditions Photoexcited electrons take an alternative path In cyclic electron flow Only photosystem I is used Only ATP is produced

45 If PS I can t pass electron to NADP it cycles back to PS II & makes more ATP, but no NADPH coordinates light reactions to Calvin cycle Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH ATP

46 (Calvin cycle) Occurs in the stroma Forms sugar from carbon dioxide, using ATP for energy and NADPH for reducing power

47 Carbon Fixation (light independent rxn). C 3 plants (80% of plants on earth). Occurs in the stroma. Uses ATP and NADPH from light rxn. Uses CO 2. To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.

48 Whoops! Wrong Calvin

49 CO 2 + ATP + NADPH C 6 H 12 O 6 + ADP + NADP Sugar Building Reactions builds sugars uses ATP & NADPH recycles ADP & NADP back to make more ATP & NADPH sugars

50 CO 2 has very little chemical energy fully oxidized C 6 H 12 O 6 contains a lot of chemical energy highly reduced Synthesis = endergonic process put in a lot of energy Reduction of CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 proceeds in many small uphill steps each catalyzed by a specific enzyme using energy stored in ATP & NADPH

51

52 Carbon assimilation occurs in the stroma where the enzymes, substrates, and co-enzymes such as ATP and NADPH synthesized by the light reactions are found. This carbonfixing reaction is termed the Calvin Cycle.

53 The first step of this reaction attaches carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.

54 A transient intermediate is formed which rapidly breaks down to two 3- C molecules. RUBISCO catalyses this reaction.

55 Enzyme which fixes carbon from air Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase the most important enzyme in the world! it makes life out of air! definitely the most abundant enzyme

56 RuBisCo + H 2 O + CO 2 An enzyme catalyzed reaction that fixes C from carbon dioxide to RuBP, eventually (intermediate steps) resulting in production of 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) can be built up into six carbon sugars such glucose and fructose

57

58 Carbon dioxide is broken and fixed into glucose or fructose molecules in the CALVIN CYCLE!!!! Glucose subunits can make cellulose or other polysaccharides, such as fruit sugars. The carbon skeleton in glucose also helps to synthesize other important biochemical compounds such as, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids.

59 Light reactions Produce ATP Produce NADPH consume H 2 O produced O 2 as byproduct Calvin cycle Light reactions Chloroplast NADP ADP + P Calvin cycle consumes CO 2 produces GAP (sugar) regenerated ADP regenerated NADP ADP NADP

60 The accounting is complicated 3 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 GAP 3 CO 2 1 GAP (3C) 6 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 C 6 H 12 O 6 (6C) 6 CO 2 1 C 6 H 12 O 6 (6C) 18 ATP + 12 NADPH 1 C 6 H 12 O 6 any ATP left over from light reactions will be used elsewhere by the cell

61

62 On global scale, photosynthesis is the most important process for the continuation of life on Earth each year photosynthesis captures 121 billion tons of CO 2 synthesizes 160 billion tons of carbohydrate heterotrophs are dependent on plants as food source for fuel & raw materials

63 All the solid material of every plant was built by sunlight out of thin air All the solid material of every animal was built from plant material air Then all the plants, cats, dogs, elephants & people are really particles of air woven together by strands of sunlight! sun

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