Beneficial Insects. Beneficial insects in your garden. How I think of insects. A. Roles of beneficial insects

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1 Beneficial insects in your garden Beneficial Insects A. Roles of beneficial insects Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D. Presented for EMSWCD B. Meet the beneficial insects (and other arthropods) C. Invasives to watch out for D. E. Resources & projects Great Black Wasp; 2016 C. A. Searles Mazzacano Seven-spotted Lady Beetle; Convergent Lady Beetle; 1 2 How I think of insects European mantis, OR: Darner: Great Spangled Fritillary: Giant Robber Fly, TX: Szecksa Flatheaded mayfly; Mole Cricket, Costa Rica: Blood-colored Milkweed Bug; Dung beetle: 3 4

2 How many people think of insects How we should all think of insects Oregon Zoo; 5 Benefits of insects 6 Benefits of insects improve soil conditions pollination food for wildlife aesthetic and recreational use Wood Ground Beetle; inaturalist, oldbilluk - 70% of flowering plants pollinated by insects - bees, flies, beetles, moths Soldier Beetle; David Hebert River Jewelwing; Red Satyr; Cedar Waxwing eating dragonfly; Larry Rea Sweat Bee; Flower Fly; Thomas Bresson Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; 7 8

decomposers Benefits of insects - beetles and flies break

- beetles, flies, termites break down plant material Burying

Predators 9 Natural Pest Control - consume pest eggs,

bugs, thrips, mantids, spiders, mites Parasitoids 10 - lay

feed externally or internally on body of living host - host

Assassin bug; kestrel360, inaturalist - wasps, flies

3 decomposers Benefits of insects - beetles and flies break down & recycle animal dung and carcases natural pest control - beetles, flies, termites break down plant material Burying Beetle; tumblebug ; Black Soldier Fly; Dung Beetles; Predators 9 Natural Pest Control - consume pest eggs, larvae, and/or adults - beetles, lacewings, wasps, flies, bugs, thrips, mantids, spiders, mites Parasitoids 10 - lay eggs or insert larvae in or near host; developing larvae feed externally or internally on body of living host - host dies when parasitoids become adults Natural Pest Control Assassin bug; kestrel360, inaturalist - wasps, flies Tachinid fly getting ready to parasitize elm leaf beetle larva; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis 11 12

4 Predators Beetles Japanese Giant Mantis; Spined Assassin Bug; Judy Welna, inaturalist Western Red Lady Beetle; Fiery Searcher; John Pickering, Discover Life Oregon Tiger Beetle; Multicolored Asian Beetle; Pterostychus ground beetle; Rob Sandelin Black and Yellow Garden Spider; Kammy Kern-Korot Great Black Wasp; Western Red Lady Beetle; Red Milkweed Beetle; Lady Beetles round to oval 13 Predators - Beetles 14 Predators - Beetles Ground Beetles broadly oval; dark to metallic bright colors, bold spotted patterns larvae & adults eat aphids, scales, mites, caterpillars, insect eggs Lady Beetle larva; bugguide.net, Jerry McCormick Convergent Lady Beetle; Sorrowful Lady Beetle; large jaws, sculpted wing covers larvae & adults eat insect eggs, caterpillars, snails carabid larva; Phil Myers European Ground Beetle;Biopix, EoL Bronzed Tiger Beetle; Multi-colored Asian Lady Beetle; Snail-eating Beetle; Ken-ichi Ueda 15 16

Rove Beetles Predators - Beetles elongated

long body, soft wing covers, long antennae

Joyce Gross yellow/orange & black markings

small soil organisms eat mealybugs, aphids,

Lee Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert 17 18

& Green Lacewings soft delicate body; loose,

aphids, scales, caterpillars Green Lacewing;

paper wasps, yellowjackets, and hornets feed

5 Rove Beetles Predators - Beetles elongated dark body Soldier Beetles Predators - Beetles long body, soft wing covers, long antennae short wing covers expose abdomen Rove Beetle; Joyce Gross yellow/orange & black markings Podabrus Soldier Beetle; vncdatatech01 eat small soil organisms eat mealybugs, aphids, soil organisms Devil s Coach Horse; Cedric Lee Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert Predators - Lacewings Predators - Wasps Brown & Green Lacewings soft delicate body; loose, oval, multi-veined wings eat mealybugs, aphids, scales, caterpillars Green Lacewing; Green Lacewing egg Wasps victims of bad PR! paper wasps, yellowjackets, and hornets feed their young on live insects Brown Lacewing; James Bailey 19 20

Predators - Wasps Predators - Flies Paper Wasps,

fibers, or nest in existing holes or dig ground

insects bring live paralyzed prey to young

are bee mimics, pollinate plants Toxomerus

Paper wasp; paper wasp nest; Andrea Joy Davis

Predators - Bugs Robber flies adults eat anything

leaf litter, loose soil, decaying wood Laphria

Pselliopus Assassin Bug; John & Jane Balaban

6 Predators - Wasps Predators - Flies Paper Wasps, Digger Wasps Flower Flies build nest of chewed fibers, or nest in existing holes or dig ground tunnels larvae (maggots) eat aphids, scale insects bring live paralyzed prey to young Polistes aurifer paper wasp; Edward Rooks adults are bee mimics, pollinate plants Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield Sphex digger wasp; European Paper wasp; paper wasp nest; Andrea Joy Davis Helophilis syrphid; Predators - Flies Predators - Bugs Robber flies adults eat anything they can catch larvae prey on insect larvae in leaf litter, loose soil, decaying wood Laphria robber fly with blister beetle; Assassin Bugs large, spiny body; flared abdomen stout needle-like mouthparts eat all types of insects Pselliopus Assassin Bug; John & Jane Balaban Rhynocoris Assassin Bug; Phil Huntley-Franck Assassin bug; kestrel360, inaturalist Giant Robber Fly; 23 24

Predators - Bugs Predators - Bugs Ambush Bugs

slender, yellow/brown body enlarged forelegs

forelegs Nabis roseipennis; Jason Michael

of insects eat insect larvae, small insects, eggs

subcoleoptrata; Jason Michael Crockwell 25 26

Bugs Big-eyed Bugs tiny, straight-sided body small

big bulging eyes eat spider mites, thrips, aphids,

eat small insects, mites, eggs Geocoris; Jack

7 Predators - Bugs Predators - Bugs Ambush Bugs Damsel Bugs stout body with flared abdomen small, slender, yellow/brown body enlarged forelegs Phymata americana; Kurt Schaefer thickened forelegs Nabis roseipennis; Jason Michael Crockwell bright colors & patterns eat all types of insects eat insect larvae, small insects, eggs Jagged Ambush Bug; Dale & Elva Paulson Nabicula subcoleoptrata; Jason Michael Crockwell Predators - Bugs Predators - Bugs Minute Pirate Bugs Big-eyed Bugs tiny, straight-sided body small oval body black & white pattern broad head with big bulging eyes eat spider mites, thrips, aphids, insect eggs Anthocoris musculus; Lynette Elliott eat small insects, mites, eggs Geocoris; Jack Dykinga, USDA Minute Pirate Bug nymph; Lynette Elliott Geocoris uliginosus; Lyle J. Buss, U of FL 27 28

caterpillars & beetle larvae Two-spotted

Six-spotted Thrips Spiders cross spider;

may have white wings strap-like, feathery

8 Predators - Bugs Predators - Mantids Praying Mantis Predatory Stink Bugs triangular brown/grey body with shield-like cover eat large prey such as caterpillars & beetle larvae Two-spotted Stink Bug; Matthew Priebe large elongated body; brown or green triangular head, large eyes spiny raptorial forelegs Mantis religiosa; eat whatever they can catch Rough Stink Bug; Lynette Elliott Stagmomantis californica; randomtruth Stagmomantis californica egg case; Predators - Thrips Predators - Spiders Banded-winged, Black Hunter, & Six-spotted Thrips Spiders cross spider; long, minute, slender body adults black, may have white wings strap-like, feathery wings Black Hunter Thrips Aeolothrips; Christophe Quinton round body, 8 legs often with bright colors or patterns web builders & active hunters eat whatever they can catch Black and Yellow Garden Spider; Zebra Jumping Spiders mating; Black Hunter Thrips; Ilona L. Franklinothrips nymph; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis Wolf Spider; 31 32

Predators - Mites Predators - Centipedes

body 6 or 8 legs fast-moving eat thrips,

9 Predators - Mites Predators - Centipedes Predatory Mites tiny, pear-shaped, shiny body 6 or 8 legs fast-moving eat thrips, spider mites, insect eggs Red Velvet Mite; Univ. of WI-Milwaukie Centipedes long segmented body 1 pair of legs/segment eat small arthropods in & on the soil Stone Centipede; inaturalist, Cristophe Quintin Western Predatory Mites eating Spider Mite; UC Davis centipede; inaturalist, Paul Heiple 33 Parasitoids 34 Parasitoids - Flies Tachinid Flies Tachinid; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis Tachinid; BioImages, EoL Braconid; kimberlietx, inaturalist Braconid pupae on Sphinx moth larva; Tim Guida, inaturalist resemble house flies but with stout bristly hairs on tip of abdomen Trogus ichneumonid; Lea Gelling, inaturalist parasitize caterpillars, beetles, bugs, earwigs, grasshoppers Bee fly; Siegrun Storer, EoL Tachinid eggs on leafroller caterpillar; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis 35 36

Parasitoids - Flies Parasitoids - Wasps Bee

brightly colored long slender body parasitized

Entomology wings held to side at rest long

larvae parasitoids of soildwelling beetles,

): parasitize caterpillars, beetles, wasps,

host; UC Davis Braconid on grape leaffolder; UC

Parasitoids - Wasps Invasive Insects to Watch

Gypsy Moth pheromone trap; Paul Gordy tiny (<1

earworm egg; UC Davis short antennae, hairy

10 Parasitoids - Flies Parasitoids - Wasps Bee Flies Ichneumonid and Braconid Wasps hairy, brightly colored long slender body parasitized catalpa caterpillar; John Obermeyer/Purdue Entomology wings held to side at rest long antennae & ovipositor adults are pollinators larvae parasitoids of soildwelling beetles, wasps, caterpillars, bees Bee Fly (IVilla sp.): parasitize caterpillars, beetles, wasps, bugs, flies, aphids Braconid larvae exiting host; UC Davis Braconid on grape leaffolder; UC Davis Ichneumonid wasp; Nuytsia@Tas Parasitoids - Wasps Invasive Insects to Watch For Trichogrammatid Wasps Japanese Beetle; Gypsy Moth pheromone trap; Paul Gordy tiny (<1 mm), compact body Trichogramma attacking corn earworm egg; UC Davis short antennae, hairy wings Japanese Beetle; Les Mehrhoff, Discover Life parasitize insect eggs Gypsy Moths; Tom Murray 39 40

Invasive Insects to Watch For Japanese Beetle Invasive Insects

5 ) bright metallic green thorax, coppery wings 2 small white

State University adults eat leaves & flowers of >300 tree &

peach, plum, rose, corn larvae pests in turf grass Purdue

several detections & eradications in OR Univ.

Insects to Watch For Asian Gypsy Moth females 2, white/cream

5, dark brown Asian Gypsy Moth females lay eggs in oblong

eradications in Oregon Purdue Extension feed on >500 spp.

11 Invasive Insects to Watch For Japanese Beetle Invasive Insects to Watch For Japanese Beetle medium-sized oval scarab (0.5 ) bright metallic green thorax, coppery wings 2 small white hair tufts behind wings, 5 patches on each side of abdomen Ohio State University adults eat leaves & flowers of >300 tree & vine fruits, crops, shrubs, trees prefer grape, apple, cherry, peach, plum, rose, corn larvae pests in turf grass Purdue Extension larvae C-shaped, up to 1 long Ohio State University several detections & eradications in OR Univ. of IL Extension Invasive Insects to Watch For Invasive Insects to Watch For Asian Gypsy Moth females 2, white/cream wings; males 1.5, dark brown Asian Gypsy Moth females lay eggs in oblong masses on trees, cover with body scales several detections & eradications in Oregon Purdue Extension feed on >500 spp. of trees & shrubs John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service defoliation, landscape- scale devastation John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service 43 44

For reporting, information, and resources: Creating

state.us Oregon Forest Pest Detectors: pestdetector.

edu Portland OR; 45 46 If you build it, they will

habitat for local species than to buy insects many

survival, fecundity often small insects with small

12 For reporting, information, and resources: Creating habitat Oregon Department of Agriculture: Oregon Forest Pest Detectors: pestdetector.forestry.oregonstate.edu Portland OR; If you build it, they will come conservation biocontrol better to create habitat for local species than to buy insects many beneficials also eat nectar & pollen - increases survival, fecundity often small insects with small mouthparts, short tongues - good landing pad & easy access important zinnea yarrow; 47 48

designate at least 10% of garden space to plants for

annuals provide nectar, pollen, egg-laying sites perennials

meadowfoam* globe gillia* self-heal yarrow blanketflower

of flower shapes (umbel, daisy, spike, ball) showy milkweed

goldenrod fall Baby Blue Eyes; marigold; Wikimedia Commons

Beneficial Insects; Xerces Society 49 50 carrot family:

gayfeather, sunflower, marigold cabbage family: sweet

13 designate at least 10% of garden space to plants for beneficials provide bloom throughout the season yarrow annuals provide nectar, pollen, egg-laying sites perennials provide stable habitat Spirea; Common name Douglas meadowfoam* globe gillia* self-heal yarrow blanketflower bloom time spring spring early summer summer summer variety of flower shapes (umbel, daisy, spike, ball) showy milkweed sulfur buckwheat Douglas aster summer summer fall Canada goldenrod fall Baby Blue Eyes; marigold; Wikimedia Commons blue wild rye *annual N/A after Farming With Native Beneficial Insects; Xerces Society carrot family: yarrow, dill, fennel legumes: lupine, clover daisy family: gayfeather, sunflower, marigold cabbage family: sweet alyssum; broccoli sunflower; Donna, inaturalist stonecrops: sedum spp. flowering herbs attractive (dill, fennel, parsley, mint, angelica, cilantro, lavender) Lupine; gayfeather; Joseph Dougherty/ ecology.org Lavender; 51 52

14 Early spring flowers: - Oregon grape Oregon Grape; Late spring flowers: - Red columbine - Red-flowering currant - Black twinberry - Spring beauty - Pacific bleeding heart - Oregon iris Red Columbine; Spring Beauty; Keir Morse Black Twinberry; Pacific Bleeding Heart Oregon Iris; WSU Extension Summer - Tapertip onion - Showy milkweed Late summer/fall - West Coast goldenrod - Pearly everlasting - Graceful cinquefoil Tapertip Onion; Colorado Wildflowers - Slender tarweed - asters West Coast Goldenrod; Univ. of Waterloo Graceful Cinquefoil; Ben Legler Showy Milkweed; Slender Tarweed; Mark Turner Pearly Everlasting; Al Schneider 55 56

trees & shrubs offer shelter from sun, wind,

Nootka, swamp), elderberry, oceanspray Blue

fescue; Swamp rose; California brome-grass:

prevention of pests/damage using multiple

manipulation, planting & watering practices,

15 trees & shrubs offer shelter from sun, wind, rain, predators grass clumps provide shelter, overwintering habitat - California brome-grass - willow, maple - roses (baldhip, Nootka, swamp), elderberry, oceanspray Blue elderberry; Mike Cardwell - Blue Wild-rye fescue; Swamp rose; California brome-grass: Matt Lavin patches of undisturbed soil water source Integrated pest management (IPM): ecosystem-based strategy long-term prevention of pests/damage using multiple techniques - biological control, habitat manipulation, planting & watering practices, using resistant varieties preserves natural system as much as possible 59 60

Reduce/eliminate pesticides Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; Reduce/eliminate pesticides Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; - disrupt natural enemies - pests faster

reproduction, foraging 61 62 IF pesticides used, treat to suppress target organism only Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; build healthy soil proper plant placement

16 Reduce/eliminate pesticides Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; Reduce/eliminate pesticides Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; - disrupt natural enemies - pests faster to disperse & re-colonize treated areas than natural enemies - removing natural enemies may allow additional pests to establish - non-lethal levels can impair reproduction, foraging IF pesticides used, treat to suppress target organism only Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; build healthy soil proper plant placement and irrigation minimize risks to human health, non-target organisms, & environment plant mostly natives scout your gardens Indian plum; tolerate some damage Black Twinberry; 63 64

Habitat Habitat Laren Leland, Portland OR

planting area create planting plan plant,

Portland OR dense plantings in strips or

add wildflowers hedgerow; Janet Allen 67

17 Habitat Habitat Laren Leland, Portland OR Laren Leland, Portland OR prepare planting area create planting plan plant, mulch, water, monitor Laren Leland, Portland OR dense plantings in strips or patches Insectary garden; Rincon-Vitova Insectary garden; New Mexico State University hedgerow; Frederique Lavoipierre Habitat Habitat hedgerows beetle banks provide shelter for ground beetles berm planted with bunch grasses (blue wild rye, California oatgrass, slender wheatgrass, prairie junegrass) can include trees, shrubs, understory can add wildflowers hedgerow; Janet Allen scale model beetle bank, Tualatin, East Multnomah and West Multnomah SWCD

18 Habitat Resources insect hotel; Cheshire Wildlife Trust insect hotels provide brush pile and nesting tunnel-like habitat insect hotel; Susan Mulvihill Resources Resources Encouraging beneficial insects in your garden, catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/files/project/pdf/pnw550.pdf Beneficial insects, spiders, and other minicreatures, documents/attracting_beneficials.pdf A pocket guide to common natural enemies of crop and garden pests in the Pacific Northwest, Pocket_Guide_of_Natural_Enemies.pdf Meet the Beneficials, natural-enemies-poster.pdf 71 72

19 Resources Projects Visit emswcd.org to find additional workshops and resources! Questions? Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Netwinged Beetle, Cardinal Meadowhawk; Western Swallowtail, * annual native plant sale! Copyright 2016 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author

A. Roles of beneficial insects. C. Invasives to watch out for. D. Creating & maintaining habitat. E. Resources & projects

Beneficial insects in your garden Beneficial Insects A. Roles of beneficial insects Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D. Presented for EMSWCD B. Meet the beneficial insects (and other arthropods) C. Invasives