Goldenrod Galls and the Scientific Method

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1 Goldenrod Galls and the Scientific Method Overview Groups of students are given several goldenrod stems with galls. They are asked to make observations, come up with questions and make hypotheses. They also design a test for one of the hypotheses. Supplies Needed (for activity) Copies of handouts Rulers Tape Measures Calipers (Fat O Meters) Colored pencils Balances (if you want to do weight) Graduated Cylinders (if you want to do volume and density) Sharp knife to open gall Transparencies of goldenrod, gall and other organisms Student Handout: See Attached

2 Goldenrod galls and the Scientific Method Introduction: Goldenrod stems sometimes have structures called galls. In this activity, you will use the scientific method to learn more about these structures. Step 1. Observations: Closely examine the goldenrod galls. Make drawings of at least 4 of the galls in the space below. Write down at least 15 observations about the galls. Consider size, shape, color, texture, weight, volume, density, and other details such as holes, bumps, etc.

3 Step 2: Questions: Write down any questions that you have about the galls. Try to come up with at least 8. Step 3: Hypotheses: Write down possible answers to the above questions. You may have more than one hypothesis for some questions. Try to come up with at least 8.

4 Step 4: Test State the hypothesis you wish to test: Describe how you will conduct the test: Step 5: Prediction: Predict the outcome of your test. You should have a statement If my hypothesis is true, then I predict this will happen. (Note: Substitute your actual hypothesis and your prediction in the underlined spaces.)

5 Goldenrod and the Scientific Method Teacher's Guide Story Behind Gall: The female ball gall fly deposits an egg on the stem (terminal bud) of the young goldenrod from mid-may to Mid-June. When the egg hatches (7-14 days), the larva bores into the center of the stem and feeds. The larva secretes a hormone that causes the stem to grow around it. The larva eats and hollows out a home through the summer. They do not seem to damage the plant though plants with galls have fewer flowers and fruits. In the fall, the larva makes a tunnel toward the upper surface of the gall but not all the way through. The fly larvae survive the winter in a dormant condition in the center of the gall. The plant dies in winter but usually remains upright. In spring, the larva pupates and develops into an adult. The adult fly travels up the tunnel and pushes out the last layer leaving a small, straight-edged hole. The adult does not have the right type of mouth for chewing so the larva has to make the tunnel. The relationship between the goldenrod and the ball gall fly is called parasitism. Another form of parasitism can be seen in a goldenrod gall. Another fly called the parasitic gall fly wasp deposits her egg in the gall fly larva before the gall is formed. The gall fly pupates prematurely and the wasp eats the fly larva from within. A parasitized gall will have waste material in the hole and no tunnel. It can gnaw its way out of the gall in the spring since the adult has chewing mouthparts. Usually, some galls have a large cone-shaped hole. This hole is caused by birds that feed on the gall fly larva. The downy woodpecker and the chickadee will feed on the larva. This type of relationship is called predator-prey. Some organisms may move into the gall after the gall fly leaves. This type of secondary occupancy is called commensalism-a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other neither gains nor benefits. Three species of insects feed on the flower nectar: White-faced hornet, Paper wasp, Honeybees. They carry pollen as they fly from flower to flower and thus help the plant reproduce. This type of relationship is a mutualism. Ambush bugs and assassin bugs hide in the goldenrod and feed on the pollinators. The assasin bug and the ambush bug have a predator-prey relationship with other insects. Their relationship with the goldenrod is probably commensalism. The relationship between the assasin and the ambush bug is competition-two organisms using the same resource. The pollinators also compete for nectar. Many insects such as the striped goldenrod beetle feed on goldenrod leaves. This is called herbivory.

6 Additional Activities: 1. Make a foodweb of the above ecosystem. 2. Have students work in groups to think of examples of the 6 relationships in which one of the species is a human. 3. Have students go in the field to investigate one of their questions/hypotheses. 4.? Resources: Peard, T. L Using Goldenrod Galls toteach Science Process Skills. The American Biology Teacher 56(1): Newell, S. J. 1994, Occurrence of Goldenrod Galls: Study of Insect Ovipositing Behavior. The American Biology Teacher 56(1): Moran, Mark. Goldenrod. Fairfax County Public Schools. (Accessed 10/2/05)

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