Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University"

Eleanor Laureen Harrell
5 years ago
Views:

1 Recognizing and Working with Natural Enemies of Garden Insect Pests Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

2 Natural Controls Natural Enemies Abiotic (Weather) Controls Topographic Limitations

3 N Natural Enemies Predators Parasitoids Pathogens

4 Recognize so you can work with existing natural controls Life Styles of the Swift and Vicious

5 Characteristics of Insect Predators Immature stages actively hunt prey Several prey are consumed in the course of development Adults may or may not have similar food needs as immature form

6 Some Common Arthropod Predators Lady beetles Ground beetles Lacewings Flower flies Robber flies Mantids Assassin bugs Predatory stink bugs Minute pirate bugs Predatory thrips Predatory mites All spiders

8 Most lady beetle adults are brightly colored

9 Photograph courtesy Jim Kalisch

11 Upper left: Coccidophilus, a scale predator Lower left: Olla sp., a grey colored lady beetle of forests Below: Chilochorus sp., a predator of various scales

12 The bad apple of the lady beetle clan

13 Adult Eggs Mexican bean beetle - a plant feeding lady beetle Larva Pupa

14 Adults Eggs Lady Beetle Life Stages Larva Pupae

15 Twospotted lady beetle with newly laid egg mass

18 Lady beetle larvae at egg hatch

19 Lady beetle larvae

20 Lady beetle prepupae

21 Lady beetle pupae

22 Stages of a newly molted convergent lady beetle

24 Purchasing lady beetles?

25 Convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens) the lady beetle of commerce

27 Massed lady beetles in the Sierra Nevada Mountains

28 Purchasing lady beetles?

29 Lady beetle releases are fun

30 Conserve and enhance existing lady beetles

31 Conserving and Enhancing Natural Enemies Don t kill them Limit use of broad spectrum insecticides Provide foods that the adults need Often need nectar, pollen Provide foods that the immature stages need Live insect prey/hosts Provide shelter, nest sites, if necessary

32 Adults of many predators use flowers (nectar, pollen) for sustenance

33 Small, accessible flowers are most commonly used by natural enemies of garden pest insects

34 Some Plants Useful for Providing Food for Adult Predators Umbelliferae/Apiaceae - (dill, fennel, etc.) Yarrow Many sedums Spurges Alyssum Basket-of-gold Thyme, several herbs

35 Mooncarrot Seseli gummiferum

36 Spirea aphids on my bridal wreath spirea shrub A pest??

37 Bridal wreath spirea Rubber rabbitbrush Perennial plants that consistently provide predator food sources in my garden

38 An excellent new publication by the Xerces Society

39 A pair of publications on how to modify habitat to augment populations of beneficial insects (pollinators, natural enemies)

40 Some plants useful for providing food for adult stages of insect predators and parasites Most Apiaceae - (dill, fennel, mooncarrot, etc.) Yarrow Many sedums Spurges Alyssum Basket-of-gold Thyme, several herbs

41 Green Lacewings Neuroptera: Chrysopidae

42 Adult green lacewings sustain themselves on nectar and pollen

44 Green lacewing eggs are uniquely stalked

45 Green lacewing eggs often are laid in groups. Egg hatch has occurred in the lower picture.

46 Photographs courtesy of Brian Valentine

47 Right: Green lacewing larva eating leaf beetle larva Left: Green lacewing larva eating aphid

49 Green lacewing eggs are available from many suppliers that rear/distribute insects

50 Flower (Syrphid) Flies

51 Photograph courtesy Brian Valentine

52 Syrphid flies are excellent mimics of bees and wasps Honey Bees Flower (Syrphid) Flies

54 Honey Bee or Flower Fly? B C A D

56 Syrphid fly eggs are typically laid in an aphid colony

57 Photograph courtesy Brian Valentine

58 Flower fly larvae Brian Valentine

59 Syrphid smear

60 Hunting Wasps Families Sphecidae, Pompilidae

61 Characteristics of Hunting Wasps Mother establishes nest site Mother hunts specific prey, paralyzes it, and caches it at the nest site Larva consumes provided food and completes development within the nest

62 Ammophila wasp digging nest (left), carrying caterpillar prey (lower left), at nest entrance with prey (below)

63 Bembix wasp digging while holding horse fly prey Howard Ensign Evans

64 Golden Digger Wasp Predator of longhorned grasshoppers/katydids

65 Howard Ensign Evans Cicada Killers Largest hunting wasps

66 Grass Carrying Wasps (Isodontia spp.) Predators of tree crickets Johnny Dell Kevin O,Neill/MSU

67 Pemphredon wasps nest in plant stems and hunt aphids

69 Mud Daubers

70 Black and Yellow Mud Dauber (Scleriphon caementarium) Nest (top left), crab spider prey cache (top right), larva feeding on spider prey (below left) and cocoons of pupae (below right)

71 Characteristics of Insect Parasitoids Larvae develop in, rarely on, their hosts One or more larvae develop in a single host They are invariably lethal to the host parasitoids Adults often have different food needs Nectar, honeydew Pollen Insect blood feeding may occur

72 Common Insect Parasitoids Parasitic Hymenoptera Braconid wasps Ichneumonid wasps Chalcid wasps Eulophid wasp Trichogrammatid wasps Parasitic Diptera Tachinid flies

73 Parasitic Wasps Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae, Encrytidae, Chalcidae and other families

74 Parasitic wasps sustain themselves on nectar and pollen

75 Some parasitic wasps Females possess an ovipositor ( stinger )

76 Photograph courtesy Brian Valentine

77 Parasitic Wasps Male (left) and Female (right)

78 Ectoparasitic wasp larvae on fall webworm caterpillar host

79 Parasitoid larvae emerging from caterpillar host

80 Parasitoid larvae (Cotesia glomeratus) emerging from cabbageworm host and spinning pupal cocoons

81 Cocoons of cabbageworm parasitoid

82 Some parasitoids pupate on the insect host. Left: Buck moth caterpillar Below: Tobacco hornworm

84 Giant Ichneumon Wasp, Parasitoid of the Pigeon Tremex Horntail

85 Pigeon Tremex Giant Ichneumon Wasp

86 Pigeon tremex a wood boring wasp of deciduous trees in decline

87 Giant ichneumon wasp the most spectacular natural enemy of the pigeon tremex

88 Ovipositor Sheaths

89 Egg parasitoids

90 Trichogramma wasps, a type of egg parasitoid

91 Aphid parasitoids

92 Host evaluation Oviposition Photographs courtesy of Brian Valentine

93 Aphid Mummies Aphid showing early symptoms of parasitism Aphid mummies

100 Parasitized psyllids (above) and soft scale (below) Parasitized aphids (above) and whiteflies (black forms, below)

101 Tachinid Flies

102 Tachinid fly adults sustain themselves on nectar and pollen

103

104 Tachinid fly eggs on caterpillar (above), squash bugs (upper right) and Japanese beetle (right)

105

106 Hatched egg Opening for spiracle of tachinid fly larva

107

108

109 Adult cecropia moth A healthy, full-grown caterpillar of the Cecropia moth

110

111 This talk will be posted at the CSU Insect Information Web Site: Web Search Department of Bioagricultural Sciences BSPM CSU gets you there Click on Extension and Outreach Click on Insect Information Alternate route coloradoinsects.agsci.colostate.edu

Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

Natural and Biological Controls of Shade Tree Insect Pests Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University Natural Controls Natural Enemies Abiotic (Weather) Controls Topographic Limitations Temperature Extremes