Methods for Attracting and Preserving Beneficial Insects
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1 Methods for Attracting and Preserving Beneficial Insects by: Ryan S. Davis Arthropod Diagnostician
2 Outline 1) Biological control basic concepts 2) Selecting the proper insecticides 3) Plants that attract beneficials 4) Identification of beneficials
3 ATTRA: Farmscaping attra.ncat.org/ attra-pub/ farmscape.html
4 Biological Control Classical Applied Biological Control
5 Classic, or importation biological control: includes the deliberate introduction and establishment of exotic natural enemies into areas where they did not previously occur. Vedalia beetle against cottony cushion scale in CA.
6 Classical Applied Biological Control
7 Applied Biological Control
8 Applied Biological Control
9 Classical Applied Biological Control
10 Conservation and enhancement: 1. Avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides (IPM). 2. Provide shelter, alternative food sources, overwintering sites for larvae/ nymphs and adult beneficials (farmscaping). Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control
11 Chemical Control Two general categories: Broad-spectrum & Selective Mosquitos Cyper TC Bonide Mosquito Beater WSP Cypermethrin Kills 47 pests from: Coleoptera Hymenoptera Blattaria Heteroptera Diplopoda Acari Orthoptera Isoptera Bt isr. Kills 1 pests from: Dermaptera Thysanura Diptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Aranae Selective!
12 Chemical control Avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides Sub-Group Sub-Group Name Active Ingredients 1A Carbamates Carbaryl, Bendiocarb, 1B Organophosphates Acephate, Diazinon 2A Organochlorines Endosulfan, Chlordane 3A Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Esfenvalerate 4A Neonicotinoids Imidacloprid (foliar) Why?
13 Broad-spectrum insecticides can destroy beneficials.
14 Broad-spectrum insecticides can destroy beneficials.
15 Chemical Control Two general categories: Broad-spectrum & Selective Cyper TC Conserve SC Cypermethrin Kills 47 pests from: Spinosad kills 77 pests from: Coleoptera Hymenoptera Acari Coleoptera Blattaria Heteroptera Dermaptera Hymenoptera Diplopoda Acari Lepidoptera Siphonaptera Orthoptera Isoptera Thysanoptera Dermaptera Thysanura Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Aranae But
16 Chemical Control Two general categories: Broad-spectrum & Selective Beneficial Species Spinosad LC 50 Cypermethrin LC 50 Honeybee 11.5 ppm 1.2 ppm Whitefly parasitoid 29.1 ppm 1.9 ppm Minute pirate bug 200 ppm 0.2 ppm Lady beetle >200 ppm 0.2 ppm Lacewing >200 ppm <0.2 ppm Predaceous mite >200 ppm <0.2 ppm
17 Chemical control Broad-spectrum with selective formulations Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid very toxic, but Carbaryl Carbamate very toxic, but Systemic Bait
18 Chemical control Reduced risk pesticides Qualities of a reduced risk insecticide Selective Short residual Systemic Examples microbial (bacteria, nematode, fungi, viruses) soap, oil, dust botanical (pyrethrum, nicotine, neem)
19 Main Groups Sub-Groups 1 Carbamates/ Organophosphates 2 Cyclodiene/organochlorines Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) 3 Pyrethroids/pyrethrins DDT/Methoxychlor 4 Neonicotinoids/Nicotine 5 Spinosyns 6 Avermectins/Milbemycins 7 Juvenile hormone analogues Fenoxycarb/pyrproxyfen 8 Methyl bromide/chloropicrin/ Sulfuryl fluoride/borax/tartar emetic Selective Chemistries Main Groups Sub-Groups 14 Nereistoxin analogues 15 Benzoylureas 16 Buprofezin 17 Cyromazine 18 Diacylhydrazines 19 Amitraz 20 Hydramethylnon/ Acequinocyl/ Fluacrypyrim 21 METI acaracides/ Rotenone 22 Indoxacarb/ metaflumizone 23 Tetronic and tetramic 9 Pymetrozine/Flonicamid acid derivatives 10 Clofentezine/Hexythiazox 24 Phospine/Cyanide Etoxazole 25 Vacant 11 Bacillus thuringiensis 26 Vacant 12 Diafenthiuron/organotin miticides/propargite/tetradifon 27 Vacant 13 Chlorfenapyr Ryan S. Davis IPM 28 and Biocontrol Diamides
20 Planting to Promote Beneficials Plant selection and application methods depend on your system: 1) Identify crop you want to plant. 2) What pests affect this crop? 3) What beneficials prey upon those pests? 4) What type of plants and habitat do those beneficials prefer?
21 Planting to Promote Beneficials Plants must provide Food (primary or secondary) Shelter (favorable microenvironment)
22 Planting to Promote Beneficials Plant Characteristics - Floral structure - Small, shallow flowers (umbels) - Extrafloral nectaries - Greater nectar and pollen production - Trichomes
23 Attractive Flowers Good plants to use: Carrot Family (Umbelliferae) - Queen Anne s Lace, dill, fennel parsley, coriander, bishop s weed Queen Anne s Lace Ryan S. Davis IPM Dill and Biocontrol Coriander
24 Attractive Flowers Good plants to use: Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - coreopsis, Gloriosa daisy, yarrow, cosmos, sunflower, marigolds Gloriosa Daisy Yarrow Cosmos
25 Good plants to use: Attractive Flowers Mustard Family (Brassicaceae) - Sweet alyssum, twinpod, whitlow grass, sweet rocket, wall flower, rock cress Twinpod Ryan S. Davis Sweet IPM and Alyssum Biocontrol Sweet Rocket
26 Using Plants in the Field or Landscape Tactics: - Companion planting - Strip cropping - Intercropping - Cover crops - Shelterbelts/hedgerows - Permanent border
27 Bloom calendar Common Name Genus/sp. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Willow CA lilac Coffeeberry Yarrow Silverlace Vine Salix spp. Ceanothus spp. Rhamnus californica Achillea millefolium Polygonum aubertii Plant according to blooming succession
28 Caveats to Preservation and Enhancement - Can be difficult/expensive to implement on a large scale. - Some beneficial plantings can increase pest arthropods. - Not proven to work in all systems. - Eliminating/reducing use of broad-spectrum insecticides may result in production loss. - Must take valuable land out of production for attractive plants.
29 Identifying the good bugs!
30 Lacewings: Chrysopidae and Embiodiidae
31 Lacewings: Chrysopidae and Embiodiidae Prey upon - aphid - thrips - mealybug - scale - caterpillar - mite Plants to attract and conserve - Carrot family - sunflower family - buckwheat - holly leaf cherry - corn *provide water during dry spells
32 Parasitoid Wasps: Aphidius spp. (Braconidae) Preys upon - aphid - armyworm - cabbageworm - codling moth - beetle larvae - flies - caterpillars - etc. Plants to attract and conserve - nectar plants w/ small flowers - caraway - dill - parsley - fennel - Queen Anne s - white clover lace - mustard - tansy - yarrow - sunflower - hairy vetch - buckwheat - cowpea - common knotweed - crocuses - spearmint
33 Other Wasps: Ichneumonidae
34 Other Wasps: Bembix, Sphecius Bembix spp. Sphecius spp.
35 Other Wasps: Pompillidae
36 Ladybird Beetles: Coccinellidae Plants to attract and conserve - nectar plants w/ small flowers - caraway - dill - parsley - fennel - Queen Anne s - white lace clover - angelica - goldenrod - mustard - tansy - yarrow - sunflower - hairy vetch - buckwheat - cowpea - common - native grasses knotweed - crocuses - spearmint - grains - buckthorn - black locust - saltbush Prey upon - aphid - mealybug - spider mite - soft scales
37 Ladybird Beetles: Coccinellidae Scymnus spp. Hippodamia parenthesis Hippodamia convergens Axion plagiatum Chilocorus bipustulatus PEST SPECIES Harmonia axyridis Coccinella novemnotata Epilachna varivestis
38 Predaceous Ground Beetles: Carabidae, Tenebrionidae Prey upon - slug - snail - cutrworm - tent caterpillar - cabbage-root maggot - Colorado potato beetle - gypsy moth Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings - amaranth - white clover - mulch
39 Predaceous Ground Beetles: Cantharidae, Staphylinidae Prey upon - aphid - springtail - nematode - flies - some are parasites of cabbage-root maggot Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings - stone or plant pathways - rye - grains - mulch
40 Predaceous Ground Beetles: Cicindelinae Prey upon - many things Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings - exposed dirt or sand areas
41 Predaceous True Bugs: Anthochoridae: Orius spp., Lygaeidae: Geocorinae Prey upon - thrips - leafhopper - spider mite - caterpillars - many others Plants to attract and conserve - Queen Anne s lace - tansy - coriander - bishop s weed - chervil - cosmos - tidy tips - goldenrod - daisies - yarrow - baby-blue-eyes - hairy vetch - alfalfa - corn - crimson clover - buckwheat - willows - shrubs (permanent)
42 Predaceous True Bugs: Anthochoridae: Orius spp., Lygaeidae: Geocorinae Plants to attract and conserve - cool season cover crops - berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) - subterranean clovers (Trifolium subterraneum) - common knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) Prey upon - true bugs - flea beetles - spider mites - insect eggs - small caterpillars - seeds
43 Predaceous True Bugs: Nabidae, Pentatomidae Prey upon - aphid - thrips - leafhopper - treehopper - small caterpillars Plants to attract and conserve - anything in the sunflower family - goldenrod - yarrow - alfalfa
44 Predaceous True Bugs: Pentatomidae Prey upon - fall armyworm - sawfly - Colorado potato beetle - Mexican bean beetle Plants to attract and conserve - sunflower family - goldenrod - yarrow - bishop s weed - permanent plantings
45 Predaceous True Bugs: Reduviidae Prey upon - flies - tomato hornworms - many insects - caterpillars Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings (hedgrows)
46 Predaceous True Bugs: Phymatidae Prey upon - flies - tomato hornworms - many insects - caterpillars Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings (hedgrows) - late-summer/fall-flowering plants
47 Predatory Flies: Syrphidae Prey upon - aphids Plants to attract and conserve - Queen Anne s lace - dill - fennel - caraway - tansey - parsley - coriander - bishop s weed - coreopsis - Gloriosa daisy - yarrow - cosmos - sunflower - marigolds - candytuft - sweet alyssum - ceanothus - holly-leaved cherry - buckwheat - scabiosa - spearmint - coyote brush - knotweed - California lilacs - soapbark tree - meadow foam - baby-blue-eyes
48 Predatory Flies: Asilidae Prey upon - other insects Plants to attract and conserve - permanent hedgerow
49 Predatory Neuropterans: Raphidiidae, Mantispidae, Mantidae Prey upon - other insects (including beneficials) Plants to attract and conserve - cosmos - brambles - permanent plantings
50 Predatory Thrips Prey upon - spider mite - aphid - various moths - alfalfa weevil - whitefly - leafminer - scale Plants to attract and conserve - need low populations of other mites, scales, aphids, moth eggs, leafhoppers and other thrips to maintain populations
51 Predatory Mites: Phytoseiidae Plants to attract and conserve need low populations of prey to keep beneficials alive. Prey upon - spider mite - thrips - small insects - insect eggs
52 Spiders
53 Summary Summary Use cultural and mechanical control methods first Prevention Promote diversity and plant health Encourage natural enemies using multiple tactics Monitor/scout Apply reduced risk pesticides second Slower acting, may need multiple applications Use traditional pesticides sparingly
54 Thank you! Ryan Davis Arthropod Diagnostician Utah State University
55 IPM Concept Integrated pest management Promote plant and ecosystem health by limiting chemical applications Plan ahead with regular scouting/monitoring Use thresholds (economic or aesthetic) Multiple tactics based on insect and host biology to reduce pests
56 IPM tactics to reduce the need for pesticides Cultural Mechanical
57 Cultural Control Seek resistant/tolerant plants Avoid susceptible plants Start out with pest-free plants Plan ahead, diversify plant selection; plant for good bugs Rotate crops Plant properly Keep plants healthy
58 Mechanical/Physical Control Barriers, screens Traps, bands Mulch Tillage Sanitation Hand removal
59
60 Main Groups Sub-Groups 1 Carbamates/ Organophosphates 2 Cyclodiene/organochlorines Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) 3 Pyrethroids/pyrethrins DDT/Methoxychlor 4 Neonicotinoids/Nicotine 5 Spinosyns 6 Avermectins/Milbemycins 7 Juvenile hormone analogues Fenoxycarb/pyrproxyfen 8 Methyl bromide/chloropicrin/ Sulfuryl fluoride/borax/tartar emetic Chemical control Main Groups Sub-Groups 14 Nereistoxin analogues 15 Benzoylureas 16 Buprofezin 17 Cyromazine 18 Diacylhydrazines 19 Amitraz 20 Hydramethylnon/ Acequinocyl/Fluacrypyrim 21 METI acaracides/ Rotenone 22 Indoxacarb/ metaflumizone 23 Tetronic and tetramic acid 9 Pymetrozine/Flonicamid derivatives 10 Clofentezine/Hexythiazox 24 Phospine/Cyanide Etoxazole 25 Vacant 11 Bacillus thuringiensis 26 Vacant 12 Diafenthiuron/organotin miticides/propargite/tetradifon 27 Vacant 13 Chlorfenapyr Ryan S. Davis IPM 28 and Biocontrol Diamides
61 Suffocants, Desiccants, Membrane Disruptors Soaps, oils, sucrose esters, dusts, DE
62 Microbials Targeted host selection Kill, reduce reproduction, or shorten the life Environment controls effectiveness Relatively slow acting; may take several days and repeated applications fungus nematode virus
63 Eating Disruptor Kaolin clay (Surround ) Physical barrier, excessive grooming
64 Botanicals (aka plant derived) Neem (neem trees) Trilogy Pyrethrum (pyrethrum daisy) Pyganic, Evergreen Rotenone (subtropical leguminous shrubs) Pyrellin
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