Conservation Biological Control: Can it Work in the Cotton System?
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1 Conservation Biological Control: Can it Work in the Cotton System? Conservation Biological Control Manipulation of the environment to favor natural enemies, either by removing or mitigating adverse factors or by providing lacking requisites. DeBach 1974 Dr. Steven E. Naranjo, USDA-ARS Biological Control - Approaches *Conservation* Conservation Biological Control Reduce Direct Mortality Selective insecticides Ecological Physiological Cultural practices Approaches Provide Resources Refugia Cover & inter-crops Landscape pattern Strip harvesting Integration Classical Augmentation After Rabb, Stinner & van den Bosch 1976 Controlling Secondary Enemies Hyperparasitism Intraguild predation Manipulating Host-Plant Attributes Plant breeding Transgenics Cultural practices Conservation Biological Control Survey & Identification of Potentially Important Natural Enemies Components Study of Biology & Ecology; Determination of Factors Constraining or Enhancing Biological Control Survey Is there potential for natural biological control? Implementation & Evaluation Progress
2 Natural Enemy Complex -Western U.S. Parasitoids 3+ species Hyposter Copidosoma Microplitis Lysiphlebus Chelonus Eretmocerus Encarsia Anaphes Leiophron Pathogens Predators 5+ species Geocoris Orius Nabis Zelus Collops Hippodamia Drapetis Chrysoperla Misumenops Various viruses, bacteria & fungi Natural Enemies Pectinophora gossypiella Arizona/California Predators 23 species described 9 species (immunological ID) Pathogens 3+ Viruses and bacteria Parasitoids 4 native species described (rare) 16 exotic species introduced ( established) Natural Enemies Bemisia tabaci Worldwide! 114+ Predators (various methods) Arizona Cotton! 2 Predators (immunological ID) Natural Enemies Lygus hesperus Arizona/California Predators 1+ species described 5 species (immunological ID)! 5+ Parasitoids! 11+ Fungi! 3 Native parasitoids! Many exotic parasitoids introduced! 2 established! 2 Fungi? Parasitoids 3 native species described 2 exotic species introduced (both established in CA) Pathogens 2+ Fungi Whitefly Qualitative Gut Analyses Pink bollworm Natural Mortality of Bemisia (Arizona Cotton) Hippodamia convergens Collops vittatus Zelus renardii Sinea confusa Orius tristicolor Nabis alternatus Lygus hesperus Total Mortality Dislodgement (29.2%) Inviability (8.8%) Physiological & Unknown (21.5%) Geocoris spp Frequency Frequency.7 N = 14 Parasitism (7.1%) Predation (33.4%) Hagler & Naranjo 1994a,b; Naranjo & Hagler 1997 Naranjo & Ellsworth (in prep)
3 Adult whiteflies per leaf Biological Control Potential? (Sudan Cotton, Abdelrahman & Munir 1989) Insecticide Untreated Nidiana 1986/87 Nidiana 1987/88 7 Oct 16 Nov 26 Dec 4 Feb 16 March Biological Control Potential? (some more examples) " Elveens et al Secondary outbreak induction of beet armyworms by experimental insecticide application in cotton in California. Environ. Entomol. 2:497 " Ehler et al An evaluation of some natural enemies of cabbage looper on cotton in California. Environ. Entomol. 2: 19 " Stoltz & Stern Cotton arthropod food chain disruption by pesticides in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Environ. Entomol. 7: 73 (Thrips, beet armyworm, cabbage looper) " Trichilo & Wilson An ecosystem analysis of spider mite outbreak: physiological stimulations or natural enemy disruption. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17: 291 Reducing Constraints Encarsia parasitizing Eretmocerus in Bemisia Controlling Secondary Enemies Hyperparasitism Intraguild predation Sorting out the Players VS. Clubionids Sinea spp. Zelus spp. Salticids Thomisids Coccinellids Collops spp. Chrysoperla spp. Nabis spp. Geocoris spp. Lygus hesperus Orius tristicolor Encarsia spp. Bemisia Eretmocerus spp. Gossypium hirsutum Preference (parasitized) Displaced mycetome stage Early 4 th stage P<1 P<1 P<1 Geocoris Orius Hippodamia
4 VS. Visual Predators? Preference (parasitized) Pupal stage Early 4 th stage P<1 P<1 P<7 Geocoris Orius Hippodamia Late 4 th Stage WF ( pupa ) Displaced mycetomes stage Parasitoid pupa Early 4 th Stage WF Preference (parasitized) VS. Displaced mycetome stage Late 4 th stage ( pupa ) P<5 P<.945 P<.837 Geocoris Orius Hippodamia Reducing Constraints Can insecticides be managed to promote biological control? Compatibility? 25 2 Conventional Insecticides (by Threshold) Maricopa, AZ 1994 Control 2/leaf Cumulative Insect-days (25 sweeps) Brawley, CA /leaf 5/leaf 2.5/leaf 2 Naranjo et al. 22. J. Econ. Entomol
5 Conventional Insecticides (by Threshold) Insecticide Use Patterns Arizona Cotton Proportional reduction st spray (degree-days after planting) Number of sprays.8.6 Mean applications per acre Insect growth regulators Pink bollworm Whitefly Lygus Other Naranjo et al. 22. J. Econ. Entomol. Ellsworth & Jones 2 Selective Insecticides? Science or Emotion? Bt Transgenic Cotton Applaud (Chitin Inhibitor) Knack (Juvenoid) Resistance management Food safety Non-target effects Non-Target Effects Natural Enemy Abundance #Natural enemy abundance #Natural enemy diversity #Natural enemy function Hymenoptera Drapetis sp. Chrysoperla carnea Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Lygus hesperus Nabis alternatus Zelus renardii Orius tristicolor Goecoris pallens Geocoris punctipes Hippodamia convergens Collops vittatus Misumenops celer Lepidoptera Naranjo 22, in prep
6 Principal Response Curves Analysis Selectivity of Hymenoptera Coccinellidae $ Time-dependent multivariate analysis $ Derived from redundancy analysis (constrained form of principal component analysis) $ Provides a simple means of visualizing and testing the overall response of a biological community to an environmental disturbance P = exp(c dt b k ) 1.34 x control 9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep C. carnea 1.3 S. albofasc Drapetis sp..91 Araneida.88.8 Thomisidae.57 Thanatus sp..56 Anthicus spp Metaphid. spp Habronatus spp. 8 O. abdominalis 6 4 Scymnus sp. -2 Formicidae -5 S. confusa -7 Trachelus sp Selectivity of P =.52 2 C. carnea Hymenoptera Drapetis sp S. albofasc Thanatus sp. 6 Habronatus spp..16 S. confusa.13 Formicidae.12 8 Metaph. spp. 6 Scymnus sp. Coccinellidae -1 Labridura spp Selectivity of P = 5 21 spray spray Drapetis sp. Hymenop C. carnea Anthicus spp. S. albofacs. Nysius sp. Scymnus sp. Habronatus sp Coccinellidae Araneida Thomisidae -.17 Labridura Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep O. abdominalis Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep Thomisidae Metaph. spp. 1-1 Anthicus spp Araneida Thanatus sp. Formicidae Selectivity of P = 8 22 Non Bt-spray Bt-spray 9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep C. carnea Coccinellidae Hymenop Anthicus spp. Scymnus sp. S. albofacs. Formicidae Metaph. spp. Habronatus sp Thomisidae Nysius sp. Araneida Thanatus sp. O. abdominalis Drapetis sp e-3 2e-3-2e Selectivity of Bt/RR cotton /RR P = 1 Bt/RR 23 RR Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug Bt Araneida Thanatus sp. C. carnea Drapetis sp. Habronatus sp Coccinellidae Formicidae Sinea spp. Metaph. spp. Nysius sp. Scymnus sp. S. albofacs. Thomisidae Hymenop Anthicus spp
7 Natural Enemy Function Predation on Pink Bollworm Eggs Natural Enemy Function Predation on Pink Bollworm Pupae Proportion eaten Bt Proportion eaten.8.6 Bt Naranjo 22, in prep Natural Enemy Function Mortality of Whitefly Nymphs Selective Insecticides? Marginal rate of mortality Bt Bt Transgenic Cotton Applaud (Chitin Inhibitor) Knack (Juvenoid) Predation Parasitism Predation Parasitism Predation Parasitism Naranjo 22, in prep P = 2 Selectivity of IGRs B P C C P C C B C C C C C 29 Jul 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep Control Bup Pyr Conven C. carnea s.l. D. nr. divergens Other Araneida S. albofasciatus Sinea spp. Other Coccinellidae Anthicidae Selectivity of IGRs B P C C C P = 2 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep Control Pyr Bup Conven D. nr. divergens C. carnea s.l. Other Coccinellidae Other Araneida Sinea sspp. S. albofasciatus Anthicidae Naranjo et al. 23 Biological Control (in press) Naranjo et al. 23 Biological Control (in press)
8 Implementation & Evaluation Can conservation contribute to pest control? 1997 Adults per leaf Whitefly Pest Management IGR Conventional Untreated 29 June 19 July 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept 1997 Life Table Analyses Predation Parasitism Other Insecticide Impact of Conservation 1-14 days post-spray days post spray Untreated A A Conventional B B Pyriproxyfen B A Adults per leaf 25 IGR Conventional 2 Untreated ET Bio-residual Buprofezin AB A K-values (marginal) Naranjo & Ellsworth (in prep) 29 June 19 July 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept Naranjo & Ellsworth (in prep) Sampling Effective Chemical Use Thresholds Insecticides Resistance Manage. Detection, Pest and Stickiness Sampling & Monitoring Pest Management Foundation of IPM Avoidance Crosscommodity Areawide Cultural control Host plant resistance Pest Biology & Ecology Biological control Crosscommodity Areawide Cultural control Host plant resistance Pest Biology & Ecology Biological control
9 Some mitigating factors Selective Insecticide Use Arizona Cotton 8 Pyriproxyfen Buprofezin 7 % Acreage treated Lygus Control - no selective options! Thanks to C No Lygus control C C C -.1 P = 3 - Lygus control P = Jul 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep 22 Jul 29 Jul 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep Naranjo et al. 23 Biological Control (in press) Peter Ellsworth Virginia Barkley Becci Burke Kim Beimfohr Luis Cañas Jonathan Diehl Jeanette Martin Donna Meade Greg Owens
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