[Type here] Biology 2014 Midterm Review [Type here]

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1 1. The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the 2. Which ecological inquiry method is an ecologist using when he or she enters an area periodically to count the population numbers of a certain species? 3. A mathematical formula designed to predict population fluctuations in a community could be called a(n) 4. How do most primary producers make their own food? 5. Compared to land, the open oceans 6. All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food 7. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the 8. What animals eat both producers and consumers? 9. A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect. Based on its behavior, which pair of ecological terms describes the bird? 10. The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because 11. Animals that get energy by eating the carcasses of other animals that have been killed by predators or have died of natural causes are called 12. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct? 13. Organisms that break down organic matter and return it to the environment are called. 14. In a four-level energy pyramid, if the first level contains 5000 calories of energy, the third level will contain approximately calories. 15. Organisms within an ecosystem are factors in that ecosystem. 16. Explain the ecological significance of interdependence. 17. Compare and contrast photosynthetic producers with chemosynthetic producers. 18. Why might a pyramid of numbers be turned upside down? Explain your answer with an example. 19. Describe three research methods used by ecologists. 20. Give an example of how the biotic factors in an ecosystem can affect the abiotic factors. 21. Describe the roles of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle. 22. Why do farmers use fertilizers? 23. Explain the differences among the three types of ecological pyramids. 24. How does an area s weather differ from the area s climate? 25. The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sink results in 26. An organism s niche is 27. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time 28. A symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed and another benefits is 29. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession? 30. A tropical rain forest may not return to its original climax community after which of the following disturbances? 31. Which two biomes have the least precipitation? 32. Which landforms are not classified into a major biome? 33. Are you likely to find zooplankton in the aphotic, benthic zone of an ocean? 34. Which is one way a freshwater wetland differs from a lake or pond? 35. Estuaries are commercially important because 36. How are microclimates related to climates? 37. The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can and does change. Would conditions on Earth be worse if the concentration of these gases increased or if it decreased? 38. How do predators affect the populations of their prey?

2 39. Deserts vary greatly depending on elevation and latitude. What characteristic do all deserts share? 40. Lake and pond water circulates. What does this circulation do for the lake or pond? 41. Explain how ocean currents originate and affect Earth s climates. 42. Describe the stages of primary succession in land environments, including the roles played by grasses, lichens, trees, mosses, and shrubs. 43. The general characteristics of temperate grasslands found in the United States, Central Asia, and Argentina are similar. Identify some characteristics of temperate grasslands, and explain why these regions share characteristics in spite of the distance between the locations. Mention climate, climate zones, biomes, and biotic and abiotic factors in your answer. 44. Why does a river ecosystem often support little plant life at its source? Describe how the ecosystem changes to support organisms as it flows. 45. Which of the following tells you population density? 46. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that play a role in population growth rate? 47. If immigration and emigration numbers remain equal, which is the most important contributing factor to a slowed growth rate? 48. Which factor might NOT contribute to an exponential growth rate in a given population? 49. In a logistic growth curve, exponential growth is the phase in which the population 50. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, the 51. Water lilies do not grow in desert sand because water availability to these plants in a desert is 52. Which would be least likely to be affected by a density-dependent limiting factor? 53. Which density-dependent factors other than the predator/prey relationship affected the populations of moose and wolves on Isle Royale? 54. Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor? 55. About 500 years ago, the world s population started 56. Countries in the first stage of demographic transition have 57. The anticipated human population by the year 2050 is about 58. In countries like India, the human population is growing 59. Why is drought a density-independent limiting factor? 60. If one population of pine trees consists of 25 trees in 5 square kilometers and another population consists of 25 trees in 2 square kilometers, which population has the higher density? Explain your answer. 61. Compare exponential growth of organisms that reproduce rapidly with exponential growth of organisms that reproduce slowly. 62. Why would people use a density-independent limiting factor to control populations of introduced species? 63. How can a demographer, or scientist who studies demography, predict how a population will change in the future? 64. How can different population sizes affect population density in two areas of the same size? Give an example. 65. Differentiate between exponential and logistic growth. 66. Explain the limiting factors that control population growth. 67. Explain how predator and prey populations limit each other s growth rates.

3 68. Using resources in way that does not cause long-term environmental harm is called 69. The 1930s Dust Bowl in the Great Plains was caused by 70. An example of sustainable resource use is the use of predators and parasites to 71. One property that makes DDT hazardous over the long run is that DDT is 72. The sulfur and nitrogen compounds in smog combine with water to form 73. Raising cattle and farming rice contribute to air pollution by 74. How are species diversity and genetic diversity different? 75. A major factor that negatively affects biodiversity is 76. The hot spot strategy seeks to protect species in danger of extinction due to 77. Protecting an entire ecosystem ensures that 78. One measure of the human impact on the biosphere is called 79. Imported plants and animals in Hawaii have 80. Success at solving an environmental problem is more likely when researchers follow the basic principles of ecology because 81. How does industrial growth affect the biosphere? 82. What are the goals of sustainable development? 83. What is soil erosion? 84. Explain how human society benefits from biodiversity. 85. How is hunting a threat to biodiversity? 86. How can we ensure the sustainable development of water resources? How is water conservation consistent with the principles of sustainable development? 87. Discuss the importance of biodiversity to the field of medicine. Give an example of a medicine derived from a plant. 88. What is the difference between captive breeding programs and ecosystem preservation in terms of conservation biology? Describe how conservation groups are working to protect biodiversity. 89. What is included in the calculation of a person s ecological footprint? 90. Discuss the health effects of damage to the ozone layer and the steps being taken to help deal with the problem. 91. Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to 92. Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered 93. In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that 94. Lamarck s ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of 95. The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that 96. When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of 97. The principle of common descent helps explain why 98. Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as 99. Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates 100. Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes 101. What was the scientific value of the specimens that Charles Darwin brought back to England? 102. How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?

4 103. Explain what Darwin thought about different animals with similar characteristics living in similar habitats around the world How did Thomas Malthus s ideas about human population growth inspire Darwin s thinking about evolution? 105. Suppose a plant breeder selectively breeds a plant for its bright red flower and creates a new population with little variation. Would the new population survive if it were released into the wild? Explain Natural selection acts directly on 107. In organisms that reproduce sexually, most variation that can be inherited is due to 108. The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends upon 109. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase? 110. The situation in which allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population remain constant is called 111. The allele frequencies of a population are more likely to change if 112. A factor that is necessary for the formation of a new species is 113. What situation might develop in a population having some plants whose flowers open at midday and other plants whose flowers open late in the day? 114. Which of the following can produce a duplicate gene? 115. What do Hox genes control? 116. Are the members of a population necessarily the same species? Explain Is an allele for a trait that has no effect on a species fitness affected by natural selection? Explain How does the size of a population relate to genetic drift? 119. How can gene duplication affect evolution? 120. What might happen when a Hox gene turns other genes on or off? 121. For a population, are the frequencies of phenotypes for a single-gene trait best expressed by a bar graph or a curve? Are the frequencies of phenotypes for a polygenic trait best expressed by a bar graph or a curve? Explain Describe the founder effect, and describe the conditions in which it arises The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes the conditions that can change the frequency of alleles in a population. Explain how that change occurs If each of the Galápagos Islands had contained an identical assortment and abundance of vegetation, would the effect of natural selection have been as pronounced as it was? Explain Describe one way that new genes can evolve One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they 127. At any level of organization, groups that have biological meaning are referred to as 128. According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized? 129. Often, the second part of a scientific name is 130. When classifying organisms, a monophyletic group includes one 131. The grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called 132. In contrast to Linnaean taxonomy, cladistic analysis considers only which kind of traits, or characters, for analysis? 133. What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms? 134. What does the presence of similar DNA sequences in the genes in very dissimilar organisms imply?

5 135. What cell structures in eukaryotic cells contain DNA that can be used to determine evolutionary relationships? 136. Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin? 137. Why is the kingdom Protista not valid under evolutionary classification? 138. The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is 139. What is thought to be true about the three domains of living things? 140. The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are 141. How can DNA help scientists make the classification of similar organisms such as giant pandas and red pandas more accurate? 142. Compare and contrast kingdom Fungi and kingdom Plantae in the six kingdom system What effect might the common use of the microscope by biologists have had on Linnaeus s original system of taxa? Explain How does cladistic analysis determine the order in which a set of related species evolved? 145. Briefly explain the history of how organisms have been classified from two kingdoms, to three kingdoms, then to five, and finally to six kingdoms How has an increasing knowledge about organisms affected the number of kingdoms now recognized by biologists? Explain Why might the three-domain system be a more valid reflection of evolutionary history than the sixkingdom system? 148. To be useful as an index fossil, a species must have existed for a 149. How would you date a sample of rock that you suspect as being one of the earliest on Earth? 150. After Precambrian Time, the basic divisions of the geologic time scale, from larger to smaller, are 151. Fossilized evidence of Earth s first forms of life would consist of 152. Paleontologists identify a new species of fossil on two different continents. What geological process would most likely responsible for this fossil being found in both places? 153. The Australian flying phalanger is a marsupial flying squirrel. Its appearance, behavior, environment, and diet closely resemble those of the American flying squirrel, a placental mammal. This resemblance is most likely due to 154. A species at equilibrium migrates into a new environment and soon begins a period of rapid evolution. The type of evolution that occurred is most likely 155. Fossils of the coelocanth, a primitive fish, date back about 140 million years. Modern coelacanths are virtually identical to their fossil ancestors. This species most likely evolves through the process of 156. Master control genes, or Hox genes, affect evolution 157. A plant evolves a high level of poison that enables it to defend itself against insects. Soon an insect that prefers to eat this plant evolves an enzyme that breaks down the poison. This is an example of 158. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from 159. Sexual reproduction contributes to genetic diversity by allowing 160. Why is the fossil record an incomplete history of life? 161. What can you infer about the relative ages of two fairly young fossils if fossil A has a greater amount of carbon-12 compared to carbon-14 than does fossil B? 162. Why are the divisions of geologic time NOT standard lengths, such as 100 million years? 163. When they conducted their famous experiments, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey made certain that no microorganisms contaminated their lab equipment. Why might microorganisms have harmed the accuracy of their result?

6 164. What role did microscopes play in the origin of the endosymbiotic theory more than 100 years ago? 165. Explain how living organisms changed the environment during Earth s early years Gardeners often reproduce favorite plants by planting cuttings from the plant instead of seeds. Is this sexual or asexual reproduction? How would this process affect the genetic diversity of the garden population? 167. Suppose that a scientist found a fossilized fish on the surface of the ground. Describe a possible set of events that could have taken place, first to form the fossil and then to situate it on the ground surface Explain the processes that determine whether a clade survives or becomes extinct Darwin proposed that evolution proceeded at a slow and steady pace, a model known as gradualism. But his Galápagos finches did not follow this model. What model of evolution did they follow? Explain how the two models differ The alga Chlamydomonas normally reproduces asexually. However, it switches to sexual reproduction when there is an unfavorable change in its environment. Would Chlamydomonas evolve more quickly in a favorable environment or an unfavorable environment? Explain your answer Explain the proposed relationship between an asteroid impact and the Cretaceous mass extinction.