MORPHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF PRAIRIE TURNIP (PSORALEA ESCULENTA PURSH) ROOT
|
|
- Antonia Marshall
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 82 (2003) 113 MORPHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF PRAIRIE TURNIP (PSORALEA ESCULENTA PURSH) ROOT April L. Stahnke and R. Neil Reese Biology & Microbiology South Dakota State University Brookings, SD ABSTRACT Psoralea esculenta Pursh is an herbaceous perennial legume, native to the Great Plains, that has a tuberous-thickened taproot. We have been examining its potential food value and unique anatomy as part of a larger ethnobotany program because this plant has long used been used by Native American populations as food source. The Psoralea root has a tough inedible outer covering (bark) and a fleshy interior that contains starch and protein reserves. The fleshy root shows development of visible rings early in its first year of growth and contains numerous isolated vascular strands. Root tissues from mature and young roots were fixed and embedded in JB-4 plastic. Differential staining methods using Safranin and Fast Green, Toluidine Blue, IKI, and Aniline Blue were used to examine the tissue morphology. Digital pictures were made using a Fuji camera attached to an Olympus bright field microscope. The root of Psoralea esculenta possesses a unique arrangement of vascular tissues embedded in secondary parenchyma with regions of cells containing large deposits of either protein or starch. Further analysis at different developmental stages will help to clarify the unique anatomical features observed in the root of Psoralea esculenta. INTRODUCTION Psoralea esculenta Pursh is an herbaceous perennial legume, native to the Great Plains, that has a tuberous-thickened taproot. The plant emerges in late spring to early summer in the Northern Great Plains. Flowering occurs from the first to the middle of July, with fruit maturation near the end of July. Abscission of the shoot system happens with the dehiscence of the legume, as a result of the formation of an abscission layer that is usually about 2-5 cm below ground. The upper, herbaceous portion of the stem is then released and the seeds are scattered as the shoot system tumbles across the prairie. Formation of shoot buds occurs on the underground crown of the woody portion of the stem, with the development of the tuber-like growth an additional 2-5 cm below the crown (Fig. 1). Native Americans used the root of the prairie turnip as a staple in their diet. The tuber has been found to contain about 7.5% protein and up to 70% starch (Perera and Reese, 2002). Field observations suggest that the starch and protein are stored in parenchymous tissues that expand laterally each year.
2 114 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 82 (2003) Figure 1. Photograph of a herbarium mount of Psoralea esculenta showing the general structure, with the underground crown and storage tissues labeled. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of plant material Plant materials from the greenhouse and field were examined. Seeds were scarified in November, planted into four inch pots, and placed on a mist-bench. After three months the seedlings were removed from the pots and cleaned with water, cut into pieces and fixed in AFA (50 parts ethanol, 6 parts formalin, 4 parts acetic acid and 40 parts deionized water) in preparation for plastic infiltration. Field material was collected at the end of January from the Native garden test plots at SDSU. Roots, from plants that were 3 years old, were excavated, rinsed in DI water and prepared as above for plastic infiltration. JB-4 Hydrophilic plastic infiltration of field and seedling root material JB-4 hydrophilic plastic (Polysciences Inc.) was used to embed the plant tissue following the protocols provided by the manufacturer.. Sectioning tissue Cross sections, tangential sections, and longitudinal sections were made from the seedling roots and field root material. The plant tissue was sectioned to a thickness of 4 microns using an Olympus Cut 4060E Rotary Microtome with a steel knife. The sections were removed with forceps and placed into water containing drops of ammonium hydroxide to relax the plastic. The sections were then placed onto glass slides previously coated with poly-l-lysine and stained appropriately. Staining for protein and general morphology After the tissue had dried the tissue sections were stained with 1% aqueous toluidine blue, fast green & safranin (1% aqueous safranin followed by 0.5% Fast Green in 50 % ethanol), iodine (2% KI with 0.2% Iodine), or 1% Coomassie Brilliant Blue in 50% ethanol. Toluidine blue (hydrophilic) is a common stain which stains proteins, cell walls, nucleic acids, and RNA. Fast green (lipophilic) and safranin (hydrophilic) were used in combination. Fast green stained the cytoplasm and membranous tissue green and safranin stained the
3 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 82 (2003) 115 Figure 2. Micrographs of Psoralea esculenta root sections stained with Toluidine Blue. A) Cross section of the upper portion a 2 month old plant showing the presence of a central pith in the developing storage tissue - 10X objective. B) Cross section of the base of a mature storage root showing xylem vessel elements in the central vascular cylinder - 40X objective. cell walls and phloem red. Iodine was used to stain for starch while Coomassie Brilliant Blue was used to stain for protein. Micrographs made with an Olympus AX70 bright field microscope Micrographs were made with a Fuji film camera attached to an Olympus AX70 bright field microscope. The objectives used were the 4X, 10X, 20X, and 40X. Figure 3. Near median cross section of a Psoralea esculenta storage root stained with Safranin and Fast Green. Elongation of cells can bee seen to be in a radial orientation - 4X objective. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The thickened root of Psoralea esculenta appears to be developmentally similar to that of Daucus and Beta in that the storage tissue seems to contain both hypocotyl tissue and the upper portion of the taproot (Esau, 1965). Cross sections through the upper portion of the storage tissue reveal that there is a central pith surrounded by the xylem, while cross sections of the base show a
4 116 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 82 (2003) Figure 4. Cross section of a 2 month old Psoralea esculenta storage root. The annular pattern of vascular tissue deposition is visible - 4X objective. Figure 5. IKI-stained section of mature Psoralea esculenta storage-root tissue. The large starch grains are darkly stained. Protein bodies, unstained, can be observed in adjacent cells - 40X objective. central vascular cylinder with the xylem vessel elements centrally distributed forming a loose diarch to triarch pattern (Fig. 2 A and B). The developing storage tissue appears to be predominantly xylem parenchyma laid down by vascular cambia with much lateral elongation. In central sections of mature storage tissues, many of the cells are 3 or more times as long in the lateral (radial) direction as compared to their vertical axis. In some younger tissues (1 to 2 months old), there appears to be more than one annual ring, which may indicate that the production of the xylem is periodic or that, as with sugar beets, the product of supernumerary cambia (Esau, 1965). The storage of starch and proteins occurs predominantly in the xylem parenchyma. Clusters of cell containing either starch or protein are found juxtaposed to each other, but do not appear to commingle. The starch and protein can be seen to be in membrane bound vesicles. Those containing starch are large and appear to represent amyloplasts, while the proteins occur in smaller protein storage vesicles similar to those found in seeds (Taiz and Zeiger, 2002) Analyses of these storage tissues indicates that they contain 7.5% protein and 70% starch by weight (Perera and Reese, 2002). Psoralea has been a staple of the indigenous peoples of the northern plains (Kindscher, 1987). Morphologically their development appears to follow that of other root crop species. However, the development of both protein and starch
5 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 82 (2003) 117 storage parenchyma makes them somewhat unique. Planting of this species in the South Dakota State University Plant Science Research Farm in Brookings, SD indicates that development of this structure requires several years to reach maturity. Growth of the storage organ occurs as a result of the production of xylem tissues by the vascular cambium and perhaps additional supernumerary cambia. This aspect of development, however, requires further study for complete elucidation. Figure 6. Mature Psoralea esculenta storage-root stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Small protein-containing vesicles are darkly stained. Unstained starch grains can be seen in adjacent cells - 10X objective. REFERENCES Esau, K. (1965) The Root, Plant Anatomy (2nd Edition) John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Pp Kinscher, K (1987) Edible wild plants of the prairie. Univ. Press Kansas, Lawerence. Pp Perera, G. and Reese, R.N. (2002) Nutritional value of Psoralea esculenta. SD Acad. Sci. 81:271. Polysciences Inc JB-4 Embedding Kit. Warrington, PA. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant Physiology ( 3rd Edition) Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA. Pp
CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are
Examining the Structures of a Tree CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are some terms that may be new to you. These terms are used to describe various tree structures. Not surprisingly, many terms
More informationNOTES: CH 35 - Plant Structure & Growth
NOTES: CH 35 - Plant Structure & Growth In their evolutionary journey, plants adapted to the problems of a terrestrial existence as they moved from water to land ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants) -most diverse
More informationPlant Structure. Lab Exercise 24. Objectives. Introduction
Lab Exercise Plant Structure Objectives - Be able to identify plant organs and give their functions. - Learn distinguishing characteristics between monocot and dicot plants. - Understand the anatomy of
More informationPlant Tissues and Organs. Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics , ,
Plant Tissues and Organs Topic 13 Plant Science Subtopics 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 13.1.4 Objectives: List and describe the major plant organs their structure and function List and describe the major types of plant
More informationLecture 19. A Sieve Plate with large Sieve Pores. Secondary Phloem. Secondary phloem (cont d)
Lecture 19 Secondary phloem (cont d) Secondary Phloem in Tilia americana (American Basswood) Secondary Phloem of Tilia Stained with Toluidine Blue & viewed with Crossed Polarizers. Secondary Phloem A Sieve
More informationPlant Anatomy and Tissue Structures
Plant Anatomy and Tissue Structures The Two Major Plant Systems Reproductive shoot (flower) Terminal bud Node Internode Angiosperm plants have threse major organs: Roots Stems Leaves & Flowers Terminal
More informationBig Advantage!:Vegetative reproduction is a faster way to reproduce compared to sexual reproduction if the environment is favorable.
DAY 5 OF CHAPTER 25 NOTES http://www.toto.com/misha/mavica/folliage2.jpg Asexual reproduction in plants is also known as vegetative reproduction. Methods of vegetative reproduction include plant structures
More informationForms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic compounds. Much of the inside of nonwoody parts of plants. Includes roots, stems, and leaves
Biology II Vascular plants have 3 tissue systems: Dermal Protective outer layer of plant Vascular Forms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic compounds Ground Much of the inside of nonwoody
More informationBotany Physiology. Due Date Code Period Earned Points
Botany Physiology Name C/By Due Date Code Period Earned Points Bot Phys 5N5 Stem Forms Bot Phys 5-05 Identify the major forms of stems in plants I. Identify the major forms of stems in plants A. internal
More informationPlant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves
Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is
More informationThe Shoot System: Primary Stem Structure - 1
The Shoot System: Primary Stem Structure - 1 Shoot System The shoot system comprises the leaves and stems of plants. Leaves are located at nodes on the stem; the distance along the stem between nodes is
More informationWHAT DO you think of when you
Stem Anatomy WHAT DO you think of when you think of a stem? Do you think of a flower stalk, the trees in your area, or a soybean stalk? Most people probably visualize something like the flower or the bean
More informationTopic 2: Plant Structure & Growth Ch. 35 Angiosperms are the most complex plants. They are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
Topic 2: Plant Structure & Growth Ch. 35 Angiosperms are the most complex plants. They are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Fig. 35.8 Plant Cells pp.798-802 Types of plant cells Include:
More informationPlant Organization. Learning Objectives. Angiosperm Tissues. Angiosperm Body Plan
Plant Organization Learning Objectives 1. List and give the major function of the three main types of plant tissues 2. Identify a monocot verses a eudicot plant by observing either root, stem, leaf, or
More informationLab Exercise 4: Primary Growth and Tissues in Stems
Lab Exercise 4: Primary Growth and Tissues in Stems Tissues of the plant body can be classified in a variety of ways: functionally (based on the tissue function, e.g. vascular tissue ), morphologically
More informationThe three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves.
23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves. 1 of 34 23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure Roots: absorb
More informationChapter 35~ Plant Structure and Growth
Chapter 35~ Plant Structure and Growth Plant Organization Plant morphology is based on plant s evolutionary history Need to draw in nutrients from the ground and the air Plant Organs Root system = roots
More informationPlant Structure and Growth
Plant Structure and Growth A. Flowering Plant Parts: The flowering plants or are the most diverse group of plants. They are divided into 2 classes and. Examples of monocots: Examples of dicots: The morphology
More informationPlant Structure and Function Extension
Plant Structure and Function Extension NGSSS: SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. (AA) Part 1A: Leaves The leaf of a plant serves
More informationHonors Biology I Ch 29 Plant Structure & Function
3 Basic types of plant cells Honors Biology I Ch 29 Plant Structure & Function 1) Parenchyma cells- loosely packed or cells with a and thin, Involved in metabolic functions 2) Collenchyma cells- thicker
More informationPlants. Tissues, Organs, and Systems
Plants Tissues, Organs, and Systems Meristematic cells Specialized cells that are responsible for producing specialized cells, they produce three types of tissue in the body of a plant. Meristematic Cells
More informationChapter 23 Notes Roots Stems Leaves
Chapter 23 Notes Roots Stems Leaves I. Specialized tissue in plants - effective way to ensure the plant s survival A. Seed plant structure 1. Roots - a. Absorbs water and dissolves nutrients b. anchors
More informationSTEMS Anytime you use something made of wood, you re using something made from the stem of a plant. Stems are linear structures with attached leaves
STEMS OUTLINE External Form of a Woody Twig Stem Origin and Development Stem Tissue Patterns Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems Woody Dicotyledonous Stems Monocotyledonous Stems Specialized Stems Wood and
More informationEffects of Sun-Blotch on the Anatomy of the Avocado Stem
California Avocado Association 1935 Yearbook 20: 125-129 Effects of Sun-Blotch on the Anatomy of the Avocado Stem Charles A. Schroeder Because of the comparatively recent discovery of the avocado disease
More informationThe plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells. Plants, like multicellular animals:
Chapter 28 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells Plants, like multicellular animals: o Have organs composed of different tissues, which are in turn composed of cells 3 basic organs:
More informationChapter 28 Active Reading Guide Plant Structure and Growth
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 28 Active Reading Guide Plant Structure and Growth In this unit on plants, the challenge for students will be to learn the new vocabulary. As we work through this unit,
More informationAnatomy of dicotyledonous plants
Anatomy of dicotyledonous plants Differences between Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons All plants are classified as producing seeds or not producing seeds. Those that produce seeds are divided into flowering
More informationPlant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves
Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is
More informationStems BI 103: Plant & Animal A & P. Learning Objectives
Stems BI 103: Plant & Animal A & P Outline: 1. Stems: monocots vs dicots--handout 2. Woody plant growth 3. Discussion problems 4. Monocots & soutside Learning Objectives What are the differences between
More informationPlant Anatomy Lab 7 - Stems II
Plant Anatomy Lab 7 - Stems II This exercise continues the previous lab in studying primary growth in the stem. We will be looking at stems from a number of different plant species, and emphasize (1) the
More informationARE YOU familiar with the sayings Get to
Root Anatomy ARE YOU familiar with the sayings Get to the root of the problem or the root of all evil? Both these sayings suggest that the root is an essential part of something. With plants, the essential
More informationChapter #35~ Plant Structure and Growth
Chapter #35~ Plant Structure and Growth What part of a plant is represented by each of these: Carrot Celery Red Pepper Tomato Lettuce Garbanzo Bean Angiosperm structure Three basic organs: Roots (root
More informationBasic Principles of Plant Science EXAMINING PLANT STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Basic Principles of Plant Science EXAMINING PLANT STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Cellular Structure of Plants Cells are the structural basis of all living organisms. A cell is a tiny structure that forms the
More informationPlant Organs. Roots & Stems
Plant Organs Roots & Stems I. Roots A. F(x)s = grow underground 1. Absorb water & nutrients from soil 2. Anchor plant in the soil 3. Make hormones important for growth & development I. Roots B. Structure
More informationChapter 6. Biology of Flowering Plants. Anatomy Seedlings, Meristems, Stems, and Roots
BOT 3015L (Outlaw/Sherdan/Aghoram); Page 1 of 6 Chapter 6 Biology of Flowering Plants Anatomy Seedlings, Meristems, Stems, and Roots Objectives Seedling germination and anatomy. Understand meristem structure
More informationPlant Structure. Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to:
Name: 3.2 Organisation and the Vascular Structures 3.2.1 Flowering plant structure and root structure Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: 1. Label a diagram of the external
More informationBOTANY LAB #1 MITOSIS AND PLANT TISSUES
Mitosis and cytokinesis in plants BOTANY LAB #1 MITOSIS AND PLANT TISSUES In plants the formation of new cells takes place in specialized regions of meristematic tissue. Meristematic tissues contain immature,
More information13.4 Roots Figure 2 primary root: primary root secondary root: secondary root taproots fibrous taproots: roots. fibrous roots: adventitious roots
10. Why is it not surprising that many hydrophytes have little or no tissue? 11. The leaves of many underwater plants are finely divided, dramatically increasing the surface area that is in contact with
More informationLearning objectives: Gross morphology - terms you will be required to know and be able to use. shoot petiole compound leaf.
Topic 1. Introduction to Plants Introduction: Because of its history, several unrelated taxa have been grouped together with plants into the discipline of botany. Given this context, in this first lab
More informationUNIT A: Basic Principles of Plant Science with a focus on Field Crops. Lesson 1: Examining Plant Structures and Functions
UNIT A: Basic Principles of Plant Science with a focus on Field Crops Lesson 1: Examining Plant Structures and Functions 1 Terms Alternate leaf arrangement Bulb Cell Cell specialization Cladophyll Compound
More informationBasic Principles of Plant Science
Basic Principles of Plant Science are the structural basis of all living organisms. A cell is a tiny structure that forms the of plants. All organisms are made of one or more cells. in cells carries out
More informationNon Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue
PLANT TISSUES Non Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue Undifferentiated plant cells that are continually dividing by mitosis Large thin walled cells No vacuole Dense cytoplasm Large nucleus Found at
More informationExercise 12. Procedure. Aim: To study anatomy of stem and root of monocots and dicots.
Aim: To study anatomy of stem and root of monocots and dicots. Principle: The study of internal morphology, i.e., cells of various tissues in an organ of a living body is called Anatomy. Tissue, which
More informationPlant Structure And Growth
Plant Structure And Growth The Plant Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues Tissue systems (Like Organs) made up of tissues Made up of cells Plant Tissue Systems Ground Tissue System Ø photosynthesis Ø
More informationQuestion 1: State the location and function of different types of meristem. Meristems are specialised regions of plant growth. The meristems mark the regions where active cell division and rapid division
More informationClass XI Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants Biology
Class XI Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants Biology Question 1: State the location and function of different types of meristem. Meristems are specialised regions of plant growth. The meristems mark
More informationPlants. Plant Form and Function. Tissue Systems 6/4/2012. Chapter 17. Herbaceous (nonwoody) Woody. Flowering plants can be divided into two groups:
Monocots Dicots 6/4/2012 Plants Plant Form and Function Chapter 17 Herbaceous (nonwoody) In temperate climates, aerial parts die back Woody In temperate climates, aerial parts persist The Plant Body Functions
More informationToday: Plant Structure Exam II is on F March 31
Next few lectures are on plant form and function Today: Plant Structure Exam II is on F March 31 Outline Plant structure I. Plant Cells structure & different types II. Types of meristems Apical meristems:
More informationWILDLIFE BIOLOGY. Monday 6 Nov 2017
WILDLIFE BIOLOGY Monday 6 Nov 2017 Entry Task What is required for the germination of fruits & seeds that are designed to be ingested? Full or partial digestion. What is the term used for seedlings that
More informationtoday finish up cell division Continue intro to plant anatomy main plant organs basic anatomy: monocots versus dicots How to tell the organs apart
Download as an RTF file Download as a PDF file Biology 20 Fall 2001 Lecture #4 Jan 18, 2001 What did we get from last lecture? Plant anatomy introduction Tissue Types in plants Four basic tissue: meristem,
More informationBIOL 305L Laboratory One
Please print Full name clearly: BIOL 305L Laboratory One General plant anatomy a great place to start! Introduction Botany is the science of plant life. Traditionally, the science included the study of
More informationPlant Growth and Development Part I. Levels of Organization
Plant Growth and Development Part I Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules 1
More informationBotany Basics. Botany is...
Botany Basics John Punches Oregon State University Botany is... The study of plants. 1 Plants in our Ecosystem Capture sun s energy Food source Replenish atmospheric oxygen Participate in water cycle Moderate
More informationObserving Root and Stem Structures
Name Class Date Chapter 23 Structure and Function of Seed Plants Observing Root and Stem Structures Introduction The first structures to appear on a germinating seed are the roots. The initial root to
More informationName the tube-like tissue found in part C in which water moves. Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the opening at Z
Past Questions on Plant Structure Note: You need to be able to draw and label all the diagrams in this worksheet for your exam. Name the parts labelled B, C and E. C E Give one main function each for the
More information2/25/2013. o Plants take up water and minerals from below ground o Plants take up CO2 and light from above ground THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANS ROOTS
o Plants take up water and minerals from below ground o Plants take up CO2 and light from above ground THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANS o Roots o Stems o Leaves ROOTS o Anchor plant o Absorb water and minerals
More informationTHE STEMS. Botany nomenclature cards #24 - #34. 3 x 5 cards, blank labels, black pen. 2. Refer to 'The Plant' wall chart and point out the stem.
THE STEMS Materials A full stem (Ficus, Schefflera) collected by the teacher and/or the children Botany nomenclature cards #24 - #34 Magnifying glasses 3 x 5 cards, blank labels, black pen Group Presentation:
More information13.2 The Vascular Plant Body (textbook p )
13.2 The Vascular Plant Body (textbook p544 550) Learning Goal: Label and explain the anatomy of the Vascular Plant and it's Tissue Types Plants are classified into two main groups: and. Vascular plants
More informationLecture 4 Root Put line under your answer! There is only one correct answer in the multiple choice questions
Lecture 4 Root Put line under your answer! There is only one correct answer in the multiple choice questions 1. The perception of gravity by a root is thought to take place in a) root hairs b) the region
More informationPlant Structure and Function (Ch. 23)
Plant Structure and Function (Ch. 23) Basic plant anatomy 1 root root tip root hairs Roots Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1) mat of thin roots that spread
More informationBring Your Text to Lab!!!
Bring Your Text to Lab!!! Vascular Plant Anatomy: Flowering Plants Objectives: 1. To observe what the basic structure of vascular plants is, and how and where this form originates. 2. To begin to understand
More informationThe Plant body has a hierarch of organs, tissues, and cells. [2]
GUIDED READING - Ch. 35 PLANT STRUCTURE NAME: Please print out these pages and HANDWRITE the answers directly on the printouts. Typed work or answers on separate sheets of paper will not be accepted. Importantly,
More informationCHAPTER 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 27 27 CHAPTER 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. A transverse section of stem is stained first with safranin and then with fast green following the usual
More informationRoots and leaves together are sufficient to take up all essential resources, so why make stems?
STEMS Roots and leaves together are sufficient to take up all essential resources, so why make stems? Stem functions 1. Support leaves 2. Conductance (connect root and leaf vasculature) 3. Storage (some
More informationSESSION 6: SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS PART 1
SESSION 6: SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS PART 1 KEY CONCEPTS In this session we will focus on summarising what you need to know about: - Anatomy of dicotyledonous plants Root and stem: distribution
More informationPlant Anatomy AP Biology
Plant Anatomy 2006-2007 Basic plant anatomy 1 root root tip root hairs Roots 1 Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1) mat of thin roots that spread out monocots
More informationName: Plant stems and leaves (p. 1 of )
Name: Plant stems and leaves (p. 1 of ) Introduction: Plants have a variety of configurations but the same basic structures. The three main parts of a plant are the roots, stems, and leaves. The tracheids
More informationEVIDENCE OF DOWNWARD TRANSPORT OF 'SOLANACEOUS' ALKALOIDS* BY PAMELA M. WARREN WILSON
EVIDENCE OF DOWNWARD TRANSPORT OF 'SOLANACEOUS' ALKALOIDS* BY PAMELA M. WARREN WILSON Botany Department, University of Reading {Received 5 November 1958) (With Plate 6 and i figure in the text) It IS now
More informationLevels of Organization
Plant Growth and Development Part I Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules Levels of Organization Whole Plant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules Plant
More informationMaster Gardener Program. Utah State University Cooperative Extension
Master Gardener Program Utah State University Cooperative Extension Plant Parts and Functions Overview Plant Classification Stems Buds Leaves Flowers Fruits Roots Plant Classifications Woody vs. Herbaceous
More informationFun with Botany 2009
Fun with Botany 2009 Fun with Botany April, 2002 Plant Uses and Types Gymnosperms Angiosperms Monocots Dicots Gymnosperms Keep leaves which are either needles or flat scales Seeds are not enclosed Give
More informationROOTS. Syllabus Theme A Plant Structure and Function. Root systems. Primary Growth of Roots. Taproot system. Fibrous root system.
Syllabus Theme A lant Structure and Function A2: Structure and function of the basic plant organs ampbell & Reece hap. 35 Selected page numbers ROOTS Functions Anchors the vascular plant Absorbs minerals
More informationPlant Structure and Function
Plant Structure and Function A Meridian Biology AP Study Guide by John Ho and Tim Qi Plant Terms Growth: Growth Types Type Location Description Primary Primary Vertical growth (up-down), dominant direction
More informationUNIT 6 - STRUCTURES OF FLOWERING PLANTS & THEIR FUNCTIONS
6.1 Plant Tissues A tissue is a group of cells with common function, structures or both. In plants we can find 2 types of tissues: Meristem Permanent tissues Meristem is found in regions with continuous
More informationTREES. Functions, structure, physiology
TREES Functions, structure, physiology Trees in Agroecosystems - 1 Microclimate effects lower soil temperature alter soil moisture reduce temperature fluctuations Maintain or increase soil fertility biological
More informationDivision Ave. High School AP Biology
Monocots & dicots Angiosperm are divide into 2 classes dicots (eudicot) 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) leaves with network of veins woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans monocots 1 cotyledon leaves with parallel
More informationSecondary growth in stems
Secondary growth in stems Secondary growth Some of the meristematic cells in plants with secondary growth keep their meristematic state and become cells of the cambium. The addition of secondary vascular
More informationROOT STRUCTURE: EXTERNAL ROOT
ROOT STRUCTURE: EXTERNAL ROOT Material: Botany I cards #9 - #12, #13 - #18, #19 - # 23 Presentation: 1. The external parts of the root have been introduced to the children: the root hairs, the root tips,
More informationAP Biology. Basic anatomy. Chapter 35. Plant Anatomy. Shoots. Expanded anatomy. Roots. Modified shoots root shoot (stem) leaves
Chapter 35. Basic anatomy root shoot (stem) leaves Plant Anatomy Expanded anatomy root root tip root hairs shoot (stem) nodes internodes apical buds axillary buds flowers leaves veins Shoots Shoots consist
More informationChapter 21: Plant Structure & Function
Chapter 21: Plant Structure & Function Chapter 21: Plant Structure & Function All organisms must: Take in certain materials, e.g. O 2, food, drink Eliminate other materials, e.g. CO 2, waste products Chapter
More informationPrimary Plant Body: Embryogenesis and the Seedling
BIOL 221 Concepts of Botany Primary Plant Body: Embryogenesis and the Seedling (Photo Atlas: Figures 1.29, 9.147, 9.148, 9.149, 9.150, 9.1, 9.2) A. Introduction Plants are composed of fewer cell types,
More informationLOOKING AT PLANT STEMS
Activity 4.17 Student Sheet LOOKING AT PLANT STEMS Purpose To look at the structure of xylem vessels, phloem sieve tubes and sclerenchyma fibres. To locate the position of these tissues within the stem.
More informationAnatomy of Plants Student Notes
Directions: Fill in the blanks. Anatomy of Plants Student Notes Plant Cell Biology Segment 1. Plants Plants are organisms are incapable of movement produce food through 2. Animals Animals are multicellular
More informationPage 1. Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant): Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant):
Chapter 43: Plant Form and Function Gross Anatomy of a typical plant (Angiosperm = Flowering Plant): Root System Anchor plant Absorb water / nutrients Store surplus sugars Transport materials from / to
More information(Photo Atlas: Figures , )
BIOL 221 Concepts of Botany Spring 2009 Topic 05: Secondary Plant Body (Photo Atlas: Figures 9.35-9.55, 9.57-9.59) A. Introduction In many plants, development of the primary plant body and tissues is just
More informationCells, Tissues, and Systems
Cells, Tissues, and Systems In multicellular organisms, cells specialize to carry out various functions. Many cells performing the same task make up tissues. A number of tissues grouped together to perform
More informationStems and Transport in Vascular Plants. Herbaceous Stems. Herbaceous Dicot Stem 3/12/2012. Chapter 34. Basic Tissues in Herbaceous Stems.
Bud scale Terminal bud Stems and Transport in Plants One year's growth Terminal bud scale scars Axillary bud Leaf scar Node Internode Node Chapter 34 Lenticels Terminal bud scale scars Bundle scars A Woody
More informationWood Anatomy Lab What is wood? The lateral meristems Cell types Vessels Tracheids
Wood Anatomy Lab Objectives of the Lab: 1) Learn to recognize major cell types and features of wood including: tracheids vessels rays axial parenchyma pits tyloses resin canals 2) Look at wood in three
More informationRoots, Shoots & Leaves
Name Test Date Hour Plant Structure & Function #2 - Notebook Roots, Shoots & Leaves LEARNING TARGETS I can describe the functions of roots I can explain the nitrogen fixing process and why it is needed.
More informationChapter 31. Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development. Lecture by L.Brooke Stabler
Chapter 31 Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,
More information2.5 : Cells are grouped into tissue
2.5 : Cells are grouped into tissue 1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Structures & functions: Cell membrane and organelles Animal Cells are grouped into tissue Plant Cell
More informationTopic 14. The Root System. II. Anatomy of an Actively Growing Root Tip
Topic 14. The Root System Introduction. This is the first of two lab topics that focus on the three plant organs (root, stem, leaf). In these labs we want you to recognize how tissues are organized in
More informationThe Vascular Plant Body
The Vascular Plant Body Like animals, plants are made up of specialized cells that are organized into tissues, which are themselves organized into systems of organs. The various parts of plants are adapted
More informationAnatomy of Flowering Plants. K C Meena PGT Biology
Anatomy of Flowering Plants K C Meena PGT Biology Tissues A group of similar cells performing same function. Types of plant tissues - Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues Have
More informationBiology 2 Chapter 21 Review
Biology 2 Chapter 21 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants? a. vascular
More informationTopic 15. The Shoot System
Topic 15. The Shoot System Introduction. This is the second of two lab topics that focus on the three plant organs (root, stem, leaf). In these labs we want you to recognize how tissues are organized in
More informationPLANTS FORM AND FUNCTION PLANT MORPHOLOGY PART I: BASIC MORPHOLOGY. Plant Form & Function Activity #1 page 1
AP BIOLOGY PLANTS FORM AND FUNCTION ACTIVITY #1 NAME DATE HOUR PLANT MORPHOLOGY PART I: BASIC MORPHOLOGY Plant Form & Function Activity #1 page 1 PART II: ROOTS 1. Examine the examples of the two root
More informationVisit For All NCERT solutions, CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12. Chapter-6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Chapter-6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS POINTS TO REMEMBER Anatomy : Anatomy is the study of internal structure of organisms. Plant anatomy includes organisation and structure of tissues. Tissue : A group
More informationThe secondary meristem result in growth in a lateral direction, such as the increase in girth of a tree.
Chapter 9b-Stems and Material Transport Woody plants produce wood tissue and bark through the activity of secondary meristems: The secondary meristem result in growth in a lateral direction, such as the
More informationPLANT TISSUES 12 MARCH 2014
PLANT TISSUES 12 MARCH 2014 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Identify the different types of plant tissue Be able to relate the different structures with the different functions Plant Tissue Summary
More information