JAMSHEDPUR WOMEN S COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Transcription

1 JAMSHEDPUR WOMEN S COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY B.Sc. BOTANY (HONS.) There shall be six semesters in B.Sc. Hons. Course, two semesters per annum. Each semester (SEM I to SEM IV) will carry 200 marks divided into TWO THEORY Papers and ONE PRACTICAL ( ). The Theory Papers will have 60 marks for written Exams, 15 marks for internal assessment. B.Sc. part III (SEM V and SEM VI) will have THREE THEORY Papers and ONE PRACTICAL Paper, each carrying 100 marks. The theory papers will have 80 marks for written Exams and 20 marks for internal assessment. Practical Marks in this year shall include Project based on Field work and Seminars. B.Sc. (HONS.) PART I SEMESTER I PAPER I (Theory) Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER II (Theory) Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER III (Practical) Full Marks 50 TOTAL = 200 SEMESTER II PAPER IV (Theory) Microbiology

2 Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER V (Theory) Plant Pathology Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER VI (Practical) Full Marks 50 TOTAL = 200 B.Sc. (HONS.) PART II SEMESTER III PAPER VII (Theory) Taxonomy and Economic Botany Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER VIII (Theory) Embryology and Tissue Culture Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER IX (Practical) Full Marks 50 TOTAL = 200 SEMESTER IV PAPER X (Theory) Anatomy Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER XI (Theory) Cytology Full Marks 75 (60+15) PAPER XII (Practical)

3 Full Marks 50 TOTAL = 200 B.Sc. (HONS.) PART III SEMESTER V PAPER XIII (Theory) Plant Physiology Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XIV (Theory) Cytogenetics Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XV (Theory) Ecology Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XVI (Practical) Full Marks 100 TOTAL = 400 SEMESTER VI PAPER XVII (Theory) Plant Biochemistry Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XVIII (Theory) Molecular Biology Full Marks 100 (80+20)

4 PAPER XIX (Theory) Environmental Biology Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XX (Practical) Full Marks 100 TOTAL = 400 TOTAL MARKS IN B.Sc. BOTANY HONS. PART I, II and III = 1600 B.Sc. BOTANY (GENERAL/SUBSIDIARY) There shall be three parts in B.Sc. general course each having TWO SEMESTERS. In Semester I, II, III and IV there will be only ONE PAPER of 100 marks each which is divisible into a THEORY part of 75 marks and a PRACTICAL part of 25 marks. If general exists the semesters in Part III will be of 100 marks: a THEORY paper of 75 marks and a PRACTICAL paper of 25 marks. B.Sc. (SUB/GEN) PART I

5 SEMESTER I PAPER I (Theory) Microbiology and Cryptogams Full Marks 75 PAPER II (Practical) Full Marks 25 TOTAL = 100 SEMESTER II PAPER III (Theory) Phanerogams Full Marks 75 PAPER IV (Practical) Full Marks 25 TOTAL = 100 B.Sc. (SUB/GEN) PART II SEMESTER III and PAPER V (Theory) Plant physiology and Biochemistry, Growth, Development Biotechnology Full Marks 75 PAPER VI (Practical) Full Marks 25 TOTAL = 100

6 SEMESTER IV PAPER VII (Theory) Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology, Environmental Biology and Economic Botany Full Marks 75 PAPER VIII (Practical) Full Marks 25 Total = 100 B.Sc. (SUB/GEN) PART III SEMESTER V PAPER IX (Theory) Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Full Marks 75 PAPER X (Practical) Full Marks 25 TOTAL = 100 SEMESTER VI PAPER XI (Theory) Environmental Biology and Economic Botany

7 Full Marks 75 PAPER XII (Practical) Full Marks 25 TOTAL = 100 TOTAL MARKS FOR BOTANY SUBSIDIARY/GENERAL PART I, II and III = 600 M.Sc. in Botany There shall be two academic years in one complete session of M.Sc. Each academic year will have TWO Semesters. Each Semester will have four Theory Papers of 100 marks each and two practical Papers of 100 mark each. In fourth Semester, instead of two practical Papers, there will be one Practical and one Dissertation of 100 marks each. Each Theory paper will have 80 marks for examination and 20 marks for internal assessment. The pass marks will be 45 in each paper. The total marks for M.Sc. (all four semesters included) should be M.Sc. BOTANY PART I SEMESTER I PAPER I (Theory) Microbiology Full marks 100 (80+20) PAPER II (Theory) Fungi and Algae

8 Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER III (Theory) Bryophytes and Pteridophytes Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER IV (Theory) Gymnosperms Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER V Practical Full Marks 100 PAPER VI Practical Full Marks 100 SEMESTER II PAPER VII (Theory) Cell biology and Genetics Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER VIII (Theory) Molecular Biology Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER IX (Theory) Taxonomy Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER X (Theory)

9 Ecology PAPER XI Practical Full Marks 100 PAPER XII Practical Full Marks 100 TOTAL = 1200 M.Sc. BOTANY PART II SEMESTER III PAPER XIII (Theory) Embryology and Anatomy Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XIV (Theory) Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XV (Theory) Plant Physiology and Metabolism Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XVI Plant Biochemistry PAPER XVII Practical Full Marks 100

10 PAPER XVIII Practical Full Marks 100 SEMESTER IV PAPER XIX (Theory) Environmental Biology Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XX (Theory) Plant Resource utilization, Biostatistics and Biodiversity Conservation Full Marks 100 (80+20) PAPER XXI (Theory) Special Paper I PAPER XXII (Theory) Special Paper II PAPER XXIII Practical Full Marks 100 PAPER XXIV Project Full marks 100 TOTAL MARKS=1200 Total Marks for M.Sc. part I and II = 2400

11 B.Sc. (Botany Hons.) PART I FIRST SEMESTER PAPER I ALGAE, FUNGI AND BRYOPHYTES 1. General characters & classification of Algae up to order General characters & classification of Fungi up to orders Structure, life history & evolutionary 02 Affinities of the following genera; (a). ALGAE: Nostoc,Spirulina,Chlamydomonas,Volvox Oedogonium, Chara, Vaucheria,Sargassum, Batrachospermum 12 (b) FUNGI: Albugo,Erysiphe, Peziza,Ustilago,Agaricus Alternaria, Cercospora, mushroom cultivation 12 (c) 02 LICHEN: General account, classification, & economic importance 4. Structure, life history, affinities & importance of the genera mentioned below: (a) BRYOPHYTA:Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros, Sphagnum, Funaria 16 Total lectures 48 PAPER II PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND FOSSILS GROUP -- A

12 1. Structure, life history, affinities & importance of the genera mentioned below: PTERIDOPHYTA: Selaginella, Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Marsilea, Pteris Comparative study of the morphological, anatomical, reproductive features of the following genera Pinus, Taxus, Ginkgo, and Gnetum. 20 GROUP B 3. Palaeobotany: a. A brief idea about geological era 02 b. Definition of fossil, process and conditions of fossilization c. Fossil Pteridophytes: Rhynia, Lepidodendron, Calamites d. Detailed study of Lyginopteris and Cycadeoidea PAPER III PRACTICAL Total lectures 54

13 SECOND SEMESTER PAPER IV MICROBIOLOGY 1. Discovery of microorganisms; systematic positions of micro organisms in 05 Biological world, classification of microorganisms & characteristics of different Groups. 2. Methods in micro-biology: basic principles of microscopy, micrometry, staining, 05 Sterilization, methods, culture media, pure culture method, methods for population Estimation 3. Modern concept about bacterial cell structure 4. Bacterial reproduction; transformation, transduction, conjugation 5. Structure & nature of TMV& Bacteriophage, & their replication 6. Role of microbes in nitrogen fixation; organic matter decomposition 7. Industrial importance of microorganism 8. General account of Mycoplasma & diseases caused by them Total lectures 40 PAPER V

14 PLANT PATHOLOGY 1. General account of plant pathology and brief idea about Pathogenesis, Enzymes and Toxins, Alteration of Physiological functions due to Plant Pathogen Interaction. 2. Etiology, symptoms & control of the following diseases: 1. Late Blight of Potato Loose Smut of Wheat Rust of Linseed Red Rot of Sugarcane Wilt of Tomato Citrus canker (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri) Bacterial blight of paddy (Xanthomonas compestris pv oryzae) Tundu disease of Wheat Little leaf of brinjal Mosaic of tobacco Pathogen attack& defense mechanisms: physical, physiological 08 Biochemical& molecular aspects 3. Plant disease management: chemical, biological and Biotechnological with emphasis on Development of Transgenics, biopesticides. 08 Total lectures 42 PAPER VI PRACTICALS

15 B.Sc PART II THIRD SEMESTER PAPER VII TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY Group A 1. Classification of plants As proposed by Bentham & Hooker; Hutchinson And Takhtajan Idea about important rules of plant nomenclature with special Reference to ICBN A comparative account of diagnostic features and Economic importance of the following families: Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Catharanthaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Amarantaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae Modern trends in plant taxonomy: Taxonomy in relation to Anatomy, Embryology, Palynology, Cytology Brief knowledge of Numerical Taxonomy Group B 1. Use of plants as Medicine and ideas about important Drug-yielding plants Agricultural and Horticultural plants and their products of Jharkhand with special reference to oil seeds, pulses, cereals, fruits and vegetables and timber. 10

16 53 Total lectures - PAPER VIII EMBRYOLOGY AND TISSUE CULTURE 1. A brief idea about plant reproduction Microsporogenesis Male gametophyte 4. Megasporogenesis Female gametophyte (Types of emryo sacs) Fertilization 7. Endosperm 8. Embryogeny 9. Polyembryony Experimental embryology- anther culture and embryo culture 11. Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization Total lectures 45 PAPER IX PRACTICAL

17 FOURTH SEMESTER PAPER X ANATOMY 1. Meristems: Position in plant body, function, Theories of structural development and differentiation 2. Tissues and tissue systems, Vascular tissues and function 3. Mechanical tissues: structure, distribution and function 4. Organization of tissue in relation to environment (Ecological anatomy: Adaptations) Normal Secondary Growth, periderm, storied cork, lenticels 6. Anomalous secondary growth ( Boerhavia, Nyctanthus, Achyranthus, Aristolochia, Tinospora, Dracaena) 02 Total lectures 32 PAPER XI CYTOLOGY 1. Structure of plant cell Cell division- its significance and regulation, Mitosis, Meiosis 08

18 3. Morphology of chromosomes Mendel s experiments and principles of inheritance 5. Back cross and test cross 6. Linkage and recombination; coupling and repulsion phases; two and Three point test crosses with their significance in chromosome Mapping; interference and co- efficient of coincidence 7. Sex determination and sex linked inheritance 30 Total lectures PAPER XII PRACTICAL B.Sc. Part III FIFTH SEMESTER PAPER XIII PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1. Plant-water relation: absorption of water, Ascent of sap, transpiration Photosynthesis: photosynthetic apparatus, pigments, photochemical 12 Reactions, electron transport pathways photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle, Hatch & Slack pathway 3. Respiration : Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport

19 In mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation Phytohormones: General account, discovery, structure & mechanism of Action & role of Auxins, cytokinins, Gibberellins, Abscissic acid & Ethylene Physiology of flowering, photoperiodism, vernalization 08 Total lectures 44 PAPER XIV CYTOGENETICS 1. DNA replication and recombination 2. Genetic code Alteration in genetic makeup-changes at genetic level: spontaneous and Induced mutation; mode of action; transitions, transversions, And frame shift mutation; detection of mutations. 4. Alteration in genetic make up-changes in chromosome numbers origin, types and effects of auto and allopolyploidy; origin and meiosis in nullisomic, monosomics and trisomics. 5. Alteration in genetic make up- changes in chromosome structure; Origin, types and effects of chromosomal aberration on progeny 6. Genetic Engineering in plants and future of plant biotechnology Total lectures 33 PAPER XV ECOLOGY 1. Autecology, biological spectrum, production ecology. 2. Ecological factors : climatic,edaphic,topographical and biotic factors Population ecology: characteristics and acquaintance with population models 4. Community structure 5. Community dynamics: Succession, Xerosere, Hydrosere, concept of climax community Ecosystem ( grassland, aquatic and forest) Flow of energy and biochemical cycles 02 Total lectures 34

20 PAPER XVI PRACTICAL SIXTH SEMESTER PAPER XVII PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Cell wall, cell membrane & their biochemical properties Plant cell organelles & their roles: mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome, Amino acid & peptides: types of amino acid, structure of proteins & protein Synthesis Enzymes: Nature, properties, types, classification, Mechanism of action, factors of enzyme activities 10 Total lectures 40 PAPER XVIII MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. Nucleic acids: compositions of nucleic acids and synthesis of nucleotides;

21 DNAstructure; A, B, Z forms of DNA; denaturation and renaturation of DNA Chromatin structure; DNA replication and recombination, DNA polymerases; Different forms of RNA and their role Gene structure, expression and regulation; gene organization in prokaryotes And eukaryotes; inducible, repressible, positive and negative gene regulation; Interrupted genes in eukaryotes; 14 Total lectures 42 PAPER XIX ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 1. Soil: types, formation, physiochemical nature, water holding 08 Capacity, soil profile and soil erosion and conservation 2. Non-conventional source of energy 3. Biodiversity and its conservation 4. MAB programme, plant indicators 5. Environmental pollution: air pollution, Water pollution, sound pollution, nuclear pollution and their controls majors Environmental management: Soil, water and air 7. Major vegetational belts of India Total lectures 48 PAPER XX PRACTICAL Practical marks to be accommodated in projects, seminars and field work

22 BOTANY B.Sc. SUBSIDIARY/GENERAL B.Sc. PART I (SUB/GEN) FIRST SEMESTER THEORY MICROBIOLOGY AND CRYPTOGAMS GROUP A 1. General account and structure of bacteria and their economic Importance 2. Viruses: general account and economic importance GROUP-B 1. Salient features and economic importance of: Algae: Nostoc, Volvox, Oedogonium, Vaucharia and Sargassum 10 Fungi: Albugo, Peziza, Agaricus, Alternaria Lichen: general account and economic importance Salient features and economic importance of Bryophyta: Marchantia, Anthoceros and

23 Sphagnum Pteridophyta: Selaginella, Equisetum 16 Marsilea TOTAL LECTURES 48 PRACTCALS BASED ON THEORY SECOND SEMESTER THEORY PHANEROGAMS 1. Structure, reproduction and economic importance of Pinus 2. Taxonomy of angiosperms: Classification with special 08 Reference to the Systems of Bentham & Hooker 3. Diagnostic features and economic importance of the following 10 Families: Euphorbiaceae, Catharanthaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae 4. Anatomy: Meristem, Cambium, anomalous secondary growth In Boerhavvia, Tinospora and Dracaena 6. Embroyology: microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, male and female 08 Gametophyte, fertilization, endosperm, embryo TOTAL LECTURES 36 PRACTICALS BASED ON THEORY

24 B.Sc. PART II (SUB/GEN) THIRD SEMESTER THEORY PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY GROUP -- A 1. Physiology of water and mineral absorption 2.Enzyme: Nature, mode of action, factors affecting Enzyme activity 3. Photosynthesis: mechanism and factors Respiration: mechanism &electron transport system 05 GROUP -- B 1. Phytohormones: auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins and 05 Their role 2. Genetic engineering: tools and techniques of recombinant DNA Technology Biotechnology: functional definition, basic aspects of plants Tissue culture 08

25 TOTAL LECTURES 39 PRACTICALS BASED ON THEORY FOURTH SEMESTER THEORY CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY GROUP -- A 1. Structure of cell, cell organelles: mitochondria, chloroplast 05 Centrosome. 2. Mitosis and meiosis Mendelism 4. Structure and organization of chromosomes 5. Mutation 6. Polyploidy 03 GROUP -- B 1. Ecological factors 2. Plant communities and ecosystem 3. Succession hydrosere and xerosere 4. Pollution Water, soil, air sound, GROUP -- C 1. Medicine yielding plants Agricultural ands horticultural plants with special reference 03 To pulses and oil seeds

26 TOTAL LECTURES 45 PRACTICALS BASED ON THEORY B.Sc. PART III (GEN/SUB) FIFTH SEMESTER THEORY CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. Structure and organization of eukaryotic chromosomes 2. Supermumerary chromosomes Lampbrush chromosome Polytene chromosome Post-Mendelian developments Interaction of genes Gene expression and genetic code Modern concept of gene 08 TOTAL LECTURES 39 PRACTICALS BASED ON THEORY

27 SIXTH SEMESTER THEORY ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY GROUP -- A 1. Ecological factors 2. Plant ecosystem (grassland and forests) 3. Ecological Pyramids 4. Flow of energy in ecosystem 5. Major vegetational belts in India GROUP B 1. Important agricultural and horticultural plants of the country With reference to cereals, vegetables, spices, fruits A brief idea about the Lac host and tassar In Jharkhand 3. Ethno botany: a general idea with special reference to Jharkhand TOTAL LECTURES 40 PRACTICALS BASED ON THEORY M.Sc. PART I SEMESTER I

28 PAPER I MICROBIOLOGY 1. Salient features of Archaebacteria, Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria 2. Structure of bacterial cell 3. Nutrition, reproduction and Economic Importance of Bacteria 4. Bacterial recombination: conjugation, transduction and transformation Structure and multiplication of Bacteriophage and TMV Structure and multiplication of viruses of bacteria 7. Modes of transmission of viruses in plants 8. Economic importance of viruses A general account of Mycoplasma and study of plant diseases: Grassy shoot of sugarcane, Sesamum phylloidi, Little leaf of Brinjal PAPER II FUNGI AND ALGAE GROUP A Total lectures Outline classification of fungi as proposed by Alexopoulus and Mims, Heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality 3. General account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina 4. Symptoms, causal organisms and control measures of the following types of Fungal diseases: (a) Blights, (b) Mildews, (c) Smuts, (d) Rusts (e) Wilts, (f) Rots 5. Mycorrhizae and Lichens: general account and its importance Economic Importance of Fungi 02

29 GROUP B 1. Algae in diversified habitats (terrestrial, freshwater, marine) 2. Outline classification of algae as proposed by (a) Fritsch (1935), (b) Smith (1950) Range of thallus structure and reproduction in (a) Cyanophyta (b) Chlorophyta (C) Charophyta, (d) Bacillariophyta, (e) Phaeophyta, (f) Rhodophyta Evolutionary trends in Algae 5. Economic Importance of Algae: Algal Blooms, Biofertilizers, as food and feed In industry Total lectures 52 PAPER III BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES GROUP A 1. General features, origin and classification of Bryophytes Salient Features of the following orders: (a) Sphaerocarpales 02 (b) Marchantiales 02 (c) Jungermanniales 02 (d) Anthocerotales (e) Sphagnales 02 (f) Funariales (g) Polytrichales 3. Evolutionary trends in Bryophytes and origin of land plants 02 GROUP B 1. Classification of Pteridophytes Salient features of the following orders: (a) Psilophytales 03 (b) Psilotales 03 (c) Lepidodendrales 03 (d) Isoetales 03 (e) Sphenophyllales 03 (f) Ophiolglossales 03

30 (g) Osmundales 03 (h) Filicales Origin and evolution of sphorophytes in Pteridophytes- Telome concept Heterospory and seed habit PAPER IV GYMNOSPERMS Total lectures Gymnosperms: an introduction Classification of Gymnosperms and their distribution in India as proposed by Pant 3. Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales, Gnetales Fossils: Mode of preservation, geological time-table, Indian fossils Salient features of Pteridospermales: Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, Caytoniaceae, Glossopteridaceae Salient features of Cycadeoidales and Cordaitales 10 PAPER V PRACTICAL Total lectures 51 PAPER VI PRACTICAL SEMESTER II

31 PAPER VII CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS GROUP A (CELL BIOLOGY) 1. Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes Structure of nucleus and nuclear wall 3. Other cellular organelles: structure and functions of microbodies, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum. 4. Cell cycle: Mechanism and control of cell division Chromatin organization: Chromosome structure, types (ring chromosomes, iso, pseudoiso types) and packaging of DNA, molecular organization of centromere and telomere, nucleolus and ribosomal RNA genes, Euchromatin and heterochromatin, karyotype analysis, banding patterns, specialized types of chromosome, Polytene, Lampbrush, B chromosome and sex chromosome pairing. 20 GROUP B (GENETICS) 1. Mutations : spontaneous and induced mutation,physical and chemical mutagens, molecular basis of gene mutation, transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, mutation induced by transposons, site directed mutagenesis, DNA damage And repair mechanisms, inherited human diseases and defects in DNA repair, Initiations of cancer at cellular level, proto oncogenes and oncogenes Polyploidy: auto and allopolyploidy, Cytonogetics of aneuploids and structural heterozygotes : effects of aneuploidy on phenotype in plants,transmission of monosomic and trisomic and their use in chromosome mapping of diploid and polyploid species, breeding behaviour and genetics of structural heterozygotes,translocation tester sets,robertsonian translocation, B-A translocations. Origin, occurrence, production of autopolyploids, chromosome and chromatin segregation,

32 allopolyploids, genome constitution and characterization of Trisomics and Monosomics Chromosomal Aberration: Structural and Numerical alterations in chromosomes, meiotic behavior of duplication, deficiency, inversion and translocation heterozygotes. Total lectures 84 PAPER VIII MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination) RNA synthesis and processing (transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport) Protein synthesis and processing (Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of trna, trna-identity, aminoacyl trna synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Posttranslational modification of proteins) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing) Cell signaling Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing Techniques in cell biology: Immunotechniques, in situ hybridization to locate transcripts in cell types, FISH, GISH, Confocal microscopy. 05 PAPER IX

33 TAXONOMY GROUP A 1. Taxonomy: definition, purpose and scope 2. Literature on taxonomy 3. Origin of angiosperms 4. Classification of angiosperms : Benthem and Hooker system, Engler and Prantl System, Hutchinson system and Takhtajan system of classification and its Comparison Plant nomenclature : need and scope, history of nomenclature, ICBN- principles, rules and recommendations Taxonomic evidences: anatomy in relation to taxonomy, palynology in relation to taxonomy, Embryology in relation to taxonomy and cytology in relation to taxonomy08 7. Modern trends in plant taxonomy 8. Study of plants of different families available in Jharkhand: Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Capparidaceae, Meliaceae, Leguminoceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Catharanthaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae 20 PAPER X ECOLOGY 1. Climate, soil and vegetation pattern of the world: Life zones: major biomes and major vegetation and soil types of the world Vegetation organization: Concepts of community and continuum; analysis of communities; community coefficients;inter specific associations, concepts of Ecological niche Vegetation development: mechanism of ecological succession; changes in ecosystem properties during succession 4. Ecosystem organization; structure and functions; primary productions(methods of measurement, global pattern, controlling factors); global bio-geo-chemical cycles of C, N, P, S; mineral cycles (pathways, processes, budgets) in terrestrial and aquatic

34 PAPER XI PRACTICAL PAPER XII PRACTICAL Ecosystems Biological diversity: concept and levels; role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions and stability; IUCN categories of threat Phytogeography M.Sc. PART II SEMESTER III PAPER XIII EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY GROUP A Total lectures Microspore and Microsporogenesis; Megaspore and Megasporogenesis 2. Development of male and female gametophyte 3. Germination of pollen grains, path of pollen tube and its entry Into embryo sac, double fertilization and pollen-pistil interaction 4. Endosperm and its types, morphological nature of endosperm Embryogenesis, development of monocot and dicot embryo 6. Apomixis and polyembryony 7. Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development.

35 GROUP B 1. Cambium: normal and anomalous secondary growth 2. Ecological Anatomy 3. Periderm Mechanical tissue and their distribution Total lectures 46 PAPER XIV GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT TISSUE CULTURE GROUP A 1. Biotechnology: basic concepts, principles and scope 2. Recombinant DNA-technology: gene cloning, principle and techniques DNA-fingerprinting, Polymerase chain reaction Genetic engineering of plants: aims, strategies for development Of Transgenic plants with suitable examples Agrobacterium- the natural genetic engineer, T-DNA and transposon Mediated gene tagging GROUP B 1. Plant tissue culture: history, techniques, embryogenesis, Micro propagation and its application Anther, Embryo, Endosperm culture and their significance 10 Total lectures 56

36 PAPER XV PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1. Absorption of water: mechanism of active and passive absorption; factors affecting water absorption Ascent of sap: mechanism Transpiration: stomatal structure and movement; guttation; factors Affecting the rate of transpiration Absorption of minerals: anatomy of root, soil profile and soil water, mechanism of absorption: active and passive; factors affecting absorption, Mineral nutrition of plants, deficiency symptoms and diseases, macro and micro nutrients, chelating agents Translocation of solutes: substances translocated in phloem, direction and speed of translocation, mechanism of phloem transport, transport of ions; factors affecting translocation 6. Stress physiology Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses Plant growth regulators (Phytohormones): structure, biosynthesis, physiological responses and mechanism of action of Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene Abscissic acid Sensory photobiology - Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks. Total lectures 49 PAPER XVI BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Structures & function of primary metabolites: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats. 2. Structures and function of secondary metabolites : Terpenoids, phenols & alkaloids. 02

37 3. Photosynthesis : Pigment system, Photophosphorylation, Calvin cycle, Hatch & Slack pathway, CAM pathway, photorespiration, factors affecting rate of photosynthesis Respiration : Glycolysis, Fermentation, Kreb s cycle, Electron Transport System, Hexose monophosphate shunt, theories of phosphorylation, factors affecting rate of respiration Enzymes : nature properties & classification, enzyme energetic, mode & mechanism of action, factors affecting enzyme activities. 6. Nitrogen metabolism: amino acid metabolism, protein synthesis in pro & eukaryotes, genetic code polypeptide chain, nitrogen fixation in free living and symbiotic bacteria. 7. Fats : nature & classification; biosynthesis, degradation of fats : beta-oxidation & alpha-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle. 8. Bioenergetics. 02 Total lectures 42 PAPER XVII PRACTICAL PAPER XVIII PRACTICAL SEMESTER IV PAPER XIX

38 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 1. Environment and pollution: general concept and impact on human beings 2. Air, water and soil pollution: kinds, sources; quality parameters: effect On plants and ecosystems and control measures Climate change: Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O,CFCs; sources, trends and role) Ozone layer and ozone hole Ecosystem stability: Concept (resistance and resilience); ecological perturbations (Natural and anthropogenic) and their impact on plants and ecosystems, Ecosystem restoration Ecological management: concepts; sustainable developments; sustainability Indicators 6. Energy resources: conventional and non-conventional PAPER XX Total lectures 48 PLANT RESOURCE UTILIZATION, BIOSTATISTICS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION GROUP A 1. Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of ; (a) food crops, (b) fiber, forage and Fodder crops, (c) medicinal and aromatic plants, (d) vegetables and oil yielding crops Plants yielding timber, tannins, dyes, resins and fruits Plants used as revenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics 02 GROUP B 1. Presentation of biological data in tables, graphs, histograms and pie chart 2. Concept of statistical analysis in biology 3. Preliminary ideas about mean, mode, median, standard deviation Probability, correlation, trends

39 GROUP C 1. Principles of conservation 2. Strategies for conservation: in situ conservation; international efforts and Indian initiatives; Protected areas in India- sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, wet lands, Mangroves and coral reefs for conservation of wild biodiversity Strategies for conservation: ex situ conservation; principles and practices; botanical gardens, Field gene banks, seed banks; in vitro repositories, cryo banks; general account of the activities of Botanical Survey of India(BSI), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources(NBPGR), Indian Council of Agricultural research (ICAR), Council of Scientific and industrial research (CSIR), and the department of biotechnology (DBT) for conservation Plant biodiversity: concept, status in India, utilization and concerns 05 Total lectures 60 PAPER XXI SPECIAL PAPER I PLANT PATHOLOGY I 1. History and modern approaches to plant pathology General symptoms of plant diseases caused by fungi 3. Mode of attack: (a) Enzymes: role of enzymes in pathogenesis (b) Toxins: types and their role in pathogenesis Physiology of diseased plants with special reference to: (a) Osmo-regulation (b) Respiration

40 (c) Photosynthesis (d) Nitrogen and phenol metabolism Mechanism of defense: (a) Structural defense mechanism (b) Biochemical defense mechanism Control measures of plant diseases: (a) Cultural practices (b) Biological (c) Chemical control (fungicide) (d) Plant quarantine 14 Total lectures 50 PAPER XXII SPECIAL PAPER II PLANT PATHOLOGY II 1. Important plant diseases caused by the fungi (symptoms, etiology and control): (a) Downy mildew of maize (b) Powdery mildew of pea (c) Loose smut of wheat (d) Covered smut of barley (e) Whip-smut of sugarcane (f) Linseed rust (g) Tikka disease of groundnut (h) Wilt of arhar (i) Blast of rice (j) False smut of rice (k) Red rot of sugarcane (l) Early blight of potato Important diseases of Bacteria: 3. Important viral diseases: 4. Important diseases caused by Nematodes:

41 PAPER XXIII PRACTICAL PAPER XXIV PROJECT