APES Monday, September 14 th

Transcription

1 Reminders: APES Monday, September 14 th Lorax & Easter s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24 Finish Unit 3 vocabulary- Quiz Tuesday 9/22 Tentative Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 Today s Schedule Review sample FRQ Critical Thinking Q s Start Unit 3 notes

2 Loss of Biodiversity Lab

3 Evolution & Biodiversity Unit 3 Chapter 5 & 12

4 Types of Biodiversity: Species (# of species) Genetic (Variety of genes) Ecological (Variety of ecosystems) Functional (Variety of processes)

5 1.9 million species identified ~10-14 million estimated to exist

6 Evidence indicates that earth s life is the result of about 1 billion years of chemical evolution followed by 3.7 billion years of biological evolution p.88 TED Ed

7 Knowledge about earth s early life comes from fossils, chemical analysis, ice cores, DNA analysis, Homologous structures, Vestigial Structures Fossil record is incomplete? Why? We only have fossils of 1% of all species that lived on earth. Fossil = Physical evidence of ancient organisms Fossil record = entire body of fossil evidence

8 Reminders: APES Tuesday, September 15 th Lorax & Easter s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24 Finish Unit 3 vocabulary- Quiz Tuesday 9/22 Tentative Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 Today s Schedule Unit 3 notes Adaptation Read & Present

9 Microevolution: change in a population s gene pool over time. Well-supported theory; documented in bacteria, pests, viruses, etc.

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11 Macroevolution: long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes through which new species form from ancestral species: Evidence: fossils & comparative morphology A lot more debatable

12 Evolution Requirements: 1.Genetic variability in trait 2.Trait is heritable 3.Individuals with trait leave more offspring Where does Genetic variation come from? Random shuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction Mutations: random changes in structure or number of DNA molecules o Result of random mistakes during DNA replication, X-rays, Radiation, Man-made chemicals, or random mistakes during DNA replication & cell division o Mutations in parents get passed on to progeny Then What happens? Environmental pressure causes organisms better adapted to survive to reproduce & make offspring with the same traits, adaptations become more common in succeeding populations Adaptations can be: Physical (teeth, body covering), Physiological/ Chemical (making venom, plants living high acid conditions), Behavioral (playing dead, migration)

13 Reminders: APES Thursday, September 17 th Lorax & Easter s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24 Finish Unit 3 vocabulary- Quiz Tuesday 9/22 Tentative Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 Today s Schedule Unit 3 notes or Jigsaw Spotlight on Biodiversity Home base Group Expert Group- Summarize Home base Group- Teach, Create, Present

14 APES Tuesday, September 22 nd Reminders: Lorax & Easter s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24 Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 (may be a take home test) Today s Schedule Vocabulary Quiz Present posters, take notes, Spotlight on Biodiversity Quiz

15 APES Wednesday, September 23 rd Reminders: Lorax & Easter s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24 TOMORROW Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 (may be a take home test) Today s Schedule Finish notes (?)

16 APES Thursday, September 24 th Reminders: Unit 3 Test Date- 9/29 (may be a take home test) Today s Schedule Finish notes (?) Lorax & Easter s End 5 paragraph comparison essay due 9/24 TODAY! Put it in the Inbox.

17 Allopatric SPECIATION Geographic isolation: physical isolation of populations for a long period (volcanic eruption, advancing of glaciers, changes in sea level, etc.) Reproductive isolation: mutations & natural selection in isolated pops lead to inability to produce viable offspring Two species One species

18 Myths about Evolution Survival of the fittest is not survival of the strongest Organisms do not develop traits out of need or desire No grand plan of nature (random) Humans will not develop skin resistant to UV radiation, lungs that filter air pollution, or livers that detoxify pollutants (genetic trait has to be present to begin with & we reproduce slowly so it takes thousands to millions to adapt through natural selection)

19 Coevolution:When 2 species interact over time, they can change the direction of each other s evolution Adaptations are refined in this ongoing coevolutionary contest Moths develop ears to detect & evade 2. Moths developed high frequency 4. clicksto jam bats echolocation system 1. Bats use echolocation *Start here 3. Bats switch frequency 5. Bats stop making sounds & follow clicks Bozeman

20 Human-Caused Evolution: Artificial selection: selective breeding for traits Genetic engineering: genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) Ex: Bt corn; insulin-making bacteria (Biofarming); Golden Rice (vitamin A); bacteria that extract minerals i.e. Cu; cold tolerant plants cows that give more milk food crops w/higher yields

21 Species Diversity Richest environments: Tropical rain forests Coral reefs Large tropical lakes Ocean bottom Biodiversity: Richness, Evenness, Importance Video Assignment: 1. Give an example of species evenness & species richness 2. Name 4 ecosystem services Species Role or Niche includes Adaptations Role it plays in matter cycles and energy flow Range of tolerance to env. conditions (temp. & water availability) Types & amounts of resources used Interactions with other species

22 Two Types of Species with Respect to Niches: Generalist have Broad Niches Live in many habitats, eat variety of food, tolerate wide range of environmental conditions Rats & mice Coyotes Deer

23 Two Types of Species with Respect to Niches: Specialists (Narrow Niches) Live in one type of habitat, eat few types of food, tolerate narrow range of environmental conditions More prone to extinction Giant panda

24 Specialized feeding niches of coastal birds reduces competition and allows for sharing of limited resources

25 Adaptive Radiation can result in Specialists Adaptive radiation: evolutionary divergence of a single species into a variety of species when new niches are available Left: finches on Hawaii Right: finches on Galapagos

26 Indicator species: provide early warning of damage to a community Frogs, butterflies, birds Special Focus: Amphibian Decline Frogs are sensitive to environmental disruption at various points in their life cycle Eggs are sensitive to UV radiation or pollution Adults absorb pollutants through skin Causes include: Habitat loss & fragmentation Climate change Increased UV radiation Viral & Fungal Diseases: Chytrid fungus Pollution: pesticides (atrazine) Overhunting (frog legs) Nonnative predators & competitors Why should we care: indicators, role as predators, pharmaceuticals

27 Keystone species: have a large effect on the types and abundances of other species Top predators, pollinators; Ex: honey bees, sea otter, gray wolf Foundation species: enhance their habitats, which benefit others Ex: Alligators, beavers, elephants, kelp United Streaming Video

28 Biodiversity Loss: Extinction: loss of a species Local = extirpation Biological = lost forever Background extinction: typical extinction b/c not all life can sustain on earth Mass extinction: significant rise in extinction rates above the background Widespread/ global event in which 25-70% of species are lost 3-5 have occurred over past 500 million years (last one 65 m.y.a) Can lead to adaptive radiations (taking advantage of opportunities) Human-Caused Biodiversity Loss: Before humans rate was 1 extinction per million species per year Extinction rate now 10,000 species per million Some saw we re currently in the 6 th Mass Extinction

29 Some Species are More Prone to Extinction: Slow reproducers Specialized niche Top predator Commercially valuable Need large territories Threats to Biodiversity- Climate Change Ted Dextinction- California Condor Whooping Crane

30 Loss of Biodiversity: Why Should We Care? 1. Species provide natural capital and services Pollination, Pest control, chemical cycling, etc. 2. Most species contribute economic services Plants for food, fuel, lumber, medicine Ecotourism 3. Many people believe species have an intrinsic right to exist

31 How Humans Decrease Biodiversity: HIPPCO Habitat destruction/ fragmentation = Biggest threat Invasive species Pop growth Pollution Climate change Overexploitation: overharvesting & poaching

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33 Hbl0bV8FA

34 Solutions: CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Bans the hunting, capturing, & selling of threatened species Endangered Species Act of 1973 Goal: Identify and protect endangered species in the U.S. and abroad Started w/ 92 US species Currently protects ~1,550 species in US National Marine Fisheries Service -ocean species U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - all others Wildlife Refuges & Botanical Gardens First one was Pelican Island est by T. Roosevelt Savannah National Wildlife Refuge Captive breeding in zoos & aquariums Egg pulling Artificial insemination Embryo transfer

35 Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge The Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge in Florida was America s first National Wildlife Refuge. It was established in 1903 to help protect the brown pelican and other birds from extinction. In 2009, the brown pelican was removed from the U.S. endangered species list.

36 Sustaining Biodiversity

37 Mini Project: You may work alone or up to a group of 3. Create two 8.5 x 11 posters The 1 st one must be about an extinct or endangered plant or animal The 2 nd one must be about an invasive species. Include a short description of the organism (scientific name, status, where it is from, 2 other interesting characteristics) why it is extinct or endangered OR a threat (invasive), and what is being done about its status and a picture

38 Wednesday September 30, 2015 Reminders Test Due in INBOX NB Check for those who took ACT yesterday Agenda: Get the chrome book that matches your folder # Learnerator Mini Project