Darwin s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence

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1 Darwin s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence 1

2 Voyage of the Beagle During His Travels, Darwin Made Numerous Observations And Collected Evidence That Led Him To Propose A Revolutionary Hypothesis About The Way Life Changes Over Time 2

3 Darwin s Observations Patterns of Diversity were shown Unique Adaptations in organisms Species Not Evenly Distributed Australia, Kangaroos, but No Rabbits S. America, Llamas 3

4 Darwin s Observations Both Living Organisms & Fossils collected Fossils included: Trilobites Giant Ground Sloth of South America This species NO longer existed. What had happened to them? 4

5 Evidence for Evolution The Fossil Record 5

6 Definition Evolution is the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms over time 6

7 Darwin s Observations Left unchecked, the number of organisms of each species will increase exponentially, generation to generation In nature, populations tend to remain stable in size Environmental resources are limited 7

8 Darwin s Conclusion Production of more individuals than can be supported by the environment leads to a struggle for existence among individuals Only a fraction of offspring survive each generation Survival of the Fittest 8

9 Darwin s Observations Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics with no two individuals being exactly alike. Much of this variation between individuals is inheritable. 9

10 Darwin s Conclusion Individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals Called Natural Selection 10

11 Darwin s Theory of Evolution The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations (natural selection) New species evolve 11

12 Common Descent with Modification Darwin proposed that organisms descended from common ancestors Idea that organisms change with time, diverging from a common form Caused evolution of new species 12

13 Theory of Evolution Today Supporting Evidence 13

14 Homologous Structures 14

15 Evidence for Evolution - Comparative Embryology Similarities In Embryonic Development 15

16 Similarities in DNA Sequence 16

17 Evolution of pesticide resistance in response to selection 17

18 Evidence for Evolution Evolution Observed Evolution of drug-resistance in HIV 18

19 Evidence for Evolution Evolution Observed Selection against small guppies results in an increase in average size 19

20 Evolutionary Time Scales Macroevolution: Long time scale events that create and destroy species. 20

21 Evolutionary Time Scales Microevolution: Short time scale events (generation-togeneration) that change the genotypes and phenotypes of populations 21

22 Evidence of Evolution Key Concept Darwin Argued That Living Things Have Been Evolving On Earth For Millions of Years. Evidence For This Process Could Be Found In: The Fossil Record The Geographical Distribution of Living Species Homologous Structures of Living Organisms Similarities In Early Development 22

23 Fossil Record Earth is Billions of Years Old Fossils In Different Layers of Rock (sedimentary Rock Strata) Showed Evidence Of Gradual Change Over Time 23

24 Geographic Distribution of Living Species Different Animals On Different Continents But Similar Adaptations To Shared Environments 24

25 Homologous Body Structures Scientists Noticed Animals With Backbones (Vertebrates) Had Similar Bone Structure May Differ In Form or Function Limb Bones Develop In Similar Patterns Arms, Wings, Legs, Flippers 25

26 Homologous Body Structures Structures That Have Different Mature Forms But Develop From The Same Embryonic Tissues Strong Evidence That All Four-Limbed Animals With Backbones Descended, With Modification, From A Common Ancestor Help Scientist Group Animals 26

27 Homologous Body Structures 27

28 Homologous Body Structures Not All Serve Important Functions Vestigial Organs Appendix In Humans Legs On Skinks 28

29 Darwin s Theory of Evolution Organisms Change Over Time 29

30 Natural Selection Driving force for evolution During the struggle for resources, strongest survive & reproduce Idea that at least some of the differences between individuals, which impact their survival and fertility, are inheritable. 30

31 Natural Selection and Artificial Selection Natural Selection Differences Among Individuals Of A Species Artificial Selection Selective Breeding To Enhance Desired Traits Among Stock or Crops 31

32 Natural Selection and Artificial Selection Key Concept: In Artificial Selection, Nature Provided The Variation Among Different Organisms, And Humans Selected Those Variations That They Found Useful 32

33 33

34 Origin of Species Concepts and Controversy 34

35 Evolution By Natural Selection Concepts The Struggle for Existence (compete for food, mates, space, water, etc.) Survival of the Fittest (strongest able to survive and reproduce) Descent with Modification (new species arise from common ancestor replacing less fit species) 35

36 Survival of the Fittest Fitness Ability of an Individual To Survive & Reproduce Adaptation Inherited Characteristic That Increases an Organisms Chance for Survival 36

37 Survival of the Fittest Adaptations Can Be: Physical Speed, Camouflage, Claws, Quills, etc. Behavioral Solitary, Herds, Packs, Activity, etc. 37

38 Survival of the Fittest Fitness Is Central To The Process Of Evolution Individuals With Low Fitness Die Produce Few Offspring Survival of the Fittest AKA Natural Selection 38

39 Key Concept Survival of the Fittest Over Time, Natural Selection Results In Changes In The Inherited Characteristics Of A Population. These Changes Increase A Species Fitness In Its Environment 39

40 Natural Selection Cannot Be Seen Directly It Can Only Be Observed As Changes In A Population Over Many Successive Generations Radiation Fossil Record 40

41 Descent With Modification Takes Place Over Long Periods of Time Natural Selection Can Be Observed As Changes In Body Structures Ecological Niches Habitats 41

42 Descent With Modification Species Today Look Different From Their Ancestors Each Living Species Has Descended With Changes From Other Species Over Time 42

43 Descent With Modification 43

44 Descent With Modification Implies All Living Organisms Are Related Single Tree of Life DNA, Body Structures, Energy Sources Common Descent All Species, Living & Extinct, Were Derived From Common Ancestors 44

45 IV. Evolution of Populations A. Populations are the smallest unit that can evolve (adapt) B. Variation exists in a population 1. Due to resources- food, soil 2. Due to heredity- genotype C. Cause of variation in Genotypes 1. Mutation 2. Recombination (independent assortment, crossing-over) 3. Random fusion of gametes

46 IV. Evolution of Populations D. Gene Pool 1. All genetic information in a population 2. Frequency of a certain allele in a population will determine the phenotype frequency E. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 1. Allele frequencies stay the same in an undisturbed population (genetic equilibrium) 2. Allows scientists to measure changes in a gene pool

47 V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium A. Mutation 1. Caused by mutagens 2. Change DNA producing totally new alleles 3. Most are harmful B. Migration 1. Immigration and emigration of individuals 2. Ensures gene flow

48 V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium C. Genetic Drift 1. Change of allele frequencies due to random events 2. Small populations are highly affected D. Nonrandom Mating 1. Geographic proximity 2. Assortive matinglike to like

49 V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium E. Natural Selection 1. Most significant factor in evolution of populations 2. Nature selects against non-fit individuals 3. Reduces harmful alleles

50 V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium 4. Types a) Stabilizing Selection- towards the average b) Directional Selection- towards one extreme c) Disruptive Selection- away from the average d) Sexual Selection- females tend to choose

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