8.11C Explore how short and long term environmental changes affect organisms and traits in subsequent populations, 8.11D recognize human dependence

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1 8.11C Explore how short and long term environmental changes affect organisms and traits in subsequent populations, 8.11D recognize human dependence on ocean systems and explain how human activities such as runoff, artificial reefs, or use of these resources have modified these systems

2 On your page, create this diagram. Put the categories at the top of your Venn diagram Short Term Long Term

3 Now, think about events that happen in our world that might have an effect on an ecosystem. Come up with 2 short term and 2 long term, and be ready to share out. Short Term event/causes: Long Term event/causes

4 Venn Diagram - now let s look at these: Where do we place these events in your diagram? 1. Climate Change 2. Drought 3. Hurricane 4. Floods 5. Ice Age 6. Volcanic eruptions 7. Forest Fire

5 Venn Diagram Words - Answers 1. Climate Change-LT 2. Drought- both 3. Hurricane-ST 4. Floods-ST 5. Ice Age-LT 6. Volcanic eruptions-lt 7. Forest Fire- Both, depends on the severity and effects on populations.

6 These events are occurring constantly on our planet - How do organisms change and evolve over time in response?

7 Adaptations Adaptations are structures or behaviors that increase an organism s ability to survive in a given environment Individual organisms live or die according to their inherited adaptations Extinction occurs when species are unable to adapt to environmental changes

8 Environmental Events Natural events and human impacts can cause short term and long term changes in environmental conditions. But what does this do to the living organisms WITHIN these ecosystems?

9 Genetics natural selection: Individual organisms live or die; only species (populations) can adapt Individual organisms with certain traits are more likely than others to survive and have offspring. Changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms and thus, entire species.

10 Natural Selection: The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species Interactions with the environment in future generations, those traits may no longer aid in survival.

11 Natural Selection Selection works on entire populations of organisms. Long term survival of a species is due to the concentration of favorable traits in offspring over generations due to the selection pressure of environmental conditions.

12 Natural Selection: Darwin observed that some variations make individuals better adapted to their environment Those individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce (generation 1) If their offspring inherit the trait, they will be more likely to survive and reproduce (generation 2 and then 3, etc.) Only survival determines if the trait is adaptive. In effect, the environment has selected organisms with helpful traits to be the parents of the next generation

13 The Role of Genes in Natural Selection Remember, only traits that are inherited can be acted upon by natural selection

14 Natural genetic changes one example: Geographic isolation when some members of a species become cut off from the rest of the species A new species might form when a group of individuals remains separated from the rest of its species long enough to accumulate different traits Geographic isolation may have occurred on a worldwide scale during continental drift

15 Remember Continental Drift? This was (and is) a NATURAL process

16 Geographic isolation examples

17

18 Humans and their environment In the early millennia of human evolution, population sizes were small and impacts on their environments were probably minimal. However, as modern humans arose around 200,000 years ago, their population sizes and their ranges grew and their stone tool technology advanced. These changes led to humans causing measurable and lasting changes in their environments

19 Humans and their environment The human needs for power, food, and money are the main causes of human impacts on the environment Many scientists have suggested that recent human activities have permanently and irreversibly altered Earth to such an extent that a new epoch called the Anthropocene (anthropo, for man, and cene, for new ) should be added. It is clear that as the human population began to surge over the past century, human impacts on Earth s ecosystems have intensified, and measurable changes are occurring.

20 Human Caused Environmental Changes: A list of a few negative environmental events that are human derived: Pollution (all kinds) Acid rain Deforestation Climate changes Causes of Succession

21 Impact on Air Atmosphere: Air pollution has many components Increase in greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels

22 The now famous case of moths?! An Example of Rapid Adaptation: The Peppered Moths

23 Impact on Biodiversity Mass extinctions are defined as a loss of over 75% of species in a relatively short period of time. In the fossil record, five mass extinctions have occurred in the past 540 million years. Extinction is a natural part of biological evolution, but the current increase in the extinction rate of plants and animals can be linked to the activity of a single species: humans.

24 Threats to Biodiversity Recall that biodiversity is variability among living organisms Without biodiversity, ecosystems cannot exist, they will collapse Two main threats to biodiversity are climate change and ecosystem transformation and loss. Ecosystem loss :

25 Deforestation an ex. of ecosystem transformation and loss: The spread of human development results not only in loss of habitat but also in fragmentation of the habitat that remains.

26 Pollution another example: Coastal Habitats: Coastal waters and nearshore ecosystems are affected by pollution, development, and increased intensity of storms, among other things Types of pollution: plastic (not biodegradable), oils, fertilizer runoff

27 The unfortunate truth Human caused changes are often too rapid for evolutionary processes Understand that evolution acts on genetic variability and loss of genetic variability limits the potential of a population of organisms to evolve under changing environmental conditions Instead of evolving, organisms simply perish

28 Climate changes

29 Human Impact - Video

30 Human Impact - exploration: ATL Skill - Research - Information literacy - Access information to be informed and inform others There are two steps of the task, both are completed on this page:

31 Why does it matter if we change the world? Human impact can harm our world and it can be irreversible. We are dependent on our planet in ways that we are often unaware of. Video: Sylvia Earle My Wish This is step 2 on the worksheet

8.11C Explore how short and long term environmental changes affect organisms and traits in subsequent populations, 8.11D recognize human dependence

8.11C Explore how short and long term environmental changes affect organisms and traits in subsequent populations, 8.11D recognize human dependence 8.11C Explore how short and long term environmental changes affect organisms and traits in subsequent populations, 8.11D recognize human dependence on ocean systems and explain how human activities such

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