EVOLUTION No matter what your beliefs are, it is always better to have as much information as you can so that you can form your own, educated opinion!

Transcription

1 EVOLUTION No matter what your beliefs are, it is always better to have as much information as you can so that you can form your own, educated opinion!

2 Standards SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a. Trace the history of the theory. b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

3 Standards SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

4 Terms to Know Charles Darwin Natural selection Evolution Selective breeding (artificial selection) Derived trait Ancestral trait Homologous structure Vestigial structure Analogous structure Embryo Adaptation Fitness Mimicry Camouflage Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium Resistance

5 Mutations Mutation: A change in an organisms DNA Point mutation: A mutation that happens when an incorrect nucleotide is put into a DNA molecule Frameshift mutation: The addition or removal of a nucleotide during a DNA sequence

6 Evolution Evolution: A change in species over time The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms Creationism: The process by which every living thing was made by a higher power

7 In our classroom Evolution is part of the High School biology curriculum You are entitled to challenge everything and encouraged to believe whatever you would like

8 What is Evolution Vocabulary: Evolution: A change in species over time Key Ideas of evolution Fitness: An organisms ability to produce more offspring relative to other members of its population Adaptation: Feature that allows organisms to better survive in their environment Takes millions of years!

9 Vocabulary: Fitness Fitness: Measure of an organisms ability to survive and reproduce offspring What is it: Within a population, certain individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce. This is called fitness. WHY? Adaptations Examples:» Bright colors: Help attract a mate» Long neck: Help them get food others can t» Camouflage: Help them hide from predators» Thick fur: Help them stay warm

10 Vocabulary: Charles Darwin Variation: A change in species over time Who is Charles Darwin? The father of evolution! 1831: Hired to go on a voyage on the HMS Beagle to study the land and its inhabitants Studied the plants and animals in his travels Traveled to the galapogos Islands

11 Where did he go?

12 What did he observe? Variation: o Difference in physical traits ovariations between the islands oespecially in the Galapagos Islands! Adaptation: o Feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment oexample: Turtles with long necks live in area with tall plants

13 He found numerous species on the Galapagos Islands that were unknown These birds had beaks that were specially shaped for the type of food they ate What kind of food do you think each of these birds eat? Darwin s Finches

14 Evidence for Evolution Vocabulary: Fossil: Trace of an organism from the past Geography: The study of physical features of the earth Embryology: Branch of biology concerned with the study of embryos (fertilized cells) Anatomy: The study of the body

15 1. Fossils: o Showed that organisms changed over time ofound that older organisms are found on the bottom of rock 2. Geography: o Darwin saw that island plants and animals looked alike, but were not identical to species on South America othought that different environments favored different traits oover time, new traits became established on the islands

16 3. Embryology: o Study of embryos and development ofound that embryos of different species were similar oexample: The gills of fish were the ears of bird, reptile, and mammals 4. Anatomy: o Compared body parts of different species ohomologous structures: osimilar in structure, used for different things oanalogous structures: o Used for same thing, looks different

17 Theory of Natural Selection Vocabulary: Natural Selection: Process in which individuals that have inherited beneficial traits produce more offspring than do other individuals Beneficial: Good, helpful Population: All the individuals of a species that live in an area Species: A group of organisms so similar to each other that they can breed and produce fertile offspring Fertile: Able to produce offspring

18 Genetic Variation Variation: The heritable difference that exist in every population What causes variation? MUTATIONS! Why does variation matter? Variation means there are differences within a population Beneficial variation = more likely to survive and reproduce Variations create beneficial adaptations over time

19 Vocabulary: Speciation Speciation: The rise of two or more species from one existing species Reproductive isolation: Members of populations can no longer mate successfully Behavioral isolation: Isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors Geographic isolation: Physical barriers that divide a population Temporal isolation: Timing prevents reproduction between populations

20 Natural Selection Four Basic Principles #1. Individuals in a population show differences, or variation Example: Do you look exactly like your classmates?

21 2. Variations are inherited, or passed down from parents to offspring Example: You look similar to your parents

22 3. Organisms have more offspring than can survive on available resources

23 And the most important principle 4. Variations that increase reproductive success will have a greater chance of being passed on than those that do not increase reproductive success. (Example: The fastest gazelles will live longer and will thus have more offspring. The slow ones.well.

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25 The Origin of Species Darwin published a book called On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection On the last page, he defines evolution as cumulative changes in groups of organisms through time.

26 Evolution.Fact or Fiction? Why do scientists believe in the theory of evolution? The fossil record Comparative anatomy Comparative embryology Comparative biochemistry Geographic distribution

27 Support for Evolution-The Fossil Record Fossils show records of ancient species that share similarities with species that live now on Earth

28 Support for Evolution-The Fossil Record Two Kinds of Traits Derived Traits Newly evolved features that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors (Ex: feathers) Ancestral Traits Traits that do appear in ancestral forms (Ex: teeth, nails)

29 Support for Evolution- Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor

30 Support for Evolution- Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Structures Reduced forms of functional structures in different species

31 Embryo Support for Evolution- Comparative Embryology An early, pre-birth stage of an organism s development Vertebrate embryos have homologous structures

32 Support for Evolution-Comparative Embryology Lizard Pig Human Tortoise

33 Comparative embryology and compartive anatomy are evidence that: A.) organisms developed in similar environments B.) organisms developed from a common ancestor C.) organisms have identical genes D.) organisms obtain energy the same way

34 Support for Evolution- Comparative Biochemistry DNA and RNA are molecules Organisms that look alike usually have similar DNA, which results in similar amino acids National Geographic released an article in 2005 reporting 96% of the human genome is the same as the chimpanzees genome

35 Support for Evolution- Geographic Distribution Darwin observed that the animals on the South American mainland were more similar to other South American animals than animals living in similar environments in Europe

36 Who founded the Theory of Natural Selection? A.) Watson and Crick B.) Carolus Linnaeus C.) Charles Darwin D.) Gregor Mendel

37 Rates of Evolution Gradualism Theory that evolution occurs in small, gradual steps Punctuated Equilibrium Rapid spurts of genetic change cause species to diverge quickly Which do you think is correct?

38 Fitness Fitness is measured as the number of fertile offspring that an organism produces in the next generation Alleles with higher fitness become more common What does survival of the fittest mean? Organisms adapt to increase their fitness

39 Adaptation An adaptation is a trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism s reproductive success How does this rabbit s color increase it s reproductive success?

40 Adaptations- Camouflage Morphological properties that allow them to blend in with their environments Camouflage allows organisms to become almost invisible to predators

41 Adaptations- Mimicry Mimicry is when one species evolves to look like another species Usually a harmless species evolves to resemble a harmful species

42 Adaptations- Antimicrobial Resistance Some bacteria have adapted to be resistant to drugs Mutated bacteria that are drug resistant live and pass on their DNA to their offspring Ex: Penicillin is less effective than it used to be Some diseases, like tuberculosis, have reemerged in more harmful forms Using the information above, do you think that it is a good idea to use antibacterial soap and hand sanitizer everyday?

43 What did Darwin notice about the finches on the Galapagos Islands? A.) Their feathers helped them camouflage in the tropical rainforest B.) Their beaks were specially designed for the food they ate C.) They migrated to other islands because they weren t fit for the Galapagos D.) Nothing- the finches experiment was not useful

44 Why do organisms in a population vary? A.) Genetic variation creates a stable ecosystem B.) Genetic variation decreases stability of an ecosystem C.) Genetic variation does not affect the stability of an ecosystem

45 How does genetic variation come about? A.) Mitosis and Meiosis B.) Meiosis and Crossing Over C.) Crossing over and mitosis D.) There is no process that causes genetic variation

46 Which trait is least likely to be passed on? A.) Tallness in giraffes B.) Speed in lions C.) Curly hair in humans

47 Which best describes evolution? A.) Change over a long period of time B.) Change over a short period of time C.) Staying the same over a long period of time

48 Which describes survival of the fittest? A.) Organisms with the most desirable characteristics will pass on their genes B.) Organisms that are in shape will survive C.) Both of these D.) None of these

49 Which of the following is NOT a rate of evolution? A.) Punctuated equilibrium B.) Gradualism C.) Speciation

50 The organism before it is born in the first few weeks is called A.) Baby B.) Offspring C.) Embryo D.) Toddler

51 Which of the following is NOT an adaptation? A.) Camouflage B.) Mimicry C.) Both are adaptations D.) Neither is an adaptation

52 Should you use antibacterial soap or antibacterial hand sanitizer multiple times a day? A.) Yes it cleans your hands completely! B.) Yes it prevents bacteria from growing C.) No it doesn't work at all D.) No it works at first but bacteria develop resistance to it