Zimmerman AP Biology CBHS South Name Chapter 7&8 Guided Reading Assignment 1) What is resolving power and why is it important in biology?

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1 Zimmerman AP Biology CBHS South Name Chapter 7&8 Guided Reading Assignment 1) What is resolving power and why is it important in biology? 2) How does an electron microscope work and what is the difference between a scanning and transmission electron microscope? 3) Describe the process and purpose of cell fractionation. 4) All Cells have: A. B. C. D. 5) Label the prokaryotic cell below list structure and function. 6) Why is surface area to volume such an important concept as it applies to the size of a cell? 1

2 7) For each of the structures below note the specific structure and the function of the organelle or part of the organelle. The important concept is to note how the specific structure allows for the specific function to be accomplished. Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nuclear lamina Chromosomes Chromatin Nucleolus Ribosomes Made up of and ; 2 subunits (pg. 117) No membrane Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Can shift between roles (bound/free) Endomembrane System - All parts are connected either directly or via vesicles Includes: - ER Endoplasmic Reticulum - Made up of cisternae - Connected to the - Function - Smooth ER 2

3 Lacks Functions: Synthesizes (ex. ) Detoxifies: Metabolizes: - Rough ER - Lined with - Makes (ex. pancreas secretes ) - Usually (polypeptides connected to short polysaccharides) - Membrane factory (ex. phospholipids) Golgi Flat membrane sacs Function: Modifies Cis face = Trans face = they are modified during the move from the to the Golgi can manufacture its own macromolecules too; sometimes it adds tags (ex. phosphate groups) Lysosomes Description Not in Massive leakage can destroy the cell Some bud from the (made by the rough ER) Role in Vacuoles Larger than vesicles; diverse functions: Food vacuoles Contractile vacuoles 3

4 Central vacuole Tonoplast = ER Golgi budding (ex. lysosomes) End of Endomembrane System Other Organelles ENERGY TRANSFORMERS Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Energy transformers Membranes are made by Contain a small amount of DNA Are dynamic can move, divide and change shape Mitochondria Site of membrane; inner folded (increases ); the folds are called Cells high in metabolic activity = many mitochondria Mitochondrial Matrix Chloroplasts Site of Example of a plastid Definition: Amyloplasts Chromoplasts 2 membranes Thylakoid Grana Stroma Peroxisomes Produces as metabolic byproduct, but then breaks it down Helps in liver detoxifies alcohol (transfers H from poison to oxygen) Cytoskeleton Function 4

5 Structure Anchors/moves Can dismantle and reassemble = changes the shape of the cell Movement Moves and by allowing cytoskeleton components to slide past each other Fig pg. 126 Components of Cytoskeleton (3) Microtubules Thick, hollow, made by adding/removing (protein) Centrosomes Controls the beating of the cilia and flagella Cilia and Flagella Structure 9+2 pattern Anchored in the cell by a Cilia Flagella Moving Cilia and Flagella bend cilia and flagella Fig pg. 130 Fig pg. 129 Microfilaments (Actin filaments) Thin, solid rods of actin, twisted double chain Functions pg

6 Cytoplasmic streaming Intermediate Filaments Diverse functions More permanent Build from a protein called Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle location dynein walking Cell Surfaces and Junctions Plant Cells Cell Walls Functions Structure Primary Cell Wall Middle Lamella Secondary Cell Wall Plasmodesmata Animal Cells ECM (Extracellular Matrix) Support the animal cell Made of mostly which are secreted by the cells Types of glycoproteins: Collagen = Proteoglycans = Fibronectins = Integrins connect the ECM to the cytoskeleton (outside connected to inside) ECM can influence activity of genes in the nucleus using and signaling pathways Intracellular Junctions in Animal Cells Neighboring cells communicate through these junctions 3 main types: 6

7 Tight junctions Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Gap Junctions (communicating junctions) 1) Salt ions, sugar, AA s, and other small molecules can pass through. Important in embryo development chemical communication Chapter 8 Cell Membranes 1. Extracellular matrix 2. Collagen 3. Proteoglycans 4. Fibronectin 5. Integrins 6. What are intercellular junctions and why are they important? 7. Contrast plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. 8. What does selective permeability mean and why is that important to cells? 7

8 9) What is an amphipathic molecule? 10) What were the ideas concerning the plasma membrane models below: A) Gorter and Grendel B) Davson and Danielli C) Singer and Nicolson 11) Describe the freeze fracture technique and why is it useful in cell biology. 12) How is the fluidity of cell membrane s maintained? 13) Label the diagram below for each structure briefly list its function: 8

9 14)List the six broad functions of membrane proteins. 15) How do glycolipids and glycoproteins help in cell to cell recognition? 16) Why is membrane sidedness an important concept in cell biology? 17) How has our understanding of membrane permeability changed since the discovery of aquaporins?!8) What is diffusion and how does a concentration gradient relate to passive transport? 19) Why is free water concentration the driving force in osmosis? 9

10 20) Why is water balance different for cells that have walls as compared to cells without walls? 21) Label the diagram below: 22) What is the relationship between ion channels, gated channels and facilitated diffusion write 1-2 sentences using those terms correctly. 23) How is ATP specifically used in active transport? 10

11 24) Define and contrast the following terms: membrane potential, electrochemical gradient, electrogenic pump and proton pump. 25) What is cotransport and why is an advantage in living systems? 26) What is a ligand? 27) Contrast the following terms: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. 11