Module A Unit 4 Homeostasis and Transport. Mr. Mitcheltree

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1 Module A Unit 4 Homeostasis and Transport Mr. Mitcheltree

2

3 Surface area to Volume Ratio in Plants

4 Surface area to Volume Ratio in us There are a number of necessary conditions that allow effective gaseous exchange. Here is a list of 5 important factors. 1. Temperature: the warmer the conditions are the faster the diffusion rate between the blood and alveoli. 2. A constant ventilation must be in place to maintain a concentration gradient to stop equilibrium. 3. Thin permeable cell walls allow rapid diffusion. Faster gas exchange. 4. A larger surface area to volume ratio, for example if there are lots of alveoli stacked together in the lungs, more gaseous exchange is able to take place. 5. A concentration difference of the gases from one side to the other.

5 Surface area to Volume Ratio in us

6 Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) in all cells!!! Bilipid layer with embedded carbs and proteins. Selectively permeable Certain materials enter and leave based on Size, shape, chemical nature Fluid Mosaic Model Proteins float in bi-lipid layer. Function of Proteins and Carbs Active Transport, Hold cells together in multicellular organisms, Cell Recognition

7 Cell Membrane Maintains Homeostasis Outside of cell Membrane Rap cytoplasm

8 Prokaryotic Cells Meaning Before Nucleus Suggests evolution No membrane bound nucleus. DNA found in strands (big messy ball of yarn) Bacteria

9 Eukaryotic Cell Has true nucleus (double membrane bound organelle) contains DNA Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Much Larger than prokaryotic

10 Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

11 Theory of Endosymbiosis (Margulis)

12 Theory of Endosymbiosis Eukaryotic cells are the descendants of 2 or more prokaryotic cells Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria Engulfed by another prokaryotic cell Made their home inside the cell without being digested Relationship was mutually beneficial

13 Primordial Coup de tat Endosymbiosis

14 The Evidence Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own membranes Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide (reproduce) in a way similar to prokaryotes and may divide without the cell dividing

15 Cytoplasm Water with dissolved material, monomers and polymers: proteins, carbs, nucleic acids and lipids Chemical Reactions: respiration (glycolysis), dehydration synthesis (monomers polymers), hydrolysis (polymers monomers) Cytoplasmic Streaming moves substances through cytoplasm. Intracellular fluid that contains organelles True organelles have double membrane. inner membrane increases surface area for increased reactions. Ex. Mitochondria cristae Ex. Plastids grana

16 Nucleus True Organelle May be more than one and found anywhere in the cell Has nuclear envelope: membrane porous to allow mrna to exit separates nucleus from cytoplasm. Contains chromatin DNA and Proteins When cell reproduces becomes chromosomes Tells the cell how to make protein

17 Nucleus

18 Structure inside nucleus composed of RNA produces ribosomes (rrna link AA s to make proteins in cell) Nucleolus

19 Function of DNA Tells cell how to make proteins by linking amino acids. (sequencing) Transcription DNA mrna 3 DNA bases codes for one amino acid. CCCTATCGCATTCGC Translation Protein production occurs at ribosomes in cytoplasm The Central Dogma of Biology Chromosomes Twisted strands of DNA & Protein present during cell reproduction

20 Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) True organelle Transports materials made by biosynthesis. Two Types: Smooth E.R. Lipids Rough E.R. Covered with Ribosomes Therefore transports.

21 Endoplasmic Reticulum The rough ER manufactures membranes and secretory proteins. In leukocytes (leuk-) the rough ER produces antibodies (anti-). In pancreatic cells the rough ER produces insulin. Rough ER Song

22 Golgi Body (Apparatus) True Organelle Collects, Modifies and Packages materials from biosynthesis (typically from Rough ER) Materials packaged? Used for storage, digestion, and secretion (Exocytosis).

23 One end acts as the "receiving" department (cis) and the other as the "shipping" department (trans). The receiving department is closely associated with the ER. Golgi Apparatus

24 Excretion Excretion getting rid of waste or excess water. Occurs by: diffusion (wastes) movement of material from high to low concentrations of solute. osmosis (water) movement of water from high to low concentration of solvent. Exocytosis

25 Secretion Getting rid of cell products from biosynthesis. Occurs by Mostly exocytosis Diffusion Example: Salivary Glands secreting amylase (carbohydrate digestive enzyme)

26 Excretion vs. Secretion What is the difference between excretion and secretion? When Pancreas Cells Produce insulin would the insulin? (Excretion Secretion) When Carbon Dioxide is produced in respiration? (Excretion Secretion)

27 Diffusion and Osmosis Osmosis Rap

28 Facilitated Diffusion Channel protein Passive Transport Carrier Protein

29 RBC s

30 Active Transport Requires Energy (ATP) Moves substances against concentration gradient (low conc. to high conc.) Types Protein Pumps Endocytosis Phagocytosis pseudopods form around food forming vacuole Pinocytosis vacuole forms around liquids Exocytosis Excretion Secretion

31 Na K pump

32 Passive vs. Active Transport

33 Homeostasis Respond to the environment Examples:

34 Study Island Homeostasis and Transport 5a Crash Course Biology In Da Club Membranes & Transport

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