14. A small change in gene frequencies to a population overtime is called a. Macroevolution b. Speciation c. Microevolution d.

Transcription

1 Section: Evolution Review Questions Section Title: Evolution Review Questions Name: Review of Old Information: Match the people listed below with the influential ideas they proposed: 1. Carolus Linneus a. gradualism 2. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck b. system of classification for organisms 3. Thomas Malthus c. inheritance of acquired characteristics 4. Georges Cuvier d. resources are finite 5. James Hutton e. catastrophism Match the people listed below with the influential ideas they proposed: 6. Charles Lyell a. CO-FOUNDER of natural selection 7. Gregor Mendel b. 1 st to propose natural selection 8. Charles Darwin c. uniformitarianism 9. Alfred Russell Wallace d. Father of Genetics Match the ideas below with their descriptions on the right: 10. Gradualism a. same processes that shape earth have ALWAYS occurred 11. Catastrophism b. features on earth changed over LONG and continuous period of time 12. Uniformitarianism c. species changed over time due to multiple catastrophes 13. Natural selection d. species change over time towards useful inherited traits 14. A small change in gene frequencies to a population overtime is called a. Macroevolution b. Speciation c. Microevolution d. Migration 15. Which of the following is not a type of natural selection? a. Disruptive selection b. Directional selection c. Rotational selection d. Stabilizing selection 16. Which of the following is not a cause of microevolution? a. Speciation b. Mutation c. Migration d. Genetic Drift e. All of the above 17. The ability of an organism to survive, reproduce, and pass on its traits is called a. Speciation b. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium c. Fitness d. Genetic Drift

2 18. A population of beetles reproduces and the parent generation has 75% brown genes and 25% green genes. Due to random luck the offspring of the population have 71% brown genes and 29% green genes. This phenomenon is called? a. Mutation b. Genetic Drift c. Speciation d. Sexual selection 19. There is a population of peppered moths that exist in an industrialized area where soot has covered areas of plants in the environment. Peppered moths can be all white, white with black spots, and all black. Which of the three peppered moths would be considered most fit for that environment? a. White b. Spotted c. Black d. None of the above 20. Natural selection where organisms with either extreme expression for a particular trait are more likely to survive is known as. a. Directional selection b. Disruptive selection c. Stabilizing selection 21. Speciation is driven by a. Species area effect b. Catastrophism c. Geographic and reproductive isolation d. Uniformitarianism 22. Gradualism states that new species develop over a. Disruptive selection b. Long periods of time c. Quick changes d. Stabilizing selection 23. Which of the following types of natural selection is depicted in the graph? a. Stabilizing selection b. Disruptive selection c. Directional selection 24. Which of the following types of natural selection is depicted in the graph? a. Stabilizing selection b. Disruptive selection c. Directional selection

3 25. Which of the following types of natural selection is depicted in the graph? a. Stabilizing selection b. Disruptive selection c. Directional selection 26. The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment is called a. Competition b. fitness c. strength d. instinct 27. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation is used to determine a. Gene frequencies in a population at a particular point in time b. What type of natural selection is acting on a population c. The causes of microevolution 28. Similarities in the genes and DNA of organisms that act as a possible evidence for macroevolution are referred to as a. Vestigial structures c. Macromolecule similarities b. Analogous structures d. Homologous structures 29. Features that serve no useful function in an organism, like the appendix of a human, but might have been useful to a common ancestor, are called a. Vestigial structures c. Macromolecule similarities b. Analogous structures d. Homologous structures 30. The arm of a human and flipper of a porpoise are an example of homologous structures. a. TRUE b. FALSE

4 31. Structures from organisms that do not have common ancestors but have common function, like the beak of a bird and the beak of an octopus, would be an example of a. Vestigial structures c. Homologous structures b. Sequential structures d. Analogous structures 32. Dolphins and sharks have different ancestors but look very similar. This is an example of what pattern of evolution? a. Divergent evolution c. Analogous structures b. Convergent evolution d. Homologous structures 33. The finches on the Galapagos Islands probably all came from one ancestor. This is an example of what pattern of evolution? a. Divergent evolution c. Analogous structures b. Convergent evolution d. Homologous structures 34. One of the observations that led people to think that life could arise from nonliving things was that a. Maggots turned into oval cases from which flies eventually emerged. b. Fish appeared in ponds that had been dry the previous season. c. Large fish developed from smaller fish, which hatched from fish eggs d. Fish grew larger by eating other living things, such as flies. 35. The purpose of the covering in Redi s experiment was to prevent a. Maggots from leaving the jar. b. Air from leaving the jar c. Adult flies from entering the jar d. Bacteria from entering the jar 36. Spallanzani's opponents disagreed with his conclusion that microorganisms from the air contaminated the boiled meat broth. They argued that Spallanzani a. Heated the flasks to long, killing the microorganisms in the broth b. Heated the flasks to long, destroying the vital force in the air inside the flasks. c. Waited too long before he sealed the flasks after heating them. d. Accidentally contaminated the broth when he sealed the flasks 37. In Pasteur s experiment, the function of the curved neck on the flask was to prevent a. Air from entering the body of the flask. b. Air from leaving the body of the flask c. Microorganisms from entering the body of the flask d. Broth from spilling out of the flask. 38. A French botanist wrote in 1609, there is a tree in Scotland. From this tree leaves that die are falling; upon one side they strike that water and slowly turn into fishes, upon the other they strike the land and turn into birds. What biological hypothesis or principle was he describing a. Spontaneous generation b. Endosymbiosis c. Biogenetic evolution d. Pasteurization 39. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the hypothesis of spontaneous generation was used to explain a. How new life started b. How simple organic compounds formed c. How eukaryotes evolved 40. The neck of Pasteur s flasks a. Allowed both air and microorganisms to enter the flask b. Allowed air to enter the flask but kept microorganisms out c. Allowed microorganisms to enter but kept air out d. Kept both air and microorganisms out.

5 Use the graph to answer the following questions. 41. Which of the following diagrams represents divergent evolution? a. A b. B c. C 42. Which of the following diagrams represents convergent evolution? a. A b. B c. C 43. Which of the following diagrams represents coevolution? a. A b. B c. C 44. Which of the following proposed evolutionary time scales is show in the following diagram a. Gradualism b. Punctuated Equilibrium 45. Biogenesis states that a. Life forms from non-living things b. Life forms from living things c. Natural selection drives all morphological changes in a population

6 46. Which of the following proposed evolutionary time scales is shown in the following diagram a. Gradualism b. Punctuated Equilibrium 47. In sexual selection for tropical birds, bright colors and bold characteristics a. Help in mating and possible reproductive success b. Result in their genes being removed from the next generation c. Decrease fitness 48. Genetic drift is a shift in gene frequencies as a result of a. Natural Selection b. Immigration c. Random Events d. Directional selection 49. Macroevolution tries to explain a. Natural selection b. A major evolutionary transition from one organism into another c. Small gene changes within a population of one species d. Small changes in morphology 50. A small change in gene frequencies to a population overtime is called a. Microevolution a. Migration 51. A change in the environment results in a change to a. Population stability b. A change in the fitness of the environment c. A change in the traits that are useful (selected for) in the environment. 52. Mutation a. the average form of a trait is more likely to survive 53. Migration b. both extreme forms of a trait are more likely to survive 54. Genetic Drift c. allele frequencies changing as a result of random events 55. Stabilizing Selection d. Usually harmful to a population, but still changes gene frequencies 56. Disruptive Selection e. entering or leaving a population 57) Speciation is the process in which a. Natural selection does not happen b. Populations stay the same through time c. New species form through microevolution 58) Speciation is driven by a. Natural selection b. Genetic drift c. Geographic and reproductive isolation d. Macroevolution

7 59) Allopatric speciation occurs a. Within a population at one location b. When a population is geographically isolated from one another c. When a population is first reproductively isolated from one another 60) Adaptive radiation occurs when a. Natural selection does not occur b. When gene frequencies stay the same over time c. Numerous species form from a common ancestor when members of a population spread to new environments. d. Numerous species form from a common ancestor when members of a population stay in one location and only mate with one another. 61) Embryological comparisons reveal that a. all vertebrate embryos look similar at early stages of development. b. Embryos of different vertebrates look more similar as development proceeds. c. Rabbit embryos look like adult fish. d. Gorillas begin life as fish and then develop into gorillas during an embryonic stage. 62) The 1 st types of cells were likely a. Eukaryotic b. Prokaryotic c. colonial 63) The theory that living things could arise from non-living things was called a. spontaneous generation b. biogenesis c. Oparin hypothesis d. endosymbiosis 64) The first organisms on earth were probably a. Autotrophic, aerobic eukaryotes b. Heterotrophic, aerobic eukaryotes c. Autotrophic, aerobic prokaryotes d. Heterotrophic, anaerobic prokaryotes. Matching 65) Biogenesis a. something in the air that develops life 66) Spontaneous generation b. life arising from other life 67) Endosymbiosis c. life arising from nonliving things 68) Vital force d. the process of forming a eukaryotic cell 69. Organisms well suited to their environment a. reproduce more successfully than those less suited to the same environment b. are always larger than organisms less suited to that environment c. always live longer than organisms less suited to that environment d. need less food than organism less suited to that environment

8 p + q = 1 and p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 Hardy Weinberg Math Hardy and Weinberg used equations to calculate the amount of alleles that were in a population The number of Homozygous dominant (RR) = p 2 The number of heterozygous (Rr) = 2pq The number of homozygous recessive (rr) = q 2 Adding these numbers together should give you a total of 1 So 1 = p 2 + 2pq + q If, over time, the frequency of the B allele in the population changed to 0.7, what would be the resultant change in frequency of the b allele? a. The b allele would not change in frequency. b. The b allele would eventually disappear. c. The b allele would change in frequency to 0.5. d. The b allele would change in frequency to ) What is the purpose of calculating Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a. to determine whether there are changes in the frequency of alleles b. to determine whether there are microevolutionary changes occurring in the population c. to determine whether one allele confers greater fitness than another allele by increasing in frequency d. ALL of these may be reasons to calculate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 72) The frequency of a homozygous recessive condition (i.e. bb ) would be, when Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met and the frequency of the original dominant allele (i.e. B ) has a frequency of 0.6. a b c d. 1 Complete the following questions on the back of the scantron: 73. Lets say that brown fur coloring is dominant to gray fur coloring in mice. If you have 136 brown mice in a population of 200 mice... a. What is the predicted frequency of heterozygotes? b. What is the predicted frequency of homozygous dominant? c. What is the predicted frequency of homozygous recessive?

9 If 72 out of 200 Green Iguanas in a population express the homozygous recessive phenotype of a small beard (bb), what percent of the population would you predict would be heterozygotes (Bb)? 74) I have given you information on the frequency of the homozygous recessive condition (bb or q 2 ). So start by determining q 2 and then solving for q. What is q? Now that you have q, you can solve for p. Remember there are only two alleles in the population, so if you add the frequency of the two alleles, you have accounted for all possibilities and it must equal 1. So p + q = 1. What is p? 75) Now what is the formula for heterozygotes? Think back to the Hardy-Weinberg equation -- it is dealing with the genotypes of individuals in the population. What is the percent of the population that are heterozygotes (Bb)? 76. Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). And, 81% of all butterflies are white. Given this simple information, which is something that is very likely to be on an exam, calculate the following: A. The percentage of butterflies in the population that is heterozygous for color. B. The percentage of butterflies in the population that are homozygous dominant for color. p + q = 1 and p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? 78. Why is yellow the predominant flower color on many of the Galapagos islands? 79. With respect to their shells how have tortoises adapted to the environment on different islands? 80. What vestigial structure do cormorants have on the Galapagos that required them to adapt and seek food differently than other bird species on the islands? 81. How have finches adapted to the Galapagos?