1.A- Natural Selection
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1 1.A- Natural Selection Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. EU 1.A- Evolution is change in the genetic makeup of a population over time. EU 1.B- Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. EU 1.C- Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. EU 1.D- The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes. A. Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection 1. Competition for limited resources results in differential survival. 2. Favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring 3. Passing traits to subsequent generations. B. Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success. C. Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. 1. A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment. 2. Gene Pool a) All genetic information in a population b) Frequency of a certain allele in a population will determine the phenotype frequency D. Environments can be stable or fluctuate 1. This affects evolutionary rate and direction a) Stabilizing Selection (towards the average) b) Directional Selection (towards one extreme) c) Disruptive Selection (away from the average) 2. Different genetic variations can be selected in each generation. E. Adaptation? 1. Genetic variation that is favored by selection 2. Manifested as a trait that provides an advantage to an organism in a particular environment. 1
2 F. In addition to natural selection, chance and random events can influence the evolutionary process, especially for small populations. G. Mathematical approaches are used to calculate changes in allele frequency. 1. Provides evidence for the occurrence of evolution in a population. 2. Frequency of alleles in a gene pool will remain constant unless acted upon by other agents. H. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem 1. Describes a non-evolving population. p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 p 2 = frequency of alleles AA 2pq= frequency of alleles Aa q 2 = frequency of alleles aa For two alleles: 1- p = q or 1- q = p 2. Five conditions must be met: a) Large population b) Isolation from other populations c) No mutations d) Random mating e) No natural selection A. Environments change and act as selective mechanism on populations. 1. Flowering time in relation to global climate change What are consequences? Effect of temperature on the rate of development (1/days to tassel initiation) between sowing and tassel initiation in maize (Zea mays) cv. 2. Investigate the Peppered Moth (Simulation for HW) Craufurd P Q, Wheeler T R J. Exp. Bot. 2009;60: The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org 2
3 B. Phenotypic variations are not directed by the environment 1. Occur through random changes in the DNA 2. Occur through new gene combinations. C. Some phenotypic variations significantly increase or decrease fitness of the organism and the population. 1. Peppered moth 2. Sickle cell anemia 3. DDT resistance in insects D. Humans impact variation in other species. 1. Artificial selection 2. Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species 3. Overuse of antibiotic EK 1.A.3- Evolutionary change is also driven by Random Processes A. Genetic drift is a nonselective process occurring in small populations. (Bottleneck, Founder Effect) EK 1.A.3- Evolutionary change is also driven by Random Processes B. Reduction of genetic variation within a given population can increase the differences between populations of the same species. EK 1.A.3- Evolutionary change is also driven by Random Processes Remember! 3
4 scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics A. Scientific evidence of biological evolution uses information from: geographical, geological, physical, chemical and mathematical applications. scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics B. Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution. scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics 1. Fossils can be dated by a variety of methods that provide evidence for evolution. a) Age of the rocks where a fossil is found (relative/absolute) b) Rate of decay of isotopes including carbon-14 c) Relationships within phylogenetic trees d) Mathematical calculations that take into account information from chemical properties and/or geographical data. scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics 1. Morphological Homologies a) Represent features shared by common ancestry. b) Vestigial structures are remnants of functional structures, which can be compared to fossils and provide evidence for evolution. 2. Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry. scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics 4. Mathematical models and simulations can be used to illustrate and support evolutionary concepts. a) Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population b) Analysis of sequence data sets (DNA, RNA, Protein) c) Analysis of phylogenetic trees d) Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data End Charles Darwin ( ) A. Sailed on the Beagle ( years old) B. Made observations in the Galapagos C. Begins writing The Origin of Species (1844) D. Publishes The Origin of Species (1859) 1. Descent with Modification 2. Natural Selection is mechanism (survival of fittest) 4
5 Phenotype vs Genotype A. Phenotype is observable trait B. Genotype is combination of alleles James Hutton ( ) A. Geologist B. Gradualism (1795)-Large changes are the accumulation of slow, continuous processes. Thomas Malthus ( ) A. Published essay on human population (1798) B. Influences Darwin on his ideas about organism s struggle for existence Jean Baptiste Lamarck ( ) A. Naturalist B. Inheritance of acquired characteristics (1809) 1. Organisms change in response to the environment. 2. Structures that are used become stronger, and structures that are not used become weaker. 3. Pass new trait to kids Georges Cuvier ( ) A. Anatomist who developed Paleontology B. Deeper strata contain older fossils C.Catastrophism 1.Disappearance of species due to local catastrophe 2.New species came in from surrounding area Charles Lyell ( ) A. Geologist B. Uniformitarianism (1830)- processes that occur today have always occurred 5
6 Alfred Wallace ( ) A. Sends manuscript on natural selection to Darwin (1858) B. Published that year C. Darwin Publishes in 1859 Back 6
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