TISSUE. A) Types. (i)
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1 MUSCLES & MUSCLE TISSUE I. OVERVIEW - Muscle ( little mouse ) - tissue designed to cause movementt thru contraction ( shortening ). A) Types - There are some SIMILARITIES between muscle types: (i) All cells = elongated (= FIBERS). Lots of cells, innervated, highly vascular. (ii) All cells depend on 2 CONTRACTILE PROTEINSS (ACTIN and MYOSIN), arranged in structural units called MYOFILAMENTS. (iii) They are all EXCITABLE. Electrical current leads to contraction. (iv) Certain organelles of muscle cells are different enough to deserve their own name, usually w/ the prefix MYO- ( muscle ) or SARCO- ( flesh ). SARCOLEMMA = plasma membrane SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM = endoplasmic reticulum SARCOPLASM = endoplasm
2 - Different types: - Different types of muscle tissues differ in (among other things): Cell structure Body location Function How contraction is activated 1) SKELETAL or STRIATED or VOLUNTARY muscle tissue. - Attached to skeleton. - Causes movement by pulling a bone around a joint. - Multinucleated; fibers are parallel; characteristic Z-lines. *STRIATED -- have characteristic striations under a microscope. * VOLUNTARY -- under conscious control; but this is a MISNOMER ( bad name ) since not all movement is conscious. Most is still "unconscious". - Tire easily; use a lot of ATP (energy), highly adaptable. 2) CARDIAC ( heart ) - Only found in the heart. - Also striated BUT NOT voluntary, parallel or multinucleated. *individual cells are in a branching pattern. -HEART = an organ = analogous to a muscular bag, where contraction causes a closing of the bag, thereby squeezing out any contents. -SPONTANEOUS CONTRACTION - cells contract w/out any outside cue. Instead, has own pacemaker. 3) SMOOTH (VISCERAL, NONSTRIATED, or INVOLUNTARY)
3 - Involuntary, nonstriated (myofilaments are NOT in parallel bands), uninuclear. - Cells are not parallel. - Contraction = slow & sustained, but less force. * Arranged in sheets that contract as a unit; function is to move stuff thru a tube using (among other methods) PERISTALTIC WAVES. WAVES = alternating contraction of the sheets. B) Functions of muscle tissue 1) Movement (locomotion, manipulation, focus eyeballs, guts, face, push blood thru blood vessels, etc.). 2) Maintain Posture thru small adjustments you don t think about. 3) Stabilize Joints. 4) Generate Heat. We are HOMEOTHERMIC ( samee heat ) = we generate our own heat internally, mostly thru heat loss of muscle contraction. C) Functional Characteristics off muscle tissue 1) Excitability - responds to a stimulus w/ an e- current (ACTION POTENTIAL, or AP) 2) Contractibility - can shorten with force. 3) Extensibility - ability to stretch or extend. 4) Elasticity - ability to regain original shape.
4 II) SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE - We will use skeletal muscle tissue as a starting point, and then talk about how the others differ. A) Functional Anatomy We will not separate anatomy of a muscle from its physiology. We will first look at the muscle (gross anatomy), then look at a muscle cell (fiber). Lastly, we will look at the functional anatomy of a special organelle that only muscle cells have, and which allow them to contract: The Sarcomere. Follow the numbers on the large image following this discussion, while reading the paragraph below. - Gross anatomy of skeletal muscle: A skeletal muscle is always attached to 2 bones, and crosses a joint (1). The muscle moves one bone towards another bone. The muscle is attached to bones via tendons (2). The muscle s belly is the main portion, between the tendons (3). Now we follow the first blue arrow on the diagram, which shows us a dissected muscle. The muscle is covered by a epimysium (4). Underneath, there are a bundle of cells called the fasciculi (fasciculus = singular) (5). We can also see blood vessels running through the muscle (6). The fasciculus is surrounded by its own connective tissue sheath, called the perimysium (7). The individual cells, called fibers (8), are striated, and are covered with their own protective coat, called the endomysium. Now we follow the second blue arrow on the diagram, which shows us a close-up of a muscle cell (fiber). - Skeletal muscle tissue: Is a bundle of fibers (= muscle cells) (9). More detail later! Each fiber is a cell, surrounded by a sarcolemma (Its plasma membrane). (10). * The intercellular fluid is called the sarcoplasm (not labeled). Of course, the muscle cell has organelles within the sarcoplasm. Some you have seen before, such as the nuclei and mitochondria (11). Others are new to you, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubules and large protein rods called myofibrils (12) (more detail later). The myofibrils go all the way down the cell. * Each fiber is basically a bundle of these myofibrils, which are rod-like structures made up of 2 smaller protein rods called the myofilaments. There is a thick and a thin myofilament (13).
5 The myofilaments are what give the myofibrils a banded appearance. The myofilaments are arranged into structures called sarcomeres (14). * A sarcomere is the contractile unit of the cell; it will actually do the contracting. Each myofibril is a repeating series of sarcomeres, which are lined up end-to-end like boxcars on a train. Now we follow the third blue arrow on the diagram, which shows us a close-up of a sarcomere. - The sarcomere: Each sarcomere is made out of a bunch of thin myofilaments (actin is the main protein) (15) and thick myofilaments (myosin is the protein) (16), interdigitated ( when two or more things interlock like the fingers of two clasped hands). The thin myofilaments are anchored to a z-line or z-disc (17). A sarcomere is everything between 2 z-lines on the myofibril. IMAGE on next page
6
7 - More detail on the fibers themselves, ncluding their organelles: Follow the numbers on the image below while reading the paragraph. e (1 & 2 on image). The fibers are multinucleate They are surrounded by a special plasma membrane called the SARCOLEMMA (3). The SARCOPLASM = cytoplasm; (4). From the outside we can clearly see striations, or regular bands (go back to 1 on image) ). The fibers contain a lot of mitochondria & MYOGLOBIN (not shown on image) = pigment that stores oxygen in the sarcoplasm (this cell is going to use a lot of energy, so it can store a little oxygen). Very red tissue! If we peel away the sarcolemma (5), we see a large branching organelle called the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM (6): special organelle that storess calcium (we are going to need it later when we contract! If we strip away a little deeper (7), we see that underr the SR are the myofibrils (8), grouped together, so they coordinate contraction within the muscle. They contain the myofilaments ( which form the sarcomeress (10), and are responsible for the banding pattern (11). Therefore, the myofibrils are long collections of sarcomeres, which will do the actual contracting (12).. * When the sarcomeres contract, they shortenn the myofibril towards the middle (9),
8 B) Contraction of Striated Muscle Cells HOW DO THEY DO THIS?? - Muscle cells can only pull - can t push (can only shorten!). 1) Contraction itself: Myofilaments, their Sarcomeres - The Sliding Filament Theory - When look at tissue, see dark & light staining bands. The bands have designations (names). SARCOMERE = Z-line to Z-line = functional unit of contraction. - But, how does contraction happen? - THE SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY OF MUSCULAR CONTRACTION: CONTRACTION = bring Z-lines together RECALL: there are 2 myofilament (actin & myosin) = a THICKK & a THIN. The thin myofilament is anchored to the Z-line, & INTERDIGITATE ( between fingers ) w/the thick myofilaments. When the Sarcomere contracts, the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments towards the middle, bringing the Z-lines together. NOTE: the Z-lines move together, the I-bands disappear, and the H-bands stay the same size.
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